This is a list of youngest killers, i.e. the youngest people confirmed by reliable sources to have deliberately killed another human being. Individuals in this list are documented to be age 17 or younger.

Younger than age 13

Name Age at time of killing(s) Date of killing(s) Country Location Killed Injured Note(s) and citation(s)
Unnamed boy 3 years December 30, 1892   Norway Gol 1 0 [1]
Unnamed girl 3 years April 12, 1906   United States Wheeling, West Virginia 1 0 She attacked her neighbor's two-month-old baby with a butcher knife. The injuries proved fatal.[2]
Retta McCabe 4 years October 30, 1897   United States Troy, New York 1 0 McCabe beat her infant brother, who later died from his injuries.[3] She was not charged due to her age.[4]
Unnamed boy 4 years October 1924   Norway Ryfylke 1 0 [5]
Unnamed girl 5 years April 1898   Italy Naples 1 0 [6]
Carl Newton Mahan 6 years, 7 months, 26 days May 18, 1929   United States Paintsville, Kentucky 1 0 Mahan shot eight-year-old Cecil Van Hoose.[7] He was sentenced to 15 years in a reformatory, but his sentence was later overturned.[8]
Unnamed boy 6 years February 29, 2000   United States Mount Morris Township, Michigan 1 0 He shot his six-year-old classmate, Kayla Rolland, at Buell Elementary School. His uncle, the gun owner, was charged with involuntary manslaughter.
Lizzie Cook 6 years February 27, 1899   United States Birmingham, Alabama 1 0 Cook intentionally set her two-year-old brother's clothes on fire while she was babysitting. The fire burned through the fabric and he died.[9]
Unnamed boy 6 years June 2, 1910   Norway Oslo 1 0 [10]
Unnamed boy 7 years January 2022   United States Smiley, Texas 1 0 He shot 32-year-old Brandon Raspberry. He was not charged due to his age, but was instead sent to a psychiatric hospital.[11]
Virginia Hudson 7 years July 23, 1887   United States Butler Township, South Carolina 1 0 Hudson bludgeoned a one-year-old child to death with a board and threw the body into a well. She was charged with murder.[12]
Robert Robertson 7 years, 6 months June 1907   Australia Forest, Tasmania 1 0 Robertson bludgeoned his two-year-old brother with a piece of wood while he was babysitting. The body was left in a bush. He was charged with murder, then put into state care.[13]
Amarjeet Sada 8 years 2007   India Begusarai 3 0 Sada killed his eight-month-old sister, his nine-month-old cousin, and an unrelated six-month-old baby. He was not charged due to his age, but instead sent to a remand home in Munger.[14]
Carroll Cole 9 years 1947   United States Richmond, California 1 0 Cole drowned a nine-year-old boy. The murder was initially ruled an accident until he confessed in adulthood after killing five women. He was executed by lethal injection on December 6, 1985.
Unnamed girl 8 years July 4, 1867   United States Cassville, Missouri 1 0 She killed her four-year-old brother and was declared insane.[15]
Unnamed boy 8 years February 7, 2014   Chile Padre Hurtado 1 0 He stabbed his seven-year-old cousin. He was not charged due to his age.[16]
Patrick Knowles 8 years May 1903   United Kingdom Stockton-on-Tees, England 1 2 Knowles buried one-year-old Frederick Hughes and Hughes died of suffocation. Knowles also attempted to drown one-year-old Fanny Lynas,[17] as well as burying another child.[18] He served nine years in prison under His Majesty's pleasure.[19]
Unnamed boy 8 years, 10 months November 5, 2008   United States St. Johns, Arizona 2 0 He shot his 29-year-old father, Vincent Romero, and his father's coworker.[20] He was arrested and pled guilty to negligent homicide. He was sentenced to an indefinite stay at a youth treatment center near Phoenix. He later moved to a group home and then a foster home.[21]
Mary Cooper 9 years 1885   United States Scottsville, Virginia 1 0 Cooper hung and beat her seven-year-old cousin Melville Barrett.[22]
Unnamed son of Pauline Randol 9 years May 6, 2019   United States Fawn River Township, Michigan 1 0 Martin shot his 51-year-old adoptive mother.[23]
Kyle Alwood 9 years April 6, 2019   United States Goodfield, Illinois 5 0 Alwood started a house fire, causing five of his family members to die from smoke inhalation. He was charged with first-degree murder, arson, and aggravated assault.
Cayetano Santos Godino 9 years, 4 months, 29 days – 16 years, 1 month, 3 days March 29, 1906 – December 3, 1912   Argentina Buenos Aires 4 0 The first murder was not discovered until Santos Godino later confessed. He was arrested several times.
Unnamed boy 10 years September 2022   China Haicheng Township, Heilongjiang 1 0 He choked his grandmother to death on video.[24]
William York 10 years May 13, 1748   United Kingdom Eyke, England 1 0 York attacked five-year-old Susan Matthew with a knife, killing her. He was sentenced to death, but later pardoned.[25]
Hubbard Harrell 10 years February 3, 1888   United States Savannah, Georgia 3 0 Harrell burned his six-year-old nephew and two unrelated children with boiling water.[26]
James Osmanson 10 years April 12, 1994   United States Butte, Montana 1 0 Osmanson shot his 11-year-old classmate at Margaret Leary Elementary School. He was sent to a residential treatment facility.[27]
Joseph McVay 10 years January 2, 2011   United States Big Prairie, Ohio 1 0 McVay shot his 46-year-old mother Deborah McVay. He was charged with "delinquency by virtue of committing murder."[28] He was sentenced to a juvenile detention center, then a residential treatment facility.[29]
Unnamed girl 10 years September 18, 2010   United States Sandy Springs, Georgia 1 0 She beat two-year-old Zyda White, who she was babysitting. White fell unconscious and later died.[30]
Jane Walker 10 years 1886   United States Aiken County, South Carolina 1 0 Walker poisoned the younger relative she was babysitting. She was charged with murder.[31]
James Arcene 10 years 1872   United States Fort Gibson, Oklahoma 1 0 Arcene, alongside a man named William Parchmeal, shot and bludgeoned William Feigel. Arcene was convicted of robbery and murder, then executed.
Robert Thompson 10 years, 5 months, 20 days February 12, 1993   United Kingdom Liverpool, England 1 0 Thompson and Venables abducted two-year-old James Bulger from a shopping center in Bootle. They tortured Bulger before laying him across railway tracks, where he was hit by a train. They both spent eight years in a young offenders' institution. In 2017, Venables was re-incarcerated for possessing child sexual abuse material.
Jon Venables 10 years, 5 months, 30 days
L.T. 10 years August 21, 2013   Canada Broadview, Saskatchewan 1 0 L.T. bludgeoned six-year-old Lee Bonneau to death.[32] He was not charged due to his age.[33]
Joseph Hall 10 years, 10 months, 12 days May 1, 2011   United States Riverside, California 1 0 Hall shot his 32-year-old father, neo-Nazi leader Jeff Hall. He was sentenced to juvenile detention until the age of 23. His stepmother Krista McCary was charged with criminal storage of firearms and child neglect.
Mary Bell 10 years, 11 months, 30 days – 11 years, 1 month, 7 days May 25 – July 31, 1968   United Kingdom Newcastle upon Tyne, England 2 0 Bell strangled four-year-old Martin Brown and three-year-old Brian Howe, killing them both. She served 12 years in prison under Her Majesty's pleasure.
Anton Wood 11 years November 1892   United States Denver, Colorado 1 0 Wood shot Joseph Smith. He was charged with second-degree murder and sentenced to either 25 years of hard labor or life in prison.[34]
Nellie Cornelison 11 years January 15, 1902   United States Wichita, Kansas 1 0 Cornelison slit the throat of her sister Laura Cornelison. She was not charged due to her age.[35]
Nathaniel Abraham 11 years, 9 months, 10 days October 29, 1997   United States Pontiac, Michigan 1 0 Abraham shot an 18-year-old man. He was tried as an adult and convicted of second-degree murder.[36][37]
Andrew Golden 11 years, 9 months, 27 days March 24, 1998   United States Jonesboro, Arkansas 5 10 Golden, alongside 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson, shot one of their teachers and four of their classmates at Westside Middle School. They were both imprisoned until the age of 21, with Golden serving 9 years and 2 months.
Girl A 11 years June 1, 2004   Japan Sasebo 1 0 She killed her 12-year-old classmate Satomi Mitari at Okubo Elementary School. She was not charged, instead being institutionalized in a reformatory.
Unnamed boy 11 years September 1, 2024   United States Minden, Louisiana 2 0 He confessed to killing an 82-year-old man and his 31-year-old daughter.[38]
Nathan Faris 12 years March 2, 1987   United States De Kalb, Missouri 1 0 Faris shot his 13-year-old classmate Timothy Perrin at De Kalb High School. He then committed suicide.[27]
Unnamed boy 12 years January 2000   United Kingdom Bristol, England 1 0 He stabbed his six-month-old brother, cutting off his left hand. He was charged with manslaughter but found unfit to stand trial.[39]
Piedad Martínez del Águila 12 years December 4, 1965 – January 4, 1966   Spain Murcia 4 0 Martínez del Águila poisoned her four brothers.[40][41]
Mary Maher 12 years August 21 – September 8, 1906   Ireland Dunkitt, County Kilkenny 3 1 Maher poisoned her three sisters. She then committed suicide.[42]
Jose Reyes 12 years, 3 months, 19 days October 21, 2013   United States Sparks, Nevada 1 2 Reyes shot one of his classmates and one of his teachers at Sparks Middle School. He then committed suicide.
Lionel Tate 12 years, 5 months, 28 days July 28, 1999   United States Broward County, Florida 1 0 Tate battered his 6-year-old cousin Tiffany Eunick to death. He was charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. The sentence was later reduced to one year of house arrest and 10 years of probation. As an adult he was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment for armed robbery.
Kristen Pittman 12 years, 7 months, 19 days November 28, 2001   United States Chester, South Carolina 2 0 Pittman shot her grandparents. She was tried as an adult and sentenced to 30 years in prison. Her sentence was later reduced by five years.
Hannah Ocuish 12 years, 9 months July 21, 1786   United States New London, Connecticut 1 0 Ocuish's guilt is disputed. She was hanged for the murder of six-year-old girl Eunice Bolles.
Evan Savoie 12 years, 4 or 3 months February 15, 2003   United States Ephrata, Washington 1 0 Savoie and Eakin stabbed and beat 13-year-old developmentally disabled Craig Sorger to death. Savoie was convicted of first-degree murder and Eakin was convicted of second-degree murder. Both Savoie and Eakin have been released after serving less than their initial sentences required.
Jake Eakin 12 years, 3 months, 1 day
Jasmine Richardson 12 years, 6 months, 2 days April 23, 2006   Canada Medicine Hat 3 0 Richardson and her 23-year-old boyfriend Jeremy Steinke stbabed three of her family members. Richardson was charged with first-degree murder. In 2020 her criminal record was expunged.
Unnamed boy 12 years December 2, 2018   China Yuanjiang 1 0 He stabbed his mother. He was not charged due to his age.[43]
Curtis Jones 12 years, 1 month and 6 days January 6, 1999   United States Port St. John, Florida 1 0 Jones and his 13-year-old sister Catherine Jones were charged with second-degree murder. They were sentenced to 17 years in prison.
Unnamed boy 12 years September 29, 2019   Brazil São Paulo 1 0 He was sentenced to three years in prison.[44][45]
Alex King 12 years November 26, 2001   United States Cantonment, Florida 1 0 King and his 13-year-old brother Derek King killed their father. Alex served six years of his eight year sentence.
Danny Preddie 12 years November 27, 2000   United Kingdom London, England 1 0 Preddie and his 13-year-old brother Ricky Preddie attacked 10-year-old Damilola Taylor with a glass bottle. Danny was sentenced to eight years in prison, but served four additional years for violating his parole.
Unnamed girl 12 years July 15, 2024   United States Humboldt, Tennessee 1 0 She smothered her eight-year-old cousin. She was charged with murder and tampering with evidence.[46]
Unnamed boy 12 years October 18, 2019   Brazil Curitiba 1 0 He stabbed an elderly woman and was temporarily detained for 45 days.[47]
Howard Lang 12 years November 18, 1947   United States Chicago, Illinois 1 0 Lang killed seven-year-old Lonnie Fellick.[48] He was sentenced to 22 years in prison. His sentence was later overturned due to his age. This case was cited in Frederic Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent.[49]
Edwin Carl Debrow Jr. 12 years September 21, 1991   United States San Antonio, Texas 1 0 Debrow shot a man. He was sentenced to 27 years in prison and released in 2019.[50][51][52]
Bailey Kurariki 12 years, 3 months, 28 days September 12, 2001   New Zealand Papakura 1 0 Kurariki killed 40-year-old Michael Choy alongside seven accomplices. He was charged with manslaughter. He was released on parole in 2008. In 2011, he was sentenced to 14 months in prison for assault and domestic violence.

Age 13 to 15

Name Date of birth Date of killing(s) Age at time of killing(s) Location Country Killed Injured Penalty of perpetrator(s) Current status of perpetrator(s) Ref. Ok
Kosta Kecmanović July 30, 2009 May 3, 2023 13 years, 9 months and 4 days Vladislav Ribnikar Elementary School, Vračar, Belgrade   Serbia
10
6
Not charged due to age Detained [53][54][55]
Catherine Nicole Jones June 6, 1985 January 6, 1999 13 years and 7 months Port St. John, Florida   United States
1
0
Sentenced to 17 years in prison, along with her 12-year-old brother Curtis, for murder. Released [56]
Unnamed boy 2008 May 2022 13 Kuwait City   Kuwait
2
0
None. ISIS-directed atrocity. Unknown [57]
James Watson April 1, 1981 November 28, 1994 13 years, 7 months and 27 days Peterborough   UK
1
0
Was not arrested for the murder until the mid-2010s, sentenced to life in prison with a minimum of 15 years before release Incarcerated [58][59][60][61][62]
Mary (slave) ? May 14, 1837 13–16 Crawford County, Missouri   United States
1
0
Executed Deceased
Max Porta ? April 20, 2015 13 Barcelona, Catalonia   Spain
1
4
He could not be legally charged with murder because of his age Unknown
Unnamed boy ? June 25, 2013 13 Fort Worth, Texas   United States
1
0
Sentenced to 23 years in prison. Incarcerated [63][64][65][66][67]
Unnamed boy ? July 23, 1994 13 Hommelheide, Susteren   Netherlands
1
0
Arrested Unknown [68]
Ricky Gavin Preddie 1987 November 27, 2000 13 London   United Kingdom
1
0
Arrested along with his accomplice, his younger brother Danny, and sentenced to 8 years in prison; released on September 8, 2010, was recalled on March 13, 2011, for associating with gang members. He was released and recalled several more times. Incarcerated
Nickalas Kedrowitz ? May 1 – July 20, 2017 13 Osgood, Indiana   United States
2
0
Arrested, sentenced to 100 years in prison Imprisoned [69][70][71][72][73]
Marcelo Eduardo Bovo Pesseghini ? August 5, 2013 13 São Paulo   Brazil
4
0
Died by suicide Deceased [74]
Derek King 1988 November 26, 2001 13 Cantonment, Florida   United States
1
0
Killed his father. Arrested along with his accomplice, his younger brother Alex (age 12), and sentenced to 8 years in prison. Released in 2009 [75][76]
Carrie Sampson ? August 17, 1899 13 Tallahassee, Florida   United States
1
0
Arrested [77]
Clive Beckett 1908 May 25, 1922 13 Biggenden, Queensland   Australia
1
0
Arrested, sentenced to state care at Palm Island industrial school until the age of 18 Arrested again in 1950 for assaulting his wife [78]
Two unnamed boys c. 2004–2005 May 14, 2018 13 Lucan, Fingal   Ireland
1
0
(Boy A) Life imprisonment to be reviewed after twelve years

(Boy B) Fifteen years imprisonment to be reviewed after eight years

Detained at Oberstown Children Detention Campus; will be transferred to adult prison once they reach 18 years of age
Ida Schell ? 1907 13 Munich, Bavaria   Germany
6
0
Deceased [79]
Ronald Sanford Jr. February 12, 1974 August 18, 1987 13, 6 months and 6 days Indianapolis, Indiana   United States
2
0
Arrested, sentenced to 170 years in prison Incarcerated [80][81]
Eric Smith January 22, 1980 August 2, 1993 13 years, 6 months and 11 days Steuben County, New York   United States
1
0
Sentenced to nine years to life in prison Released in February 2022 [82][83]
Mitchell Johnson August 11, 1984 March 24, 1998 13 years, 7 months and 13 days Westside Middle School, Craighead County, Arkansas   United States
5
10
Arrested, along with accomplice Andrew Golden, imprisoned until his 21st birthday Released
Nathaniel Brazill September 22, 1986 May 26, 2000 13 years, 8 months and 4 days Lake Worth Middle School, Lake Worth, Florida   United States
1
0
Sentenced to 28 years imprisonment, plus 7 years felony probation Incarcerated
Craig Price October 11, 1973 July 27, 1987 – September 1, 1989 13 years, 9 months and 16 days - 15 years, 10 months and 21 days Warwick, Rhode Island   United States
4
0
Arrested Incarcerated
Two unnamed girls c. 1999–2000 December 2014 13 and 14 Hartlepool   United Kingdom
1
0
Both arrested and sentenced to a minimum of 15 years imprisonment Both incarcerated
Two unnamed youths ? October 19, 2019 13 and 15 Porto Velho   Brazil
2
0
Arrested [84][85]
Juan Carlos Negrete-Vasquez 1996 October 2, 2009 13 Cornelius, Oregon   United States
1
0
Sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 30 years, later reduced to 12 years Released [86]
Demarious Latwan Banyard July 15, 1989 February 24, 2003 13 Jackson, Mississippi   United States
1
0
Sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, later reduced to 20 years Released [87]
Jessica Gonzalez 1983 September 11, 1996 13 Providence, Rhode Island   United States
1
0
Sentenced to 40 years in prison with the possibility of parole after 12 years Released [88]
Carly Gregg April 23, 2009 March 19, 2023 13 years, 11 months and 27 days Flowood, Mississippi   United States
1
1
Sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated [89][90]
Brooks Bellay June 6, 1965 August 20, 1979 14 years, 2 months and 14 days Vero Beach, Florida   United States
1
0
Sentenced to life with parole Incarcerated [91]
Unnamed boy ? September 2017 14 Katlijk   Netherlands
2
0
Incarcerated [92]
Mason Sisk 2004 September 2019 14 Elkmont, Alabama   United States
5
0
Sentenced to life without parole Imprisoned [93][94]
Pedro Rodrigues Filho July 17, 1954 1968 14 Santa Rita do Sapucaí   Brazil
2
0
Was at large after the first crime, and in the following years he committed dozens of other murders. Was arrested in 1973 and released in 2007, but was arrested again in 2011 and released in 2018 Deceased
Paul Jensen c. 1981–1982 January 1996 14 Fort Pierre, South Dakota   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole, later changed to 200 years Imprisoned [95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]
Evan Miller 1988 July 15, 2003 14 Moulton, Alabama   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated [105]
Peter Zimmer July 7, 1968 May 23, 1983 14 years, 10 months and 16 days Mineral Point, Wisconsin   United States
3
0
Arrested and sentenced 4 years in a juvenile facility Released and rearrested for later offenses.[106][107]
Heather Smith c. 1971 November 26, 1985 14 Spanaway, Washington   United States
2
0
Died by suicide Deceased
Keith E. Johnson December 20, 1980 September 29, 1995 14 years, 9 months and 9 days Tavares, Florida   United States
1
0
Sentenced to life without parole plus 10 years Imprisoned [108]
Anna Bell ? 1895 14 Fairfield County, South Carolina   United States
3
1
Arrested Deceased [109]
Hermann Koppes 1899 1913 14 Elgin, Illinois   United States
3
0
Arrested, sentenced to life in prison Deceased [110][111]
James Ortega December 22, 1989 January 3, 2004 14 years and 12 days San Jose, California   United States
2
1
Arrested, sentenced to 36 years to life in prison Incarcerated [112][113]
Brandon McInerney January 24, 1994 February 11, 2008 14 years and 18 days E.O. Green Junior High School, Oxnard, California   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to 21 years in prison Incarcerated
Jesse Harding Pomeroy November 29, 1859 February–April 1874 14 years and 2 months Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts   United States
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to death which was reduced to life imprisonment Deceased
Alina Afanaskina July 17, 2009 December 7, 2023 14 years, 4 months and 20 days Gymnasium No. 5, Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast   Russia
1
5
Died by suicide Deceased [114]
Caril Ann Fugate July 30, 1943 January 21, 1958 14 years, 5 months and 22 days Lincoln, Nebraska   United States
2
0
Arrested, along with her accomplice and boyfriend Charles Starkweather for murdering 11 people. Caril Ann Fugate denies killing anyone. Released
Michael Carneal June 1, 1983 December 1, 1997 14 years and 6 months Heath High School, West Paducah, Kentucky   United States
3
5
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole in 25 years Incarcerated
Joshua Phillips March 17, 1984 November 3, 1998 14 years, 7 months and 17 days Jacksonville, Florida   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated
Colt Gray January 14, 2010 September 4, 2024 14 years, 7 months and 21 days Apalachee High School, Barrow County, Georgia   United States
4
9
Will be charged as an adult Currently in custody [115]
Philip Chism January 1, 1999 October 22, 2013 14 years, 9 months and 1 day Danvers, Massachusetts   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole in 40 years Incarcerated
Barry Dale Loukaitis February 26, 1981 February 2, 1996 14 years, 11 months and 7 days Frontier Middle School, Moses Lake, Washington   United States
3
1
Arrested and sentenced to two life sentences and an additional 205 years without the possibility of parole but resentenced to 189 years in prison. Incarcerated
Alfonza Smalls August 18, 1978 January 30, 1993 14 years, 5 months and 12 days Eustis, Florida   United States
2
1
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated [116][117][118]
Seito Sakakibara c. 1992–1993 March 16 – May 27, 1997 14 Kobe, Hyogo   Japan
2
0
Arrested Released
Andrew Jerome Wurst c. 1983–1984 April 24, 1998 14 Edinboro, Pennsylvania   United States
1
3
Arrested and sentenced to 30 to 60 years in prison Incarcerated
Todd Cameron Smith c. 1984–1985 April 28, 1999 14 W. R. Myers High School, Taber, Alberta   Canada
1
1
Arrested Released, arrested again in 2005
Kenneth Bartley Jr. c. 1990–1991 November 8, 2005 14 Campbell County Comprehensive High School, Jacksboro, Tennessee   United States
1
2
Arrested Released, arrested again several times since
Jesse Osborne c. 2001–2002 September 28, 2016 14 Townville Elementary School, Townville, South Carolina   United States
2
3
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole plus 30 years Incarcerated
Kim Edwards and Lucas Markham June 13, 2001, and August 1, 2001 April 12, 2016 Edwards: 14 years, 9 months and 30 days Markham: 15 years, 3 months and 11 days Spalding, Lincolnshire   United Kingdom
2
0
Arrested and both sentenced to life with a minimum of 17+12 years imprisonment both Incarcerated [119][120]
Sandy Charles 1980 July 8, 1995 14 La Ronge   Canada
1
0
Arrested, along with accomplice William Martin; found not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to psychiatric center Incarcerated [121][122][123]
Henryk Kukuła 1966 September 23, 1980 14 Chorzów   Poland
1
0
Arrested after murdering a 5-year-old girl and sentenced to educational facility; he later went on to kill and rape another three children as an adult Incarcerated
Łukasz Wach 2005 January 25, 2020 14 Chełm   Poland
1
1
Arrested after murdering his stepmother and injuring his brother, found not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to psychiatric center Incarcerated
Nikolai Dudin December 22, 1973 December 3, 1987 13 years, 11 months, and 12 days Furmanov, Ivanovo Oblast   Soviet Union
1
0
Killed his father, and later 12 more people as an adult Incarcerated [124]
Jaap van der H. ? November 17, 2009 14 Urk   Netherlands
1
0
Arrested and given a 1-year sentence [125]
Graham Young September 7, 1947 April 21, 1962 14 years, 7 months and 14 days Neasden, London   United Kingdom
1
0
Arrested after he killed his stepmother, was released eight years later, and went on to kill another 2 victims as an adult Deceased
Unnamed boy 2006 January 21, 2021 14 Dublin   Ireland
1
0
Life imprisonment, with review after 13 years Detained at Oberstown Children Detention Campus; will be transferred to adult prison once he passes 18 years of age [126]
Unnamed girl 1894 14 Hospital in Novgorod   Russia
1–17
0
Arrested Deceased [127]
Gregory McKnight November 14, 1976 1992 15 Columbus, Ohio   United States
1
0
Served a short sentence, released in 1997 at age 21 Incarcerated (for later killings)
Z (underaged killer) December 31, 1985 (possibly) May 14, 2001 15 Hougang, Singapore   Singapore
1
0
Indefinite detention at the President's Pleasure Released on December 2, 2018, after serving 17 years in prison [128]
2 unnamed boys ? December 13, 2017 15 Almere   Netherlands
1
0
Arrested Unknown [129]
Yasin N. ? April 29, 2017 15 Zaandam   Netherlands
1
0
[130]
Ethan Crumbley 2006 November 30, 2021 15 Oxford High School, Oxford, Michigan   United States
4
7
Pleaded guilty to all charges Incarcerated
Justin Wade Trammell 1984 September 26, 1999 15 Bentonville, Arkansas   United States
1
0
Arrested Released and rearrested several times for crimes committed as an adult [131][132][133][134]
Charles Andrew Williams February 8, 1986 March 5, 2001 15 years and 25 days Santana High School, Santee, California   United States
2
13
Arrested and sentenced to 50 years to life in prison Incarcerated
Jaylen Ray Fryberg July 31, 1999 October 24, 2014 15 years, 2 months and 24 days Marysville Pilchuck High School, Marysville, Washington   United States
4
4
Died by suicide Deceased
Sergey Gordeyev October 4, 1998 February 3, 2014 15 years, 3 months and 30 days School No. 263, Otradnoye District, Moscow   Russia
2
1
Arrested
Eric Hainstock April 4, 1991 September 29, 2006 15 years, 5 months, and 25 days Cazenovia, Wisconsin   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with eligibility for parole in 2037 Incarcerated
Marie-Françoise Bougaran September 4, 1850 November 12–25, 1865 15 years and 8–21 days Finistère   France
3
2
Arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison Deceased [135]
Vadzim Milashevsky June 26, 2003 February 11, 2019 15 years, 7 months, and 16 days Stowbtsy   Belarus
2
2
Arrested and sentenced to 13 years in prison Imprisoned [136][137]
Santre Sanchez Gayle 1994 or 1995 March 2010 15 Hackney, London   United Kingdom
1
0
Sentenced to 20 years imprisonment for murder for hire for £200 payment from victim's ex-husband; referred to in tabloids as "UK's 'youngest hitman'" [138]
Edmund Kemper December 18, 1948 August 27, 1964 15 years, 8 months, 9 days North Fork, California   United States
2
0
Arrested after he killed his grandparents, was released six years later, and went on to kill another 8 victims as an adult Incarcerated
Kazutaka Komori c. 1943 1961 15 Tokyo   Japan
1
0
Arrested Deceased
Willie Francis January 12, 1929 1944 15 St. Martinville, Louisiana   United States
1
0
Arrested; executed in 1947 at age 18 Deceased
Alyssa Bustamante 1994 October 21, 2009 15 St. Martins, Missouri   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of conditional release Incarcerated
Nick Clatterbuck c. 1968–1969 February 28, 1984 15 Utah County, Utah   United States
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to 5 years to life Incarcerated
Jamar Siler c. 1992–1993 August 21, 2008 15 Knoxville, Tennessee   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to 30 years[139] [140]
Unnamed boy ? October 10, 2019 15 London   United Kingdom
1
0
Arrested [141]
Edgar Yoevani c.1999 May 6, 2014 15 Tlalnepantla, Mexico   Mexico
1
0
Arrested [142]
Toni Lawrence February 1976 January 11, 1992 15 Madison, Indiana   United States
1
0
Arrested, along with three other accomplices Released
Hope Rippey June 1976 January 11, 1992 15 Madison, Indiana   United States
1
0
Arrested, along with three other accomplices Released
Steven Washington July 27, 1948 August 28 – December 30, 1963 15 St. Petersburg, Florida   United States
3
2
Arrested and sentenced to life in prison Deceased
Nehemiah Griego c. 1997–1998 January 19, 2013 15 South Valley, New Mexico   United States
5
0
Arrested and sentenced to life with the possibility of parole in 30 years. Incarcerated
Luke Mitchell c. 1987–1988 June 30, 2003 15 Easthouses, Scotland   United Kingdom
1
0
Arrested Incarcerated
Rafael Solich c. 1988–1989 September 28, 2004 15 Carmen de Patagones, Buenos Aires Province   Argentina
3
5
Arrested Released
Jared Padgett c. 1998–1999 June 10, 2014 15 Troutdale, Oregon   United States
1
0
Died by suicide Deceased
Don Steenkamp c. 1997 April 6, 2012 15 Griekwastad   South Africa
3
0
Arrested [143][144]
Jason McLaughlin c. 1987–1988 September 24, 2003 15 Cold Spring, Minnesota   United States
2
0
Arrested Incarcerated [145]
James Fairweather c. 1998 March 29, 2014 15 Colchester, Essex   United Kingdom
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to Life with minimum of 27 years Incarcerated
Unnamed 15-year-old girl c. 1998–1999 July 26, 2014 15 Sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture   Japan
1
0
Arrested
Lisa Borch c. 1998–1999 October 8, 2014 15 Kvissel, Vendsyssel   Denmark
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to 9 years in prison Incarcerated
Unnamed boy ? May 13, 2015 15 Goiânia   Brazil
1
0
Arrested [146][147]
Willie Bosket December 9, 1962 March 19, 1978 15 years, 3 months and 10 days Harlem, New York   United States
2
0
Arrested and currently serving 3 consecutive 25 to life sentences Incarcerated
Jaivon White January 30, 2003 September 19, 2018 15 years, 7 months and 20 days Waterbury, Connecticut   United States
1
0
Arrested Awaiting trial [148]
Unnamed girl [fi] c. 1999–2000 April 28, 2015 15 Seinäjoki   Finland
1
0
3 years of imprisonment Released
Unnamed boy ? October 31, 2019 15 Londrina   Brazil
1
0
Taken into custody [149][150]
Juliet Hulme October 28, 1938 June 22, 1954 15 Victoria Park, Christchurch   New Zealand
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison Released; currently deceased
Jason Smith ? May 24, 1993 15 Pennsburg, Pennsylvania   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to 12 to 25 years in prison unknown [151]
NF (initials) ? 2020 15 Jakarta   Indonesia
1
0
Turned herself in and sentenced to 2 years in prison Incarcerated [152][153]
Juan Fernando Hermosa February 28, 1976 November 22, 1991 – June 17, 1993 15-17 Quito, Ecuador   Ecuador
23
0
Arrested and sentenced to four years in prison Assassinated [154]
Paula Cooper August 25, 1969 May 14, 1985 15 years, 8 months and 19 days Gary, Indiana   United States
1
0
Arrested; released on June 17, 2013; died by suicide on May 26, 2015, 30 years after the murder Deceased
Kipland Phillip Kinkel August 30, 1982 May 21, 1998 15 years, 8 months and 21 days Thurston High School, Springfield, Oregon   United States
4
25
Arrested and sentenced to 111 years in prison Incarcerated
Akiyoshi Umekawa March 1, 1948 December 16, 1963 15 years, 9 months and 15 days Ōtake, Hiroshima   Japan
5
0
Shot by police Deceased
William Cornick June 26, 1998 April 24, 2014 15 years, 9 months and 29 days Corpus Christi Catholic College, Halton Moor, Leeds   United Kingdom
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life with a minimum of 20 years Incarcerated
Elmer Wayne Henley May 9, 1956 March 24, 1972 – August 8, 1973 15 years, 10 months and 15 days – 17 years, 5 months and 12 days Houston, Texas   United States
7
0
Sentenced to 594 years (six consecutive 99-year terms), next eligible for parole in October 2025 Incarcerated
Gabriel Ross Parker March 3, 2002 January 23, 2018 15 years, 10 months and 21 days Marshall County High School, Draffenville, Kentucky   United States
2
14
Arrested and sentenced to life with a minimum of 20 years Incarcerated
Daniel Marsh May 14, 1997 April 13, 2013 15 years, 10 months, and 30 days Davis, California   United States
2
Arrested, convicted, and sentenced to life with parole eligibility after 25 years Incarcerated
Nicholas Waggoner Browning February 9, 1992 February 1, 2008 15 years, 11 months, 24 days Cockeysville, Maryland   United States
4
0
Murdered his parents and two younger brothers. Pled guilty to four counts of first-degree murder. Sentenced to four life sentences, with two terms to be served consecutively. Incarcerated [155][156][157]

Age 16 and 17

Name Date of birth Date of killing(s) Age at time of killing(s) Location Country Killed Injured Penalty of perpetrator(s) Current status of perpetrator(s) Ref.
Nathaniel Tennosuke Berhow November 14, 2003 November 14, 2019 16 years, 0 months, and 0 days Santa Clarita, California   United States
2
3
Died by suicide Deceased
Unnamed boy ? December 2017 16 Sneek   Netherlands
1
0
[129]
Pauline Parker May 26, 1938 June 22, 1954 16 Victoria Park, Christchurch   New Zealand
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison Released
Evan Ramsey February 8, 1981 February 19, 1997 16 years and 11 days Bethel Regional High School, Bethel, Alaska   United States
2
2
Arrested and sentenced to two sentences of 99 years in prison with an eligibility for parole in the year 2066 Incarcerated
Alec Devon Kreider February 4, 1991 May 12, 2007 16 years, 1 month and 10 days Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania   United States
3
0
Arrested; died by suicide 10 years into serving his three consecutive life without parole sentences Deceased
Courtney Schulhoff December 27, 1987 February 10, 2004 16 years, 1 month and 14 days Altamonte Springs, Florida   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole, later reduced to 40 years Imprisoned [158]
Daniel Petric August 24, 1991 October 20, 2007 16 years, 1 month and 26 days Wellington, Ohio   United States
1
1
Arrested and sentenced to life with 23 years before parole Incarcerated
Melinda Loveless October 28, 1975 January 11, 1992 16 years, 2 months and 14 days Madison, Indiana   United States
1
0
Arrested, along with three other accomplices Released
Richard Grissom November 10, 1960 January 27, 1977 16 years, 2 months and 17 days Lansing, Kansas   United States
1
0
Arrested, sentenced to three years at a boys reformatory. Released, then killed at least three more women in 1989 Incarcerated [159]
Martin Peyerl August 11, 1983 November 1, 1999 16 years, 2 months and 21 days Bad Reichenhall, Germany   Germany
5
7
Died by suicide Deceased
Sean Sellers May 18, 1969 September 7, 1985 16 years, 3 months and 20 days Oklahoma City, Oklahoma   United States
3
3
Arrested and executed Deceased
David Brom October 3, 1971 February 18, 1988 16 years, 4 months and 15 days Rochester, Minnesota   United States
4
0
Arrested and sentenced to life in prison Incarcerated
Marlene Olive January 15, 1959 June 21, 1975 16 years, 5 months and 6 days Terra Linda, San Rafael, California   United States
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to four to six years of confinement Unknown [160][161][162][163]
Sarah Marie Johnson January 24, 1987 September 2, 2003 16 years, 7 months and 9 days Bellevue, Idaho   United States
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated
Jeff Weise August 8, 1988 March 21, 2005 16 years, 7 months and 13 days Red Lake Senior High School, Red Lake, Minnesota   United States
9
5
Died by suicide Deceased
Luke Woodham February 5, 1981 October 1, 1997 16 years, 7 months and 26 days Pearl High School, Pearl, Mississippi   United States
3
7
Arrested Incarcerated
Rod Ferrell March 28, 1980 November 25, 1996 16, 7 months and 28 days Murray, Kentucky   United States
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated
Michael Bever November 4, 1998 July 22, 2015 16, 8 months and 18 days Broken Arrow, Oklahoma   United States
5 (together with Robert Bever)
1
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole in 38 years Incarcerated
Éric Borel December 11, 1978 September 23–24, 1995 16 years, 9 months and 12 days Cuers   France
15
4
Died by suicide Deceased
Brenda Ann Spencer April 3, 1962 January 29, 1979 16 years, 9 months and 26 days Cleveland Elementary School, San Diego, California   United States
2
9
Arrested and sentenced to 25 years to life in prison Incarcerated
Roberto Aparecido Alves Cardoso December 9, 1986 November 5, 2003 16 years, 10 months and 27 days Embu-Guaçu   Brazil
1
0
Sentenced to 3 years in prison, later interdicted and sent to an Experimental Health Unit Incarcerated [164]
Yukio Yamaji August 21, 1983 July 29, 2000 16 years, 11 months and 8 days Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture   Japan
3
0
Arrested and executed by hanging Deceased
Scott Dyleski October 30, 1988 October 15, 2005 16 years, 11 months and 15 days Lafayette, California   United States
1
0
Arrested
Harold Wilkins c. 1916 1931–1932 16 ?   United Kingdom
?
?
Arrested, convicted and sentenced to death Deceased
Seisaku Nakamura c. 1923–1924 August 28, 1938 16 Shizuoka Prefecture   Japan
9–11
0
Arrested; executed in 1943 Deceased
Muhammad Nasir Abdul Aziz September 1990 July 1, 2007 16 Whampoa, Singapore   Singapore
1
0
Indefinite detention at the President's Pleasure Imprisoned[165]
Rathakrishnan Ramasamy 1965 20 September 1981 16 East Coast Parkway, Singapore   Singapore
1
0
Indefinite detention at the President's Pleasure Released in 2001
Ringo Lee Chiew Chwee 16 September 1955 29 December 1971 16 Serangoon, Singapore   Singapore
3
0
Indefinite detention at the President's Pleasure Released in 1988 or 1989
Stephen Lee Hock Khoon 27 October 1955 29 December 1971 16 Serangoon, Singapore   Singapore
3
0
Indefinite detention at the President's Pleasure Unknown, but presumably released
Leonard Shockley c. 1941–1942 January 16, 1958 16 Dorchester County, Maryland   United States
1
0
Arrested; executed on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17 Deceased
Kevin Madden and Timothy Ferriman c. 1987 November 25, 2003 Both 16 Toronto, Ontario   Canada
1
0
Both arrested
Nobuharu Minato c. 1982–1983 January 4, 1989 16 Misato, Saitama Prefecture, Kanto   Japan
1
0
Arrested, along with three accomplices
Brian Draper and Torey Adamcik c. 1990 and June 14, 1990 September 22, 2006 Both 16 Pocatello, Idaho   United States
1
0
Both arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated
Sajal Barui c. 1976–1977 November 22, 1993 16 Kolkata   India
3
0
Arrested
John Odgren September 1, 1990 January 19, 2007 16 Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School, Sudbury, Massachusetts   United States
1
0
Arrested Incarcerated
John Katehis c. 1992–1993 March 20, 2009 16 East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City   United States
1
0
Arrested, sentenced to 25 years to life Incarcerated
Unknown c. 1998 March 2014 16 Limpopo   South Africa
2
0
Arrested [166]
Abdulrahman Ali ? June 6, 2017 16 London   United Kingdom
1
0
Arrested [167]
3 unnamed boys c. 2003–2004 December 4, 2020 16 Koskela, Helsinki   Finland
1
0
Perpetrator A: sentenced to 10 years and 1 month in prison
Perpetrator B: sentenced to 9 years and 2 months in prison
Perpetrator C: sentenced to 8 years and 2 months in prison
All perpetrators will serve one third of their sentence.
Incarcerated
June 6, 2017 16 London   United Kingdom
1
0
Arrested
Nathaniel Jouett January 8, 2001 August 28, 2017 16 years, 7 months, 20 days Clovis, New Mexico   United States
2
4
Arrested Incarcerated
Ty Johnston April 27, 1977 16 St. Petersburg, Florida   United States
1
0
Arrested Released [168]
F.E.R.J. c. 1988 October 2004 16 Reñaca   Chile
1
0
Arrested and charged with homicide Unknown [169]
Two unknown 16-year-olds c. 1992–1993 June 6, 2009 Both 16 Stureby, Stockholm   Sweden
1
0
Both arrested
Rachel Shoaf and Shelia Eddy September 28, 1995 (Eddy), June 10, 1996 (Shoaf) July 6, 2012 Both 16 Wayne Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania   United States
1
0
Both arrested Both incarcerated
Leong Soon Long and Wong Soon Heng c. 1991 to 1992 11 September 2008 16–17 Kulai, Johor, Malaysia   Malaysia
1
0
Found guilty of murder and sentenced to indefinite detention at the pleasure of the Sultan of Johor Unknown, presumably imprisoned or released
James Ellison Rouse c. 1978 November 15, 1995 17 Richland High School, Lynnville, Tennessee   United States
2
1
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated [170]
Fernando Fernández Luna c. 1987 October 4, 2004 17 Liceo Nueva Zelanda, Santa Juana   Chile
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to 4 years' probation Released [171][172]
Bryan and David Freeman c. 1978–1979 February 26, 1995 16–17 Salisbury Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania   United States
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated
Unnamed boy ? December 2017 17 Sneek   Netherlands
1
0
[129]
Zin Mar Nwe c. 2001 25 June 2018 17 Choa Chu Kang, Singapore   Singapore
1
0
Life imprisonment[173] Imprisoned
Mackenzie Shirilla August 2, 2004 July 31, 2022 17 Strongsville, Ohio   United States
2
0
Life imprisonment with parole possible after 15 years Imprisoned [174]
Edward George McGregor March 29, 1973 April 17, 1990 17 years and 23 days Missouri City   United States
1
0
Arrested in 2006 after DNA linked him to the murder. It was discovered that he murdered at least three other women as an adult. Sentenced to life in prison without parole. Incarcerated [175]
Laurie Tackett October 5, 1974 January 11, 1992 17 years, 3 months and 7 days Madison, Indiana   United States
1
0
Arrested, along with three other accomplices Released
TJ Lane September 19, 1994 February 27, 2012 17 years, 5 months and 8 days Chardon, Ohio   United States
3
3
Arrested, sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated
Nicole Louise Pearce (formerly Paul Wayne Luckman) November 1, 1964 May 4, 1982 17 years, 6 months and 3 days Kingscliff, New South Wales   Australia
1
1
Arrested, sentenced to life imprisonment Incarcerated
Peter Woodcock March 5, 1939 September 15, 1956 – January 19, 1957 17 years, 6 months and 10 days - 17 years, 10 months and 14 days Peterborough, Ontario   Canada
3
0
Arrested Deceased
Daniel LaPlante May 16, 1970 December 1, 1987 17 years, 6 months and 15 days Townsend, Massachusetts   United States
3
0
Arrested and sentenced to three consecutive life sentences with the possibility of parole in 45 years Incarcerated
Dalton Prejean December 10, 1959 July 2, 1977 17 years, 6 months and 22 days Lafayette Parish, Louisiana   United States
1
0
Arrested, sentenced to death and executed Deceased
Dimitrios Pagourtzis October 12, 2000 May 18, 2018 17 Santa Fe High School, Santa Fe, Texas   United States
10
13
Arrested, charged with capital murder and aggravated assault of a peace officer, not contempt to stand trial Incarcerated [176]
Dylan Klebold September 11, 1981 April 20, 1999 17 years, 7 months and 9 days Columbine High School, Littleton, Colorado   United States
5
24 (together with Eric Harris)
Died by suicide Deceased
Tim Kretschmer July 26, 1991 March 11, 2009 17 years, 7 months and 13 days Winnenden, Baden-Württemberg   Germany
15
9
Died by suicide Deceased
Harvey Miguel Robinson December 6, 1974 August 1992 17 and 8 months Allentown, Pennsylvania   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole for one murder committed at age 17 and death for two murders committed at age 18 Incarcerated
Otoya Yamaguchi February 22, 1943 October 12, 1960 17 years, 8 months and 11 days Hibiya Hall, Tokyo   Japan
1
0
Arrested; died by suicide before trial Deceased
Raymond Ronald Lee Childs III 2003 2021 17 Indianapolis, United States   United States
6
1
Convicted in October 2024 Incarcerated [177]
Austin Sigg January 17, 1995 October 5, 2012 17 years, 8 months and 18 days Westminster, Colorado   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 40 years plus 82 years Incarcerated [178][179]
Ove Conry Andersson c. 1944–1945 March 4, 1961 17 Kungälv, Västra Götaland   Sweden
1
6
Arrested; died by suicide in prison in 2008 Deceased
Anthony Barbaro c. 1956–1957 December 30, 1974 17 Olean High School, Olean, New York   United States
3
11
Arrested; died by suicide less than a year into his sentence Deceased
James Terry Roach February 18, 1960 1976 17 Columbia, South Carolina   United States
2
0
Arrested, sentenced to execution 10 years later Deceased
Jo Ogura c. 1981–1982 January 4, 1989 17 Misato, Saitama Prefecture, Kanto   Japan
1
0
Arrested, along with three accomplices
Yasushi Watanabe c. 1981–1982 January 4, 1989 17 Misato, Saitama Prefecture, Kanto   Japan
1
0
Arrested, along with three accomplices
Gary Scott Pennington c. 1975–1976 January 18, 1993 17 Grayson, Kentucky   United States
2
0
Arrested Incarcerated [180]
Hendrik Möbus, Sebastian Schauseil, and Andreas Kirchner c. 1975–1976 April 29, 1993 All 17 Sondershausen   Germany
1
0
All arrested
Alex Baranyi and David Anderson c. 1979–1980 January 3–4, 1997 Both 17 Bellevue, Washington   United States
4
0
Both arrested and sentenced to life sentences without the possibility of parole Incarcerated
Unknown 17-year-old male c. 1982–1983 May 4–5, 2000 17 Dazaifu, Fukuoka   Japan
1
2
Arrested
Delara Darabi September 29, 1986 2003 17 Rasht   Iran
1
0
Arrested, sentenced to execution 6 years later Deceased [181]
Gary Hirte c. 1986 July 23, 2003 17 Winnebago County, Wisconsin   United States
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 32 years Incarcerated [182][183][184][185]
Tyler Hadley c. 1993–1994 July 16, 2011 17 Port St. Lucie, Florida   United States
2
0
Arrested and sentenced to life without parole Imprisoned [186][187]
Mathieu Moulinas c. 1993–1994 November 11, 2011 17 Le Chambon-sur-Lignon   France
1
0
Arrested and sentenced to life in prison Incarcerated [188][189]
Wu Jiangguo c. 2000 May 15, 2017 17 Maoming   China
2
4
Arrested [190]
Randan Fontaine c. 1998–1999 January 22, 2016 17 La Loche, Saskatchewan   Canada
4
7
Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with no chance of parole for 10 years [191]
De'Marquise Elkins 1995 March 21, 2013 17 Brunswick, Georgia   United States
1
1
Arrested and convicted of felony murder, malice murder, cruelty to children and possession of a handgun during a crime and sentenced to life without parole Incarcerated
Dayvon Daquan Bennett 1994 April 28, 2012-March 31, 2019 17-26 Chicago, Illinois   United States
7-12
17
Served a couple of years total in jail and avoided a 100 year sentence due to witnesses coming up as deceased. Bennett died on November 6, 2020, outside of a nightclub after an altercation. Deceased [192]

See also

References

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