Zhuang Zedong (Chuang Tse-tung; August 25, 1940 – February 10, 2013)[1] was a Chinese table tennis player, three-time world men's singles champion and champion at numerous other table tennis events and a well-known political personality during the tumult of the Cultural Revolution. His chance meeting with American table tennis player, Glenn Cowan, during the 31st World Table Tennis Championship, later referred to as ping-pong diplomacy, triggered the first thawing of the ice in Sino-American relations since 1949. Zhuang was once married to the pianist Bao Huiqiao, and his second wife was the Chinese-born Japanese Atsuko Sasaki (佐々木敦子).[2]
| Zhuang Zedong 庄则栋 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.jpg) Zhuang Zedong in 2007 (photo: Tom Nguyen) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Nationality | Chinese | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | 25 August 1940 Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 10 February 2013 (aged 72) Beijing, China | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medal record
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| Zhuang Zedong | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 莊則棟 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 庄则栋 | ||||||||
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Table tennis career
editZhuang was born in August 1940 and he joined the Chinese National Table Tennis team as a teenager. His coach was Fu Qifang. In 1961, at the 26th World Table Tennis Championship, he won his first men's singles championship, and at the next two World Table Tennis Championships, the 27th and 28th in 1963 and 1965 respectively, he again won the men's singles championship.[2]
On January 20, 1968, two years into the Cultural Revolution, he married Bao Huiqiao in her dormitory room at the National Music Conservatory in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution which began in 1966, Zhuang was not able to pursue his career as a table tennis player as usual, nor was Bao hers as a pianist.
Unique style among penholders
editInfluenced by a veteran national team member and national champion Wang Chuanyao, and encouraged by his coach, Zhuang picked up the "Dual-sided Offense" style in the 1950s when he was a teenager.[3]
During the 50s to 60s, the majority of the pen-holding style players lacked attacking or counter-attack capabilities on the backhand side, and relied solely on push-blocking. Wang is believed to be among the pioneers of the "Penholding Dual-sided Offense" style that emphasize on offensive backhand strokes and drives.
Zhuang adopted but modified Wang's style by:
- Shortening the strokes of backhand drives – sometimes even by simply using wrist or finger actions to flick the racket (referred to by himself in his book as to "knock" or "snap" the ball).
- Standing closer to the table than Wang – but still two to three feet away from the table, which is farther away than most push-blocking penholders who are normally within two feet.
He did so as a result of his meticulous analysis of the physical differences between him and Wang – Wang was much taller and had a longer arm-coverage which enabled bigger, more powerful swings and strokes.
Zhuang had to streamline his strokes and instead attempted to generate a sudden burst of explosive power via a smaller motion, similar to the "one-inch punch" in the Wing Chun Kung Fu style.
He won and dominated three World Championships with this unique style, and encountered almost no competition from the Japanese, European and his fellow Chinese players. Table tennis observers generally believe that he could have won one to two more world championships if the Cultural Revolution had not occurred. This is evidenced by the fact the next two champions both had lopsided losing records against Zhuang during the time when the Chinese team did not participate during the Cultural Revolution.
Political career
editPing-pong diplomacy
editIn late 1969, the training of the National Table Tennis Team resumed as a result of the intervention of Premier Zhou Enlai, and in 1971, Zhuang Zedong and the Chinese team attended the 31st World Table Tennis Championship. One day during the championship in Nagoya, Japan, American team member Glenn Cowan missed his own bus and in his haste got onto the bus of the Chinese team. Unlike his team mates, who ignored Cowan due to the political disagreements between their countries, Zhuang Zedong greeted him and presented him with a silk-screen portrait of the Huangshan Mountains, thus starting the so-called ping-pong diplomacy. The ping-pong diplomacy was a great example of man-man during this time to prove that groups from opposing countries could come together and be civil. [4][5] Ten months after Zhuang's chance meeting with Cowan, Richard Nixon, then president of the United States, visited China in February, 1972 to show faith in the Chinese government. Only two months later, Zhuang led the Chinese table tennis delegation to the United States from April[6]: 141 18 to 30, as part of an 18-day trip including Canada, Mexico and Peru. American media during Zhuang's trip highlighted friendly encounters between the Chinese players and Americans.[6]: 141
This brought the two countries together and started to help China's revolution by creating allies.The ping-pong diplomacy eventually led to the normalization of Sino-American relationships in 1979.
Cultural Revolution and consequences
editIn 1973, Zhuang Zedong became a favorite of Jiang Qing, wife of Mao Zedong. After the downfall in October, 1976 of the Gang of Four of which Jiang Qing was a member, Zhuang Zedong was jailed and investigated.[5] In 1980, the investigation ended and he was sent to Taiyuan, Shanxi to work as a coach of the provincial table tennis team. Because of Mao Zedong's death in 1974 and his association with the Gang of Four, Zhuange was investigated to see insights on the communist party since Zhuange helped run the party in Mao's final years of life. https://thediplomat.com/2013/02/the-legacy-of-ping-pong-diplomat-zhuang-zedong/#:~:text=Zhuang%20had%20been%20arrested%20in%201976%20after,member%20of%20the%20Communist%20Party's%20Central%20Committee.
Personal life
editNew life in Beijing
editIn 1985, Zhuang was allowed to return to Beijing again, and it was arranged that he would coach the young table tennis players at the Palace of Youth in Beijing. Zhuang's relationship with Bao Huiqiao had been reportedly deteriorating during the tumultuous years of the Cultural Revolution and was not to be repaired. On February 2, 1985, he and Bao Huiqiao were officially divorced.[7] They had one daughter and one son before their divorce.[8]
About this time, Zhuang Zedong published his book Chuang Yu Chuang (闯与创, "Adventure and Creation").[3]
Marriage to Atsuko Sasaki
editLater in 1985, the Chinese-born Japanese Atsuko Sasaki met Zhuang in Beijing. Sasaki was born in 1944 in Zhangye, Gansu, China to Japanese parents. Her family did not move back to Japan until 1976. By this time, Sasaki had finished her high-school education in China and her father had died of cancer in Lanzhou. Sasaki Atsuko had met Zhuang Zedong previously in Japan in 1971 and 1972 and was a fan of Zhuang.
When Zhuang and Sasaki decided to get married, both had to go through a difficult political process due to the political environment in China. Zhuang had to write to Li Ruihuan and Deng Xiaoping about the matter, and Sasaki had to give up her Japanese citizenship and apply for Chinese citizenship. Eventually, Zhuang and Sasaki got married in 1987.[9]
Zhuang and Sasaki lived together for 26 years. Zhuang wrote a book about their story, entitled Deng Xiaoping approved our marriage. Zhuang opened an international table tennis club in Beijing. He visited the United States in 2007, speaking at USC and other universities about his role in fostering better relations between China and the United States.[4]
Cancer and death
editZhuang Zedong was diagnosed of late-stage colon cancer in 2008. Although he sought treatment in various hospitals around China, the tumour metastasized to his liver and lungs. Five months before his death, he only had one eighth of his liver left. He requested euthanasia, but was denied by his doctors.[10] On 10 February 2013, the first day of the Chinese New Year, Zhuang died at You'an Hospital in Beijing,[10] at the age of 72.[11] Within a day there were 300,000 messages about this death on Chinese microblogging sites.[10]
References
edit- ^ "Zhuang Zedong, Chinese 'ping-pong diplomacy' player, dies". BBC News. 2013-02-10. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ a b ピンポンの球が世界を動かした 卓球一筋に生きる荘則棟さん (in Japanese). 人民中国. June 2003. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
- ^ a b Zhuang, Zedong (1985). Chuang yu chuang.
- ^ a b Ping-pong melts Cold War rifts Archived January 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b 選手から大臣…隔離も『ピンポン外交』荘則棟氏. Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). July 8, 2008. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
- ^ a b Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501774157.
- ^ "China's ping-pong diplomat left out in the cold". Reuters. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Zhuang Zedong". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ^ South China Morning Post Briefs, February 12, 2013 http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1148265/briefs-february-12-2013
- ^ a b c 中美乒乓外交功臣庄则栋去世 已与癌症抗争多年. Sohu (in Chinese). 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ "Zhuang Zedong, athlete and key figure in 1971 China-US 'pingpong diplomacy,' dies at 72". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 February 2013.[dead link]