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Yang Kaihui (Chinese: 楊開慧; pinyin: Yáng Kāihuì; courtesy name: Yunjin 雲錦; 6 November 1901 – 14 November 1930) was the second wife of Mao Zedong, whom he married in 1920. She had three children with Mao Zedong: Mao Anying, Mao Anqing and Mao Anlong. Her father was Yang Changji, the head of the Hunan First Normal School and one of Mao's favorite teachers.
Yang Kaihui | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 6 November 1901 |
| Died | 14 November 1930 (aged 29) |
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Mao Anying (1922–1950) Mao Anqing (1923–2007) Mao Anlong (1927–1931) |
| Yang Kaihui | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 楊開慧 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 杨开慧 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Yunjin | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 雲錦 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 云锦 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Early life
editYang Kaihui was born in the small village of Bancang in Changsha, Hunan Province, on 6 November 1901.[1] Her name meant "Opening Wisdom", although she came to be nicknamed Xia, meaning "Little Dawn."[1] Her father was Yang Changji, a teacher and leftist intellectual, her mother was Xiang Zhenxi, while she had a brother three years older than her, Yang Kaizhi.[1] Through his teaching of ethics at the First Normal School of Changsha, Changji had become a father figure to a pupil named Mao Zedong,[2] later writing in his journal that "it is truly difficult to imagine someone so intelligent and handsome" as him.[3][4] A friendship developing, in summer 1916, Mao was invited to spend several days at Yang's Bancang home, walking twenty miles in straw sandals in order to get there. On this occasion, he did not talk to either Zhenxi or Kaizhi, instead bowing his head to them as a mark of respect.[1]
Yang Changji gained a professorship at Peking University and had moved his family to the city[5] when Mao came to Peking in September 1918 with several like-minded friends from Hunan.[6] Upon arrival, they stayed in the Yangs' small house in the north of the city.[1] Here, Mao met Kaihui again, and the two discovered a mutual attraction.[7][8] A friend who knew Kaihui at the time described her as "small in stature and round-faced, with deep-set eyes and pale white skin", and her appearance impressed both Mao and his friends.[9][1] Kaihui later related that she had "fallen madly in love with him already when I heard about his numerous accomplishments" but did not make her feelings immediately known. She kept "hoping and dreaming" that he shared her feelings and decided that she would never marry anyone but him.[8]
Their relationship did not develop swiftly, as Mao was shy and lacked sufficient funds to court her, living in cramped rented accommodation with other Hunanese students in Peking's Three-Eyed Well district.[10] Changji secured Mao a job at the university library as assistant to the librarian Li Dazhao, an early Chinese communist.[7]
In January 1920, Yang Changji died. Mao was in Peking ostensibly on business,[11] though biographer Stuart Schram suspected his presence was partly due to his desire to comfort Kaihui.[12] Yang Kaihui and her mother returned to Changsha with her father's remains,[11] and she soon entered the Fusiang Girls’ School.[13] At the missionary school, her exposure to revolutionary ideas got her labeled a 'rebel', who refused to pray and cut her hair short in defiance of convention.[13]
Mao had gone from Peking to Shanghai, where he worked in a laundry and joined a Communist group for the first time.[14] Following the overthrow of Hunanese warlord Zhang Jingyao by generals favourable to Mao, he returned to Changsha in July 1920.[14] Mao opened a bookstore and publishing house.[14] Now possessing social status and financial security, Mao was able to marry Kaihui.[15][9]
Revolutionary experience
editYang joined the Chinese Socialism Youth League (CYLC) in the second half of 1920 as one of the first members in Hunan. She married Mao Zedong that winter, without any wedding ceremony or other celebrations. Yang joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the beginning of 1922.
By the 1920s, the Communist movement in China used a labor and peasant organizing strategy that combined workplace advocacy with women's rights advocacy.[16] The Communists would lead union organizing efforts among male workers while simultaneously working in nearby peasant communities on women's rights issues, including literacy for women.[16] Yang and Mao were among the most effective Communist political organizers using this method, using it in the Anyuan mines and nearby peasant communities.[16]
In April 1923, Mao went to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai to work as the Organization Department Minister. In the following year, Yang, together with her two children, Mao Anying and Mao Anqing, joined her husband in Shanghai and organized an evening school at a cotton mill. In 1925, accompanied by Mao, Yang Kaihui went to Shaoshan to organize peasant movements, while caring for her husband and educating their children. At the same time, she continued to teach peasant evening schools and contracted with other comrades. In the beginning of 1927, Mao inspected the peasant movement in Hunan. Yang Kaihui sorted through the large amount of investigation materials and neatly copied them down. Mao's Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan including Yang's contributions, was published in March of that year. During this period Yang organized many movements among peasants, labor, women, and students.[citation needed]
After the National Revolution failed, Yang returned alone to Bancang to organize underground revolutions and lead fights against the Kuomintang (KMT) in Changsha, Pingjiang, and the borders of Xiangyin. Amid the great difficulties and dangers, Yang wrote many letters to her cousin Yang Kaiming, asking him to take good care of her children and mother if she met a sudden death. Because of the great distance and spare communication with Mao over the next three years, Yang often only saw news about her husband in the KMT's newspapers and worried greatly about his safety.[citation needed]
In early 1928, Mao began a relationship with He Zizhen without ending his marriage with Yang Kaihui.[citation needed]
Death
editIn October 1930, the local KMT warlord He Jian captured Yang Kaihui and her son Mao Anying. Her captors wanted her to publicly renounce Mao Zedong and the CCP, but she refused to do so. Even under torture, she is reputed to have told her captors, "You could kill me as you like, you would never get anything from my mouth ... Chopping off the head is like the passing of wind, death could frighten cowards, rather than our Communists ... Even if the seas run dry and the rocks crumble, I would never break off relations with Mao Zedong ... I prefer to die for the success of Mao's revolutionary career."[citation needed]
Yang was executed in Changsha on 14 November 1930 at the age of 29.[17][18] Her children with Mao Zedong were effectively orphaned, and were rediscovered years later.[17] Mao Anying later died early in the Korean War, and Mao Anqing became a translator for the CCP Central Committee.[17]
Influence of Yang Kaihui's death on Mao
editAlthough he would have relationships with other women, Mao mourned Kaihui for the rest of his life.[19] In summer 1937, he conversed with the American reporter Agnes Smedley, reciting to her a poem that he had written in memory of Kaihui.[20]
In spring 1957, Li Shuyi, a friend and comrade of Mao and Yang's, wrote a poem in memory of her own husband, Liu Chih-hsün, a member of the Red Army who had been killed in 1933. Sending her poem to Mao, he responded by composing his own poem commemorating both Liu and Kaihui, titled "The Immortals", which he would subsequently publish:[21]
| Original Chinese | Pinyin | Schram's English Translation | Barnstone's English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
我失骄杨君失柳 |
Wǒ shī jiāo yáng jūn shī liǔ |
I lost my proud poplar, and you your willow, |
I lost my proud poplar and you your willow. |
The allusion to poplar trees is a reference to Yang, whose surname meant "poplar", while that to willows alludes to Liu's surname, which meant "willow".[22]
Poetry
editYang wrote poems to express her loneliness and her longing for Mao.[citation needed] One of them, "偶感 [Ǒu Gǎn]" ("Occasional Feeling"), was written in October 1928, two years before her death, and discovered when her former residence was being repaired about 50 years later:[citation needed]
| Original Chinese | Pinyin | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
天阴起溯风，浓寒入肌骨。 |
Tiān yīn qǐ sù fēng, nóng hán rù jī gǔ. |
It is cloudy and very windy; the severe coldness invades my body. |
Movie and television portrayals
editFilms
editSince the Centennial of the Xinhai Revolution, she has been portrayed by various actresses in several red-themed[23] historical drama movies and television series.
| Year | Actress | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Zhou Dongyu | The Road Of Exploring[23] |
| Li Qin | The Founding of a Party | |
| 2017 | Li Qin | The Founding of an Army |
| 2021 | Zhou Ye | 1921 |
TV
edit| Year | Actress | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Zhang Meng | Epoch-Making[24] |
| 2017 | Zhao Hanyingzi | Autumn Harvest Uprising[25] |
| 2023 | Zhang Huiwen | Bloody Glory[26] |
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 56.
- ^ Feigon 2002, p. 21.
- ^ Feigon 2002, p. 18.
- ^ Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 39.
- ^ Tang, Zongli; Zuo, Bing (1996). Maoism and Chinese Culture. Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 9781560723530. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ^ Terrill, Ross (12 May 2015). The Life of Mao. New Word City. ISBN 9781612308692.
- ^ a b Schram 1966, p. 48.
- ^ a b Pantsov & Levine 2012, pp. 56–57.
- ^ a b Feigon 2002, p. 27.
- ^ Pantsov & Levine 2012, p. 57.
- ^ a b Davin, Delia (25 April 2013). Mao: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191654039. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ Schram 1966, p. 56.
- ^ a b Street, Nancy Lynch (2004). In Search of Red Buddha: Higher Education in China After Mao Zedong, 1985-1990. IDEA. ISBN 9781932716030. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ a b c Stewart, Whitney (15 December 2005). Mao Zedong. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9780822527978. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ Schram 1966, p. 57.
- ^ a b c Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8223-4780-4. OCLC 503828045.
- ^ a b c Zhi-Sui, Li (22 June 2011). The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307791399. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ "1930: Yang Kaihui, Mao Zedong's wife". ExecutedToday.com. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ^ Feigon 2002, p. 51.
- ^ Schram 1966, p. 208.
- ^ Schram 1966, pp. 208, 352.
- ^ a b Schram 1966, p. 352.
- ^ a b "电影《湘江北去》" ['The movie "Go North to the Xiang River"']. 金鹰首页 (in Chinese). hunantv.com Corp. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ Jiffy, ed. (30 June 2011). "张萌《开天辟地》人气高 彰显民国新女性闪光点" [The popularity of Zhang Meng's "Creation of the World" highlights the shining points of new women in the Republic of China]. Sina (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ Chen Kai, ed. (31 July 2017). "电视剧《秋收起义》发布会献礼建军90周年" [TV series "Autumn Harvest Uprising" press conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army]. 网易娱乐 (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ "浴血荣光官方微博" [Bloody Glory official Weibo]. Weibo (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 April 2024.
Sources
edit- Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao: The Unknown Story. London, England: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-07126-0.
- Feigon, Lee (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-458-8.
- Hollingworth, Clare (1985). Mao and the Men Against Him. London, England: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0224017602.
- Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2012). Mao: The Real Story. New York, NY; London, England: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-5447-9.
- Terrill, Ross (1980). Mao: A Biography. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-06-014243-8.
- Schram, Stuart (1966). Mao Tse-Tung. London, England: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-14-020840-5.
- Snow, Edgar (1961) [1937]. Red Star Over China. New York, NY.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Verity Wilson, "Dressing for Leadership in China: Wives and Husbands in an Age of Revolutions (1911-1976)", Gender & History, vol. 14, no. 3 (November 2002), pp. 608–628.