Zeuzera pyrina

Zeuzera pyrina, the leopard moth or wood leopard moth, is a moth of the family Cossidae.

Leopard moth
Upperside
Lateral view
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Cossidae
Genus:	Zeuzera
Species:	Z. pyrina
Binomial name
Zeuzera pyrina (Linnaeus, 1761)
Synonyms
List Phalaena pyrina Linnaeus, 1761 Phalaena aesculi Linnaeus, 1767 Zeuzera decipiens Kirby, 1892 Noctua hypocasstani Poda, 1761 Zeuzera hypocastrina Dyar, 1902 Phalaena hilaris Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785 Zeuzera octopunctata Boisduval, [1841] Zeuzera pirina Staudinger, 1879 Zeuzera esculi Staudinger, 1895 Zeuzera pyrina ab. conflua Schultz, 1905 Zeuzera yprina Stichel, 1918 Zeuzera yprina f. paulomaculata Stichel, 1918 Zeuzera pyrina ab. confluens Cockayne, 1955 Zeuzera pyrina f. marginestriata Lempke, 1961 Zeuzera pyrinia El-Hariri, 1968

It is considered a pest by fruit growers, as the larvae feed on branches of many kinds of fruit trees. Olive trees in particular are very susceptible and can be killed by the larvae burrowing within them.

Subspecies

Subspecies include:

• Zeuzera pyrina biebingeri (W. & A. Speidel, 1986)
• Zeuzera pyrina pyrina (Linnaeus, 1761)

Zeuzera biebingeri is treated as a subspecies of Z. pyrina by some sources, but is mostly treated as a valid species.

Distribution

This species can be found primarily in Europe (excluding Ireland) but also in northern Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco) and Asia (Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkey). It was introduced into the northeastern United States prior to 1879 and has a range including Maine, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Texas.

Habitat

These moths are associated with woodland, gardens and orchards.

Description

Zeuzera pyrina has a wingspan of 35–60 millimetres (1.4–2.4 in). This is a highly distinctive species. The male is slightly smaller than the female. The length of the abdomen of the female is about 45–50 millimetres (1.8–2.0 in). These moths have a white head, with a black forehead and a very furry white thorax marked with six black spots. The abdomen is black, with short white hair-like scales on the posterior edge of each segment and a flat brush of scales on the apex. Forewings are whitish, long and narrow, with numerous black spots or black spots with white interior spots, arranged in rows along the veins. Hindwings are translucent, except in the anal area, with small black spots. In addition to the dimensions, the two sexes differ in the shape of the antennae, thinner in the female, while in the male they are markedly bipectinate, with the exception of terminals articles.

Biology

The moth flies from June to September depending on the location. The caterpillars are xylophagous. They feed on the wood of various deciduous trees and shrubs (see list below), feeding internally for two or three years in the stems and branches before emerging to pupate under the bark. They can be a pests in fruit production.

Recorded host plants

Recorded food plants include:

• Acer
• Aesculus
• Amelanchier
• Broussonetia
• Carya
• Castanea
• Celtis
• Ceratonia
• Cotoneaster
• Crataegus
• Cydonia
• Fagus
• Fraxinus
• Ilex
• Juglans
• Ligustrum
• Liquidambar
• Liriodendron
• Lonicera
• Malus
• Olea
• Prunus
• Punica
• Pyrus
• Quercus
• Rhododendron
• Ribes
• Robinia
• Rubus
• Salix
• Syringa
• Tilia
• Ulmus
• Viburnum

Gallery

• 
  Egg-laying
• 
  Caterpillar in a stem of an apple tree.
• 
  Exuvia
• 
  Moth

Bibliography

• Skinner, Bernard (1984). Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-670-80354-5.
• Waring, Paul; Townsend, Martin (2003). Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 0-9531399-2-1.
• Capinera, J. L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4 vol., 2nd Ed., Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2008, pp. lxiii + 4346, ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1, LCCN 2008930112, OCLC 837039413.
• Lieutier F., Day K. R., Battisti A., Grégoire J.-C. and Evans H. F. (Eds.), Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a Synthesis, ristampa 1ª ed., Dordrecht; Boston, Springer; Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2007 [2004], pp. xiv, 569, ISBN 978-1-4020-2240-1, LCCN 2004051536, OCLC 55645086.
• Scoble, M. J., The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, 2nd ed., London, Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum, 2011 [1992], pp. xi, 404, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9, LCCN 92004297, OCLC 25282932.
• Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects, 2 vol., Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1991 [1987], pp. ix, 754, ISBN 978-0-8403-3702-3, LCCN 85081922, OCLC 13784377.

External links

• Lepiforum e. V.
• De Vlinderstichting (in Dutch)
• Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa