Aka, also known as Yaka or Beka, is a Bantu language spoken in the Central African Republic and Republic of Congo, along the Ubangi River dividing the two countries.
| Aka | |
|---|---|
| Yaka | |
| Native to | Central African Republic, Republic of Congo |
| Ethnicity | Aka people |
Native speakers | (30,000 cited 1986–1996)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | axk |
| Glottolog | yaka1272 |
C.104[2] | |
| ELP | Yaka |
Aka is spoken by the Aka people, pygmies closely related to the Ubangian-speaking Baka of Cameroon, Congo and Gabon. Together, these peoples are known as the Mbenga (Bambenga) or Binga (Babinga), the latter derogatory.
Famously, Aka shares vocabulary with the Baka languages, mostly concerning a specialised forest economy, such as words for edible plants, medicinal plants and honey collecting. This is among the 30% of Aka which is not Bantu and the 30% of Baka which is not Ubangian and has been posited as the remnant of an ancestral Western Pygmy (Mbenga or "Baaka") language which has otherwise vanished.[3] However, it is entirely possible that the Aka shifted to Bantu from a Ubangian language related to Baka, in which case the situation reduces to a single ethnic group adapted to the forest with correspondingly specialised vocabulary. There is no evidence for a wider linguistic affiliation with any of the other Pygmy peoples.[4]
The Aka people call themselves Mraka in the singular and Beka in the plural. The people and their language go by various alternate spellings: Mò-Áka, Moyaka, Bayaka, Yaga, Bayaga, Gbayaka, Biaka, Beká, Yakwa, Yakpa, Yakpwa, Nyoyaka. The western Aka are known as the Benzele (Mbenzélé, Babenzélé, Bambenzele, Ba-Benjelle), and the eastern Aka as the Sese (Basese). These might be distinct dialects; Nzari might be another.
| Mikaya-Luma | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Gabon |
| Ethnicity | Mikaya, Baluma |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | mika1256 |
none[2] | |
Pygmies of northern Gabon called the Mikaya and Luma are evidently either Aka or speak a language closely related to Aka.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | k | k͡p | ||
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɡ͡b | ||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | plain | ɸ | s | h | |||
| voiced | β | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Semivowel | j | w | |||||
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Specialized forest vocabulary
editSome vocabulary with nearby Baka:[6]
| Meaning | Baka | Aka |
|---|---|---|
| Dioscorea semperflorens | ʔèsùmà | èsùmà |
| Fruits of Dioscorea | bèlèbo | èlèbó |
| Yam borer stick | bòndùngà | ndòngà |
| Male or old elephant | kàmbà | kàmbà |
| Elephant tracks | ʔèpùndà | èpùndà |
| Notched flute (for hunting ritual) | mòbìɔ | mòbìɔ́ |
| Trigona beccari (a stingless bee) | pɛ̀ndɛ̀ | vɛ̀ndɛ̀ |
| Queen bee | ɲábɔ̀mɛ̀ | èbɔ̀mɛ̀ |
| Pollen | kinda | kíndá |
| Honeyguide | kpangaadàndù | kpángbá |
| Dialium pachyphyllum | mbaso | mbàsɔ̀ |
Literature
edit- Serge Bahuchet (2012): "Changing Language, Remaining Pygmy." Human Biology: Vol. 84: Iss. 1, Article 9.
References
edit- ^ Aka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Serge Bahuchet, 1993, History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics. In C.M. Hladik, ed., Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development. Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.
- ^ Blench (in press)
- ^ Duke, Daniel Joseph (2001). Aka as a Contact Language: Sociolinguistic and Grammatical Evidence. University of Texas.
- ^ Serge Bahuchet, 1993, History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics. In C.M. Hladik, ed., Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development. Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.
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