The Taichang Emperor (28 August 1582 – 26 September 1620), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Guangzong of Ming, personal name Zhu Changluo, was the 15th emperor of the Ming dynasty. He was the eldest son of the Wanli Emperor and succeeded his father as emperor in 1620. However, his reign came to an abrupt end less than one month after his enthronement when he was found dead one morning in the palace following a bout of diarrhea. He was succeeded by his son, Zhu Youjiao, who was enthroned as the Tianqi Emperor. His reign was the shortest in Ming history.
| Taichang Emperor 泰昌帝 | |||||||||||||||||
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| Emperor of the Ming dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 28 August 1620 – 26 September 1620 | ||||||||||||||||
| Enthronement | 28 August 1620 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Wanli Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Tianqi Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Crown Prince of the Ming dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
| Tenure | 1601–1620 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Crown Prince Zhu Yijun | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Crown Prince Zhu Cilang | ||||||||||||||||
| Born | 28 August 1582 | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | 26 September 1620 (aged 38) | ||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Qing Mausoleum, Ming tombs, Beijing | ||||||||||||||||
| Consorts | |||||||||||||||||
| Issue Detail | |||||||||||||||||
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| House | Zhu | ||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Ming | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Wanli Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Dowager Xiaojing | ||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 泰昌帝 | ||||||||||||||||
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Zhu Changluo was born in 1582, during the tenth year of the Wanli Emperor's reign. His mother, Lady Wang, was a servant of the emperor's mother. Lady Wang was promoted, but did not gain the favor of the Wanli Emperor, and her son, despite being the emperor's eldest, was ignored by him. Instead, the Wanli Emperor showed preference towards Zhu Changxun, the son of his favorite concubine, Lady Zheng. This led to the Wanli Emperor's intention to appoint Zhu Changxun as crown prince, but it faced strong opposition from the ministers. As a result, the matter remained at a standstill for many years due to the stubbornness of both sides.
In 1601, the Wanli Emperor finally succumbed to the pressure of ministers, officials, and above all his mother, and officially appointed nineteen-year-old Zhu Changluo as the crown prince and rightful heir to the throne. However, even with this formal recognition, intrigue and the emperor's dissatisfaction with the succession persisted. In 1615, the court was rocked by an unusual scandal when a man named Zhang Chai armed himself with a wooden staff and broke into the Forbidden City, specifically targeting the Crown Prince's palace. While the initial investigation deemed him insane, another investigator suggested the involvement of two eunuchs close to Lady Zheng. Both eunuchs were swiftly executed, but speculation about the true perpetrators of the plot continued to circulate.
The Wanli Emperor died on 18 August 1620, and Zhu Changluo officially ascended the throne as the Taichang Emperor on 28 August. However, just a few days after his coronation, he fell ill and died on 26 September 1620, despite attempts at treatment. The Taichang Emperor's eldest son, Zhu Youjiao, then became the new Ming ruler. The death of the relatively young emperor sparked suspicion, speculation, and recrimination among different court factions.
Childhood and youth, appointment as heir to the throne
editZhu Changluo was born in 1582, during the tenth year of the Wanli Emperor's reign, as the emperor's first son. His mother, Lady Wang, was a servant of Empress Dowager Li, the Wanli Emperor's mother. Although the Wanli Emperor initially wanted nothing to do with the child, Lady Li convinced him to acknowledge paternity by presenting records of his visits.[1] She also pushed for Lady Wang's promotion to imperial concubine with the title "Consort Gong" (恭妃). However, the emperor's interest in Lady Wang quickly faded as he became infatuated with another concubine, Lady Zheng, who also bore him a son named Zhu Changxun (1586–1641).[1] As a result, Zhu Changluo, despite being the eldest, was ignored by the emperor.
In 1586, the question of succession arose when the emperor promoted Lady Zheng to the rank of "Imperial Noble Consort" (Huang Guifei),[2][3] placing her just below the empress and above his other concubines, including Lady Wang. It was evident to those around him that he preferred Lady Zheng's son Zhu Changxun—his third son (the second had died in infancy)—to succeed him rather than Zhu Changluo. This caused a division among officials, with some advocating for the rights of the first son based on legal primogeniture, while others supported Lady Zheng.[2] In response to the widespread support for the eldest son, the emperor delayed making a decision.[2] He justified the delay by stating that he was waiting for a son from the empress.[4] When the request was made to appoint Zhu Changluo as crown prince at the age of eight so that his education could officially begin, the emperor defended himself by saying that princes were traditionally taught by eunuchs.[5]
In 1589, the emperor agreed to appoint Zhu Changluo as his successor. However, this decision was met with opposition from Lady Zheng, causing controversy and, two years later, even arrests when a pamphlet was circulated in Beijing accusing her of conspiring against the emperor's eldest son with some high officials. Despite this, the emperor tried to portray Lady Zheng in a positive light to the public.[3]
The failure to name a successor sparked protests from not only opposition-minded officials, but also high dignitaries such as Grand Secretaries Shen Shixing (in office 1578–91) and Wang Xijue (in office 1584–91 and 1593–94).[2] The empress[6] and Empress Dowager Li[4] also supported the rights of Zhu Changluo. However, it was not until 1601, under pressure from further protests and requests, that the Wanli Emperor finally appointed Zhu Changluo as crown prince.[4][7] At the same time, Zhu Changxun was given the title of Prince of Fu,[8] but he was kept in Beijing instead of being sent to the province as originally planned when he turned eighteen in 1604. This fueled rumors that the question of succession was still open.[9] It was not until 1614, after a long series of appeals and protests, that the emperor's mother intervened and insisted on sending Zhu Changxun to the provincial seat.[4][7][10]
Case of the attack with the stick
editRelated to the succession debates was the "case of the attack with the stick". In late May 1615, a man named Zhang Chai was arrested near the palace of Zhu Changluo for carrying a stick. It was later discovered that Zhang Chai was mentally unstable[11] and had intended to use the stick to resolve a conflict with two eunuchs he did not get along with. Initially, the case was closed and Zhang Chai was executed.[12] However, prison official Wang Zhicai intervened and pushed for a public investigation involving representatives from the Ministry of Justice. This new version of the case suggested that Zhang Chai was mentally sound and had been manipulated by two eunuchs close to Lady Zheng and her brother. This raised suspicions that their goal was to kill the heir and install Lady Zheng's son in his place.[13] The case caused a stir at court and the Wanli Emperor took the unprecedented step of summoning civil and military officials from the Beijing authorities for a meeting. This was the first time the emperor had met with officials from the "outer court" since 1602.[14] He appeared before them with his family, including Zhu Changluo, Zhu Changluo's sons and daughter, and expressed his disappointment and disbelief that they would doubt his relationship with the heir in whom he trusted and relied upon. Zhu Changluo also confirmed his close relationship with his father and asked for an end to the whole affair. Despite this, the emperor ordered the execution of Zhang Chai and the two eunuchs involved in the case.[15] However, representatives from the Ministry of Justice demanded further investigation and the Grand Secretaries brokered a compromise. Zhang Chai was executed the next day, but the suspected eunuchs were to be interrogated. The interrogation did take place, but both eunuchs remained under the supervision of the emperor's eunuchs. On the fifth day after the emperor's speech, the officials were informed that the eunuchs had died.[13] The case then fell silent.
Emperor
editOn 18 August 1620, the Wanli Emperor died.[16] His son, Zhu Changluo, officially took the throne on 28 August 1620 (the first day of the 8th month of the Chinese calendar).[17] Many people in Beijing saw this new monarch as a chance for a fresh start. As he was not related to his father, there was hope that he would abandon the Wanli Emperor's policies. On 19 August, 1 million liang (37.3 tons) of silver from the palace treasury was sent to defend the northeastern borders, due to the critical situation in Liaodong, where Nurhaci's Jurchens were attacking. Additionally, the mining and commercial taxes that had been introduced in the 1590s were abolished, and the eunuch tax commissioners, who were responsible for collecting these taxes, were recalled from the provinces. All of these actions were carried out in accordance with the last wishes of the deceased emperor. On 21 August, the Taichang Emperor sent another million liang of silver to Liaodong.[16]
Zhu Changluo chose the name Taichang for his era, symbolizing peace and prosperity in contrast to the turmoil of the previous reign. To address the long-standing issue of vacant positions in the administration, the new emperor appointed many critics of the previous government who had been removed from their positions for opposing the Wanli Emperor. Among the first to be summoned were Zuo Yuanbiao (鄒元標; 1551–1624) and Feng Congwu (馮從吾; 1556–1627), both associated with the Donglin movement.[17][b] The Donglin supporters had largely supported Zhu Changluo during the dispute over the succession in the 1580s and 1590s.[17]
Illness and death, the Red Pill Case
editThree days after his enthronement, the Taichang Emperor fell ill. On 5 September, his condition worsened, and he called for a physician. During audiences on 8 and 9 September, he appeared unwell and soon took to his bed. On 13 September, he was visited again by the physician and a group of officials. The emperor complained of insomnia and loss of appetite.[18] The officials were concerned and when they heard that Cui Wensheng (崔文升), the eunuch in charge of the imperial clinic, had given the emperor a laxative, they accused him of incompetence. The officials believed that the emperor needed strengthening medicine instead. The emperor refused to accept the accusation, but also stopped taking the mentioned medicine.[18]
Several days passed with Taichang officiating from his bed, but on 17 September, he became overwhelmed and began to speak of his impending death.[17] During a visit from concerned officials, led by Grand Secretary Fang Congzhe, on 25 September, the emperor requested red pills, which he had heard were being produced by Li Keshao, an assistant director in the Court of State Ceremonial. Li later testified that he believed his pills helped strengthen the emperor's diseased body. That same day, the imperial guards and eunuchs brought Li Keshao to the emperor, who ordered him to make the pills.[18] In the presence of the aforementioned (thirteen) officials, Li made the pills using lead, autumn mineral, human milk and cinnabar—all tonic drugs in traditional Chinese medicine—which were provided to him by the emperor's eunuchs. He then gave one pill to the emperor, who felt relieved and became hungry, requesting another pill. However, Li refused, stating that one pill was enough and two would be too many. The emperor then sent Li Keshao and the officials home after midnight. The following morning at dawn, the eunuchs announced that the emperor had died.[19] Some members of the Donglin movement accused Li Keshao and Grand Secretary Fang Congzhe of poisoning the emperor, while others among the thirteen officials present took a more cautious approach, attempting to absolve themselves of any negligence.[19] The controversy surrounding the red pills—whether they caused the emperor's death intentionally or unintentionally—sparked heated debates and accusations over the next few years.[17][19]
After the Taichang Emperor's death, a power struggle emerged over the succession of his fourteen-year-old successor, Zhu Youjiao. Lady Li, the Taichang Emperor's favored concubine, clashed with the ministers and Grand Secretaries for control. Despite Lady Li's resistance and that of her eunuchs, the eunuchs loyal to the officials ultimately handed the boy over to them and banished Lady Li to another palace.[20] Zhu Youjiao officially ascended to the throne on 1 October 1620.
Family
editConsorts and issue:
- Empress Xiaoyuanzhen, of the Guo clan (孝元貞皇后 郭氏; 1580–1613)
- Princess Huaishu (懷淑公主; 1604–1610), personal name Huijian (徽娟), second daughter
- Empress Dowager Xiaohe, of the Wang clan (孝和皇太后 王氏; 1582–1619)
- Zhu Youjiao, the Tianqi Emperor (天啓帝 朱由校; 23 December 1605 – 30 September 1627), first son
- Zhu Youxue, Prince Huai of Jian (簡懷王 朱由㰒; 1607–1610), second son
- Empress Dowager Xiaochun, of the Liu clan (孝純皇太后 劉氏; 1588–1615)
- Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor (崇禎帝 朱由檢; 6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644), fifth son
- Consort Gongyizhuang, of the Li clan (恭懿莊妃 李氏; 5 December 1588 – 6 December 1624)
- Consort Yi, of the Fu clan (懿妃 傅氏; 1588–1644)
- Princess Ningde (寧德公主), personal name Huiyan (徽妍), sixth daughter
- Married Liu Youfu (劉有福) in 1626
- Princess Suiping (遂平公主; 1611 – 8 February 1633), personal name Huijing (徽婧), seventh daughter
- Married Qi Zanyuan (齊贊元) in 1627, and had issue (four daughters)
- Princess Ningde (寧德公主), personal name Huiyan (徽妍), sixth daughter
- Consort Kang, of the Li clan (康妃 李氏; 1584–1674)
- Zhu Youmo, Prince Hui of Huai (懷惠王 朱由模; 30 November 1610 – 1615), fourth son
- Princess Le'an (樂安公主; 1611–1643), personal name Huiti (徽媞), ninth daughter
- Married Gong Yonggu (鞏永固; d. 1644), and had issue (three sons, two daughters)
- Zhu Huizhao, (朱徽妱; 1616–1617), tenth daughter
- Consort Yi, of the Ding clan (懿妃 定氏)
- Zhu Youxu, Prince Huai of Xiang (湘懷王 朱由栩), sixth son
- Consort Jing, of the Feng clan (敬妃 馮氏)
- Zhu Youshan, Prince Zhao of Hui (慧昭王 朱由橏; b. 1620), seventh son
- Concubine Shen, of the Shao clan (慎嬪 邵氏)
- Princess Daowen (悼溫公主; 1621–1621), personal name Huizheng (徽姃), 11th daughter
- Concubine Xiang, of the Zhang clan (襄嬪 張氏)
- Concubine Ke, of the Li clan (恪嬪 李氏)
- Concubine Ding, of the Guo clan (定嬪 郭氏)
- Lady of Selected Service, of the Wang clan (選侍 王氏)
- Zhu Youji, Prince Si of Qi (齊思王 朱由楫; 14 August 1609 – 1616), third son
- Lady of Selected Service, of the Zhao clan (選侍 趙氏; d. 1620)
- Unknown
- Princess Daoyi (悼懿公主), first daughter
- Zhu Huiheng (朱徽姮), third daughter
- Princess Daoshun (悼順公主; 1606–1607), personal name Huixian (徽嫙), fourth daughter
- Zhu Huiweng, (朱徽㜲; 1608–1609), fifth daughter
- Zhu Huiwan (朱徽婉), eighth daughter
Ancestry
edit| Zhu Youyuan (1476–1519) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Jiajing Emperor (1507–1567) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Cixiaoxian (d. 1538) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Longqing Emperor (1537–1572) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Du Lin | |||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Xiaoke (d. 1554) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Wanli Emperor (1563–1620) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Li Yu | |||||||||||||||||||
| Li Wei (1527–1583) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Dowager Xiaoding (1545–1614) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Wang | |||||||||||||||||||
| Taichang Emperor (1582–1620) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Wang Chaocai | |||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Dowager Xiaojing (1565–1611) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Ge | |||||||||||||||||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The Taichang era should have started on 22 January 1621; however, the emperor died before the start of his era. His era name means 'great goodness' or 'great prosperity'. He was succeeded by his son the Tianqi Emperor, and according to the law the Tianqi era was now scheduled to start on 22 January 1621, so that the Taichang era would never exist in practice. In order to honor his father, the new emperor decided that the Wanli era would be considered ended since 27 August 1620, the last day of the 7th month in the Chinese calendar. The period from 28 August 1620 (1st day of the 8th month, which was the day on which Taichang had ascended the throne) until 21 January 1621 would become the Taichang era, enabling this era to be applied for a few months. Thus, quite an extraordinary situation resulted from this choice: the 7th month of the 48th year of the Wanli era was followed by the 8th month of the 1st year of the Taichang era (the 1st year of the Taichang era, in fact the only year of the Taichang era, lacks its first seven months), then the 12th month of the 1st year of the Taichang era was to be followed by the 1st month of the 1st year of the Tianqi era.
- ^ The movement comprised two distinct groups. The first group consisted of scholars and officials who were affiliated with the Donglin Academy. Their goal was to bring about societal improvement and better governance through moral reform. The second group was made up of officials who were embroiled in political disputes and were focused on restoring the integrity of the state service. While they were often associated with the academy, their main role was that of political activists.[17]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Lin (2014), pp. 409–410.
- ^ a b c d Huang (1988), p. 516.
- ^ a b Brook (2010), p. 101.
- ^ a b c d McMahon (2016), p. 130.
- ^ Duindam (2016), pp. 63–64.
- ^ McMahon (2016), pp. 131–132.
- ^ a b Dardess (2002), p. 9.
- ^ Huang (1988), p. 517.
- ^ Huang (1988), p. 550.
- ^ Huang (1988), pp. 517, 550.
- ^ Dardess (2002), p. 10.
- ^ Huang (1988), p. 554.
- ^ a b Huang (1988), p. 555.
- ^ Dardess (2002), p. 14.
- ^ Dardess (2002), p. 15.
- ^ a b Atwell (1988), p. 591.
- ^ a b c d e f Atwell (1988), p. 593.
- ^ a b c Dardess (2002), pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b c Dardess (2002), pp. 18–19.
- ^ Atwell (1988), p. 594.
Works cited
edit- Lin, Yanqing (2014). "Empress Dowager of Ming". In Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618–1644. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765643148.
- Huang, Ray (1988). "The Lung-ch'ing and Wan-li reigns, 1567—1620". In Twitchett, Denis C; Mote, Frederick W. (eds.). The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–584. ISBN 0521243335.
- Brook, Timothy (2010). The troubled empire: China in the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04602-3.
- McMahon, Keith (2016). Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qing. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442255029.
- Duindam, Jeroen (2016). Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107637580.
- Dardess, John W (2002). Blood and History in China: The Donglin Faction and Its Repression, 1620-1627. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824825164.
- Atwell, William (1988). "The T'ai-ch'ang, T'ien-ch'i, and Ch'ung-chen reigns, 1620–1644". In Twitchett, Denis C; Mote, Frederick W. (eds.). The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 585–640. ISBN 0521243327.
Further reading
edit
- Miller, Harry (2009). State versus Gentry in Late Ming Dynasty China, 1572-1644. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61134-4.
- Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.