Yang di-Pertuan Negara (English: (he) who is Lord of the State) is a title for the head of state in certain Malay-speaking countries, and has been used as an official title at various times in Brunei and Singapore.
Sabah
editThe head of state of Sabah was once known as Yang Di-Pertua Negara and later known as Yang Di-Pertua Negeri.[1]
Sarawak
editThe head of state of Sarawak was once known as Yang Di-Pertua Negara and later known as Yang Di-Pertua Negeri.[1]
Singapore
editBackground
editFollowing revisions to the Constitution in 1959, which granted Singapore self-governance from the United Kingdom, the ceremonial office of Yang di-Pertuan Negara replaced the colonial office of Governor as the representative of the British monarch in Singapore, though the term 'governor' was also commonly used to refer to the office bearer.
Although the Yang di-Pertuan Negara was the title for the head of state, constitutionally he is only a de jure chief executive, acting as a vice-regal representative in lieu of a typical Governor-General.[2]
Under a transitional arrangement, the last governor of Singapore, Sir William Goode, served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara from 3 June 1959 to 3 December 1959.[3] He was succeeded by Yusof Ishak, who was sworn into office on the same day as the country's state flag, coat of arms, and national anthem were adopted.
The title was retained on 31 August 1963 when Singapore declared independence from the United Kingdom and accession to Malaysia as a state on 16 September 1963 (not to be confused with the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah). The officeholder then acted as the vice-regal representative of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.[2]
On 9 August 1965, Singapore was separated from the federation to become an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations. On 22 December of that year, the Constitution was amended to make the country a republic, and the title of Yang di-Pertuan Negara was changed to President with retroactive effect from the date of independence.[4]
List of officeholders
edit| № | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of Office | Origin | Background or Previous Appointment |
Monarch | Ref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took Office | Left Office | Duration | |||||||
| 1 |  |
Sir William Goode (1907–1986) |
3 June 1959 | 2 December 1959 | 5 months | Middlesex, England | Chief Secretary of Singapore, Governor of Singapore | _(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg)
|
[5][6] |
| 2 | Yusof Ishak (1910–1970) |
3 December 1959 | 9 August 1965 | 3 years, 9 months | Taiping, Perak | Chairman of the Public Service Commission of Singapore |
Elizabeth II |
[7][8] | |
Brunei
editIn Brunei, the Sultan of Brunei is also known as the Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam.
The full title for the head of state and head of government of Brunei is Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Granville-Edge, P. J. (1999). The Sabahan: The Life And Death of Tun Fuad Stephens. ISBN 978-983-40114-0-6.
- ^ a b The head of state in Singapore: An historical perspective in Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency', Kevin Tan, Peng Er Lam, Routledge, 1997, page 9
- ^ The Istana, K. K. Seet, Peter Mealin, Times Editions, 2000, page 88
- ^ Republic of Singapore Independence Act (Original Enactment: Act 9 of 1965)
- ^ "No. 41726". The London Gazette. 5 June 1959. p. 3629.
- ^ "Farewell in the rain for Goode". The Straits Times. 3 December 1959. p. 12.
- ^ "Yusof Ishak: The man and his passions". AsiaOne. 25 August 2014. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ "Straits Times: Iseas to be named after Yusof Ishak on Aug 12". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ "Chancellory - Universiti Brunei Darussalam". Archived from the original on 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2016-03-04.