Yang Wan (c. 1602—1644; simplified Chinese: 杨宛; traditional Chinese: 楊宛; pinyin: Yáng Wǎn, courtesy name: Wǎnshū 宛叔), was one of the famous courtesan poets of the Qinhuai pleasure district in Nanjing during the waning years of the Ming dynasty.
Yang Wan | |
|---|---|
| Native name | 楊宛 |
| Born | c. 1602 |
| Died | 1644 Beijing |
| Pen name | Yang Wanshu (楊宛叔) |
| Occupation | courtesan, Poet |
| Language | Chinese |
| Spouse | Mao Yuanyi |
Biography
editYang Wan’s family background is unknown. According to Mao Yuanyi's preface to Yang Wan's first poetry collection, she was born around 1602.[1] However, in Mao Yuanyi's prefaces he describes that Yang Wan had learned under his guidance which contradicts other sources that describe Yang Wan as having already developed a reputation as a painter, poet, calligrapher prior to marrying Mao Yuanyi.[2] As a courtesan brought up in the Qinhuai Pleasure District, Yang Wan was likely trained in the arts from a young age.[2]
Yang Wan developed a close bond with another courtesan, Wang Wei, who would become a highly regarded poet and travel writer. They called each other sworn sisters.[3] Wang Wei’s poems to Yang Wan[4] indicate they had a close relationship.The courtesan of the pleasure district along the Qinhuai River were especially celebrated for their sophistication, refinement, and literary and artistic accomplishments.[5]Qian Qianyi once stat that Liu Rushi, Wang Wei, and Yang Wan were the three most talented and refined beauties under heaven.[6]
Yang Wan and Wang Wei both became concubines of the military official and scholar Mao Yuanyi.[7] Mao Yuanyi, who was also a poet, valued his concubine's artistic achievements and pursuits. Wang Wei's time as Mao Yuanyi's concubine was short, as Wang Wei ran away from the household because she felt that Mao Yuanyi favored Yang Wan.[7] Courtesans who got married were expected to quit their profession and observe the private lifestyles expected from respectable wives, but Yang Wan had an unusual arrangement with her husband to continue her professional pursuits. She had various lovers during their marriage, with her husband’s knowledge and tolerance.[8][9][10]
Mao Yuanyi suffered a political fall and exile, which led him to excessive drinking. He died in 1640. Wang Wei remarried, and Yang Wan continued her profession. Four years later, she eloped with an officer of the Embroidered Uniform Guard, Tian Hongyu, father of the imperial concubine Tian Xiuying. Rather than helping her as she had suspected he would, Tian Hongyu instead treated her like a servant and had her instruct his daughter. When Tian Hongyu died, she tried to run away with Liu Dongping, but as they were about to depart, the city of Beijing came under occupation during the Jiashen Incident. Disguised as a peasant, Yang Wan is said to have attempted to sneak her way back to Nanjing, but was killed by bandits on the way.[11]
Poetry
editYang Wan is known to have wrote four volumes of "Zhongshan Xian(钟山献)", one volume of "Xuji(续集)" and one volume of "Zaixu(再续)", which were compiled in chronological order by her husband Mao Yuanyi.[2] Despite her fame during her lifetime, in the early Qing Dynasty a backlash against women’s cultivation of artistic skills and the decadence associated with the courtesan profession[5] caused Yang Wan and her work to be disparaged.[12] Consequently, very few of her poems survived.[13]
夢 |
Dreams |
| —Translated by Carolanna Lisonbee |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Xu, Sufeng. "Lotus flowers rising from the dark mud : late Ming courtesans and their poetry". escholarship.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
- ^ a b c Chen, Jiani (2022-11-01). "Space and Identity: Self-Representation of a Ming Nanjing Courtesan in Transformation". Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture. 9 (2): 397–399. doi:10.1215/23290048-9965658. ISSN 2329-0048.
- ^ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong (2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618–1644. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765643162.
- ^ "Details - Poet :: Ming Qing Women's Writings Digitization Project". digital.library.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ^ a b Widmer, Ellen; Sun, Kangyi (1997). Writing women in late imperial China. Stanford (Calif.): Stanford university press. pp. 16–45. ISBN 978-0-8047-2872-0.
- ^ Chen, Jiani (2018). Misty Flowers in a Floating World : Images of Courtesans in Ming Dynasty Nanjing (phd thesis). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom). p. 168.
- ^ a b Xu, Sufeng (2020-01-30). "The Courtesan as Famous Scholar: The Case of Wang Wei (ca. 1598-ca. 1647)". T'oung Pao. 105 (5–6): 600. doi:10.1163/15685322-10556P03. ISSN 0082-5433.
- ^ Widmer, Ellen; Sun, Kangyi (1997). Writing women in late imperial China. Stanford (Calif.): Stanford university press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8047-2872-0.
- ^ Chang, Kang-i Sun, ed. (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism (Nachdr. ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-8047-3231-4.
- ^ "400 Years Ago, the Elegant Gathering at Wulongtan (Part 3)".
- ^ Idema, Wilt; Grant, Beata (2004-07-01). The Red Brush: Writing Women of Imperial China (1 ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 370. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1tg5kw2. ISBN 978-1-68417-394-5. JSTOR j.ctt1tg5kw2.
- ^ Chang, Kang-i Sun, ed. (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism (Nachdr. ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-8047-3231-4.
- ^ "Details - Poet :: Ming Qing Women's Writings Digitization Project". digital.library.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
- ^ "Threads". www.threads.net. Retrieved 2024-03-29.