Zhang Fan (died 212), courtesy name Gongyi, was an official serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.[1]
Zhang Fan | |
|---|---|
| 張範 | |
| Army Adviser (參軍) (under Cao Cao) | |
| In office 209–212 | |
| Consultant (議郎) | |
| In office 209–212 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown Huojia County, Henan |
| Died | 212[1] |
| Relations |
|
| Children |
|
| Parent |
|
| Occupation | Official |
| Courtesy name | Gongyi (公儀) |
Life
editZhang Fan was born in the Eastern Han dynasty in Xiuwu County (脩武縣), Henei Commandery (河內郡), which is present-day Huojia County, Henan. His grandfather, Zhang Xin (張歆), served as Minister over the Masses (司徒) in the Han imperial court, while his father, Zhang Yan (張延), served as Grand Commandant (太尉). Yuan Wei (袁隗), the Grand Tutor (太傅), wanted to arrange for his daughter to marry Zhang Fan, but Zhang Fan declined.[2]
Zhang Fan desired a quiet, peaceful and happy life. As he had little regard for fame and material wealth, he rejected offers and invitations to serve in the Han government.[3] He had two younger brothers, Zhang Cheng and Zhang Zhao (張昭).[a] Around 190, Zhang Fan and his family relocated to Yang Province[5] after the warlord Dong Zhuo seized control of the Han central government and held the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage.[6]
In the 190s,[7] the warlord Yuan Shu controlled the lands around the Huai River in Yang Province. He had heard of Zhang Fan and wanted to recruit him as an adviser. However, Zhang Fan claimed that he was ill and refused to go. Yuan Shu did not force him. Zhang Fan then sent his brother Zhang Cheng to meet Yuan Shu instead.[8]
Around 207,[9] after the warlord Cao Cao had defeated his rivals in northern China and unified the region under his control, he sent a messenger to invite Zhang Fan to serve in the Han government. However, Zhang Fan claimed that he was ill and remained behind in Pengcheng (彭城; around present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). He sent his brother Zhang Cheng to meet Cao Cao instead.[10]
On one occasion, Zhang Fan's son Zhang Ling (張陵) and nephew Zhang Jian (張戩; Zhang Cheng's son) were kidnapped by bandits in Shandong. When Zhang Fan asked them to release the boys, they freed only Zhang Ling. Zhang Fan then asked them if he could trade his son for his nephew instead because his nephew was younger. The bandits were so impressed by his act of sacrifice that they released both Zhang Ling and Zhang Jian.[11]
In 209,[12] after Cao Cao returned from the Battle of Red Cliffs, he met Zhang Fan in Chen Commandery (陳郡; around present-day Huaiyang County, Henan) and appointed him as a Consultant (議郎) and Army Adviser (參軍). Cao Cao highly regarded Zhang Fan and treated him respectfully.[13] When he went on military campaigns against rival warlords, he often left Zhang Fan and Bing Yuan behind to guard his base together with his son and heir apparent, Cao Pi.[14] He also once told Cao Pi, "You should consult these two men before you do anything." Cao Pi heeded his father's advice and treated them as if they were the elders of his family.[15]
Zhang Fan kept no surplus wealth for himself and his family. He generously used his personal wealth to help the poor and needy, and provided shelter for many widows and orphans. He neither rejected the gifts he received from others nor used them, and instead kept them somewhere. After he died in 212, his family returned the gifts in accordance with his final wishes.[16]
Family
editIn late 220,[17] more than half a year after Cao Cao's death, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the Cao Wei state with himself as the new emperor. After his coronation, Cao Pi appointed one of Zhang Fan's sons, Zhang Shen (張參; or Zhang Can), as a Palace Gentleman (郎中).[18] Apart from Zhang Shen, Zhang Fan was known to have at least one other son, Zhang Ling (張陵).[11]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ This Zhang Zhao (張昭) was not the same person as the similarly named but better known Zhang Zhao (張昭).[4]
References
edit- ^ a b de Crespigny (2007), p. 1041.
- ^ (張範，字公儀，河內脩武人也。祖父歆，為漢司徒。父延，為太尉。太傅袁隗欲以女妻範，範辭不受。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ (性恬靜樂道，忽於榮利，徵命無所就。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 1090.
- ^ (承然之，乃解印綬間行歸家，與範避地揚州。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 59.
- ^ Sima (1084), vols. 59-63.
- ^ (袁術備禮招請，範稱疾不往，術不彊屈也。遣承與相見， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 65.
- ^ (太祖平兾州，遣使迎範。範以疾留彭城，遣承詣太祖， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ a b (範子陵及承子戩為山東賊所得，範直詣賊請二子，賊以陵還範。範謝曰：「諸君相還兒厚矣。夫人情雖愛其子，然吾憐戩之小，請以陵易之。」賊義其言，悉以還範。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 66.
- ^ (太祖自荊州還，範得見於陳，以為議郎，參丞相軍事，甚見敬重。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ (太祖征伐，常令範及邴原留，與世子居守。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ (太祖謂文帝：「舉動必諮此二人。」世子執子孫禮。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ (救恤窮乏，家無所餘，中外孤寡皆歸焉。贈遺無所逆，亦終不用，及去，皆以還之。建安十七年卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 69.
- ^ (魏書曰：文帝即位，以範子參為郎中。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 11.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.