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Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

(Redirected from Zia ul Haq and persecution)

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's dictatorship after assuming the position of sixth president of Pakistan began on 16 September 1978 and ended with his death in an aircraft crash on 17 August 1988. Zia came to power after a coup, overthrowing prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and imposing martial law in 1977.

Zia-ul-Haq during his presidency in 1982.
Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
16 September 1978 – 17 August 1988
PartyPakistan Army
SeatAiwan-e-Sadr

During his reign, there was significant political and military repression in Pakistan. Among the complaints against the Muhammad Zia ul-Haq administration were its repression of press and journalists, oppression of rape victims imprisoned for zina (extra-marital sex) under its Hudood Ordinances, and its repression of protestors. Zia's government repressed communists and protestors violently during the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy campaign.

Zia-ul-Haq came to power as a result of a coup, overthrowing Pakistan's first popularly elected Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Though the coup itself was bloodless, civilian opposition in parts of the country was substantial. Martial law was declared, senior civilian politicians opposing Zia were imprisoned, and less well known figures in opposition student groups, trade and journalist unions and political parties were "made an example of" with public floggings.[1]

International geopolitics played a significant role in the state of human rights in Pakistan during this time.[2] About two years after the coup, the Soviet Union invaded Pakistan's neighbor Afghanistan, transforming Pakistan and Zia's government into a key Cold War ally of the United States, and giving Zia latitude to ignore internationally accepted human rights norms.[3]

Cabinets

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1978: First presidential cabinet

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In July 1978, first presidential cabinet was sworn-in under the presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[4]

Federal ministers

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Name Portfolio Period
A. K. Brohi Law, Parliamentary Affairs, Religious Affairs, and Minorities Affairs 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Faiz Ali Chishti 1. Establishment, Federal Inspection Commission
2. Kashmir Affairs & Northern Areas 		5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Fida Mohammad Khan Housing and Works 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Mustafa K. Gokal Shipping and Ports and Export Promotion 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Habibullah Khan Khattak Industries and Production 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Mahmoud Haroon Interior 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Ghulam Hassan Khan Petroleum & Natural Resources 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Finance, Planning, and Provincial Coordination 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Jamal Said Mian States and Frontier Regions 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai Water and Power 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Muhammad Junejo Railways 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Mohammad Ali Khan Hoti Education, Culture, and Tourism 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Mohyuddin Ahmedzai Baloch Communications 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Sharifuddin Pirzada Attorney General for Pakistan 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Food and Agriculture, Cooperatives, and Livestock 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Mian Zahid Sarfraz Commerce 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi Labour, Manpower, and Local Government and Rural Development 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978

Ministers of state

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Name Portfolio Period
Hamid D. Habib Export Promotion (Minister of State) 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Javed Hashmi Youth and Students Affairs (Minister of State) 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Mahmud Ali Health, Population and Social Welfare, and National Council of Social Welfare (Minister of State) 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Agha Shahi Foreign Affairs (Minister of State) 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978
Viqar-un-Nisa Noon Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (Minister of State) 5 July 1978 to 23 August 1978

1978–1979: Second presidential cabinet

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In August 1978, second presidential cabinet was sworn-in under the presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[5]

Federal ministers

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Name Portfolio Period
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Cabinet Division, CMLA's Secretariat, Establishment Division, Federal Inspection Commission, Youth & Students Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Atomic Energy Commission, Industries, Petroleum & Natural Resources, Shipping, Ports & Export Promotion, Re-designated as Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs Division 23 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Ali Ahmad Talpur Defence 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
A. K. Brohi Law & Parliamentary Affairs 27 August 1978 to 22 April 1979
Rehmat Elahi Water & Power, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi Labour & Manpower, Re-designated as Ministry of Labour, Manpower & Overseas Pakistanis 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Haji Faqir Mohammad Khan States & Frontier Regions, Northern Areas and Kashmir Affairs 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Fida Mohammad Khan Housing & Works 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Ghafoor Ahmad Production Industries 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Finance & Planning, Re-designated as Minister for Finance & Coordination 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Iftikhar Ahmad Khan Ansari Religious Affairs & Minorities Affairs 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Food, Agriculture and Cooperative 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mahmood Azam Faroqui Information & Broadcasting 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mahmoud Haroon Interior 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mian Zahid Sarfraz Commerce 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Subuh Sadiq Khan Khoso Health & Production 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mohammad Arshad Chaudhri Science & Technology 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mohammad Ali Khan Hoti Education, Culture and Tourism, Re-designated as Minister for Education 27 August 1978 to 2 May 1979
Mohyuddin Baluch Communications 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Muhammad Junejo Railways 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mohammad Zaman Khan Achakzai Local Government & Rural Development 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mustafa K. Gokal Shipping, Ports & Export Promotion 27 August 1978 to 23 January 1979
Sharifuddin Pirzada Attorney General for Pakistan 27 August 1978 to 31 May 1979
Khurshid Ahmad - 30 August 1978 to 21 April 1979

Ministers of state

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Name Portfolio Period
Hamid D. Habib Statistics, Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Export Promotion Bureau 30 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Javed Hashmi Youth & Students Affairs, Re-designated as Minister of State for Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979
Mahmud Ali National Council of Social Welfare 27 August 1978 to 21 April 1979

1979–1981: Third presidential cabinet

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In 1979, second presidential cabinet was sworn-in under the presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[6]

Federal ministers

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Name Portfolio Period
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Cabinet Division, CMLA's Secretariat, Establishment Division, Federal Inspection Commission, Youth & Students Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Atomic Energy Commission, Industries, Petroleum and Natural Resources, Shipping, Ports & Export Promotion, Culture and Tourism, Health, Social Welfare and Population, Science and Technology, States and Frontier Regions, Railways, Local Government and Rural Development 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Ali Ahmad Talpur Defence 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Faiz Ali Chishti Labour and Manpower, Northern Areas and Kashmir Affairs, Petroleum and Natural Resources 21 April 1979 to 31 March 1980
Gul Hassan Khan Production Industries 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Finance and Economic Affairs, Planning and Development, Statistics, Commerce, Coordination 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Inamul Haque Khan Housing and Works, Water and Power 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Jamal Said Mian Railways, Local Government and Rural Development 21 April 1979 to 31 March 1980
Javed Hashmi Culture and Tourism 21 April 1979 to 30 June 1979
Mahmoud Haroon Interior, Religious Affairs & Minorities Affairs, Political Affairs 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Mohammad Ali Khan Hoti Education, Culture, Sports and Tourism 2 May 1979 to 9 March 1981
Mohammad Fazil Janjua Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Mohyuddin Baluch Communications 21 May 1979 to 9 March 1981
Shahid Hamid Information & Broadcasting, Culture, Sports and Tourism 21 April 1979 to 3 July 1980 (Information & Broadcasting)
3 July 1980 to 9 March 1981 (Culture, Sports and Tourism)
Sharifuddin Pirzada Attorney General for Pakistan, Law & Parliamentary Affairs 31 May 1979 to 9 March 1981
Agha Shahi Foreign Affairs 29 May 1980 to 9 March 1981

Ministers of state

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Name Portfolio Period
Hamid D. Habib Export Promotion Bureau (Minister of State) 21 April 1979 to 9 March 1981
Mahmud Ali National Council of Social Welfare (Minister of State) 21 May 1979 to 9 March 1981

1981–1985: fourth presidential cabinet

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In 1981, a new cabinet took oath under the presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[7]

Federal ministers

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Name Portfolio Period
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Cabinet Division, Establishment Division, O & M Division, Women's Division, Commerce, Planning & Development Division, Population Division, Statistics Division, Railways, Religious Affairs & Minorities Affairs, Science and Technology, States & Frontier Regions Divisions, Defence, Health, Special Education & Social Welfare, Information & Broadcasting 9 March 1981 to 24 March 1985
Mohyuddin Baluch Communications 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Niaz Mohammad Arbab Culture, Sports and Tourism 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Ali Ahmed Talpur Defence 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Mohammad Ali Khan Hoti Education 9 March 1981 to 5 March 1983
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Finance and Economic Affairs, Commerce, Planning & Development, Water & Power 9 March 1981 to 21 March 1985
Mohammad Fazil Janjua Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives, Labour, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, Housing & Works 9 March 1981 to 24 March 1985
Agha Shahi Foreign Affairs 9 March 1981 to 9 March 1982
Nasir Ud Din Jogezai Health & Social Welfare, Health, Special Education & Social Welfare (Redesigned on 23 December 1982) 9 March 1981 to 10 March 1984
Inamul Haque Khan Housing & Works 9 March 1981 to 17 February 1983
Illahi Bukhsh Soomro Industries, Housing & Works 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Raja Zafar-ul-Haq Information & Broadcasting, Religious Affairs & Minorities Affairs 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Mahmoud Haroon Interior 9 March 1981 to 18 November 1984
Ghulam Dastgir Khan Labour, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, Local Government and Rural Development 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Sharifuddin Pirzada Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Justice & Parliamentary Affairs (Redesignated on 17 January 1985) 9 March 1981 to 21 December 1984
Syed Fakhar Imam Local Government and Rural Development 9 March 1981 to 8 December 1983
Rao Farman Ali Petroleum and Natural Resources 9 March 1981 to 10 March 1984
Saeed Qadir Production, National Logistic Board, Railways 9 March 1981 to 24 March 1985
Abbas Abbasi Minister without Portfolio, Religious Affairs & Minorities Affairs 9 March 1981 to 18 March 1984
Jamal Dar Kashmir Affairs and Northern Affairs 9 March 1981 to 25 December 1982
Raja Sikander Zaman Water and Power, Kashmir Affairs & Northern Affairs 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan Foreign Affairs 21 March 1982 to 24 March 1985
Muhammad Afzal Education, Religious Affairs & Minorities Affairs 5 March 1983 to 24 March 1985
Jamal Said Mian Kashmir Affairs & Northern Affairs, Local Government & Rural Development, Culture & Tourism 5 March 1983 to 24 March 1985
Abdul Ghafoor Hoti Railways 5 March 1983 to 26 February 1985
Mahbub ul Haq Planning & Development, Health, Special Education & Social Welfare, Industries 14 April 1983 to 24 March 1985
Zafarullah Khan Jamali Local Government & Rural Development 17 April 1984 to 26 February 1985
F. S. Lodhi Interior 22 January 1985 to 24 March 1985

Ministers of state

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Name Portfolio Period
Zafarullah Khan Jamali Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives 9 March 1981 to 17 April 1984
Mahmud Ali Chairman, National Council of Social Welfare 9 March 1981 to 26 February 1985
Afifa Mamdot Health, Special Education & Social Welfare, Women's Division 9 March 1981 to 23 April 1984
Muhammad Asad Khan Petroleum & Natural Resources 25 August 1983 to 24 March 1985
Sartaj Aziz Food, Agriculture & Cooperatives 17 April 1984 to 24 March 1985
Basahrat Jazbi Health, Special Education & Social Welfare 14 June 1984 to 26 February 1985

Domestic affairs

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1977 to 1979

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On July 5, 1977, the forces of Pakistan army swiftly moved to arrest the Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, placing all the members of cabinet and leaders of Pakistan Peoples Party under house arrest. With entire party cadres under arrest, the regime faced little opposition until the death penalty for Bhutto was announced on 18 March 1978. His conviction was met with non-violent mass protests throughout Sindh and parts of Punjab. The protest in Nawabshah was crushed in first instance of mass murder by the regime where hundreds of protesting peasants were killed by use of combat helicopters on the orders of the provisional governor of Sindh Lieutenant-General S.M. Abbasi. This was followed by imposition of curfew in Nawabshah, Larkana, Sukkur, Hyderabad and parts of Karachi. The regime made thousands of arrests throughout Sindh and Punjab effectively banning display of the flag of Pakistan Peoples Party or its symbol. Cities throughout Sindh remained in continual state of curfew until April 4, 1979, when Bhutto was executed in secret, without a pre-announced date.[1] The execution was followed by pre-emptive curfew throughout Sindh and reactionary curfews in Multan, Bhawalpur and other parts of Punjab. More than 50 people protested in Lahore, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, by self-immolation while thousands of participants and onlookers were arrested and jailed on grounds ranging from disruption of public order to sedition and high treason.

Public flogging of political prisoners was carried out by "bare-chested wrestlers" during the martial law era. Martial Law Regulation no.48 of October 1979 invoked a maximum penalty of 25 lashes for taking part in political activities.[8] All political activities being banned at that time.[9] When Islamic punishment were introduced, women were also flogged, a fact that the Pakistan Human Rights Society protested in August 1983. In Liaqatpur, Bahawalpur, a woman was lashed for Zina in front of a crowd of 5000.[8]

Movement for Restoration of Democracy

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In February, 1981 a coalition of eleven, primarily leftist, political parties led by Pakistan Peoples Party formed the Movement for Restoration of Democracy. The movement was strongest in Sindh, which was not favored by prosperity or by General Zia. According to author Ian Talbot "massive repression was required" to crush the MRD agitations in Larkana, Khairpur, Jacobabad and Nawabshah.[10] The governor of Sindh was "forced to admit" that 1999 people had been arrested, 189 killed and 126 injured in the opening three weeks of the Movement's campaign.[10] The movement claimed a death toll in thousands. In Nawabshah helicopters of Pakistan military used combat helicopters to shoot masses of protesting peasants.[11] In Sukkur protestors were bulldozed on the instruction of army officer in charge when they refused orders to move and stop protesting. The human rights group Amnesty International reported that torture, imprisonment and violation of human rights increased steadily during 1981 and 6,000 political prisoners were arrested in March 1981.[12]

On September 27, 1982, General Zia issued an executive decree, the Martial Law Regulation No. 53, allowing the death sentence as the prescribed punishment for "any offense liable to cause insecurity, fear or despondency amongst the public." Crimes punishable under this measure, which superseded civil law, included "any act with intent to impair the efficiency or impede the working" of, or cause damage to, public property or the smooth functioning of government. Another was abetting "in any manner whatsoever" the commission of such an offense. The regulation also prohibited the failure to inform the police or army of the "whereabouts or any other information about such a person." It also provided that "a military court on the basis of police or any other investigation alone may, unless the contrary is proved, presume that this accused has committed the offense charged." Thus reversing the principle of justice that citizens are innocent until proven guilty. The regulation was retroactive, as it "shall be deemed to have taken effect on July 5, 1977"—the day General Zia overthrew his predecessor Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.[13]

During the 11 year regime of General Zia, international human rights groups repeatedly expressed concern over army's ruthless measures to suppress dissent. Amnesty International, in a report released on 15 May 1978 expressed that, "We are very concerned at the use of flogging in Pakistan and are disturbed that this unusual punishment is also being inflicted on political prisoners for committing acts which often appear to be no more than exercise of the right of freedom of speech and expression guaranteed in the constitution. The first public hanging took place in March, after death sentences were passed by a military court on three civilians convicted for murder. At least 16 prisoners have so far been sentenced to floggings for political activities."[14][13]

According to The Economist magazine: "Relatives, many of them teenagers, have in some cases been held temporarily as hostages until a wanted person was found. Bhutto's Attorney General, Yahya Bakhtiar was beaten up in his cell in Quetta jail this month: his family was given his bloodstained clothes for cleaning."[13][15]

The Geneva-based International Commission of Jurists citing a report by the Lahore Bar Association, charged that "systematic torture" occurred in five Lahore prisons in 1984, particularly at a jail where many political detainees were held. Military courts are used increasingly to clear the backlog of cases in ordinary courts. The survey cited reports that the military courts decide cases in minutes and refuse defendants the rights to lawyers. Special military courts that try serious offenses allow defense counsel but "the judges often obstruct the lawyers in their work," the survey said.[13][16]

On 19 November 1985, Amnesty International also accused the Zia regime of torturing and denying fair trials to political prisoners tried by special military courts. "As of September, more than 130 prisoners were serving sentences of between seven and 42 years after special military courts convicted them of political offenses or politically motivated criminal offenses. The military courts regularly use as evidence confessions extracted by torture while prisoners are hung upside down and beaten, given electric shocks, strapped to blocks of ice, deprived of food and sleep for two or three days and burned with cigarettes. Many prisoners are held in fetters and chains. People often are tried in courts held in closed session and denied the right of appeal to a higher court."[17] The number of prisoners held without trial and shot on site was estimated to be ten-fold.

In 1986 a national convention ended with a resolution calling for a commission to monitor human rights violations.[18]

International Commission of Jurists again published a report on 7 September 1987 stating that "some human rights abuses continue in Pakistan, including alleged military attacks on villagers, despite the lifting of martial law 20 months ago." The ICJ report cited reports by villagers who said their villages were raided and looted by soldiers sometimes accompanied by local police. "Some male villagers were shot to death and women beaten, in at least two cases pregnant women, who subsequently miscarried."[13] When Zia died in 1988, the reputed Paris daily Le Monde wrote, "Certainly, no defender of democracy or human rights is going to shed tears over General Zia's death."[19]

The Zia-ul-Haq military regime coincided with much of the Soviet–Afghan War (December 1979 to February 1989), which took place across its border and which Pakistan was a major participant helping the mujahideen insurgents against the Soviets. Despite the human rights situation in Pakistan being assessed as "very grim" during this era, the United States's Ronald Reagan administration—a major supporter of the Afghan mujahideen—continued to provide military and economic assistance to the Zia ul-Haq government.[20]

Women's rights

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The 1979 Hudood Ordinance decreed by General Zia ul-Haq replaced parts of the secular, British-era Pakistan Penal Code, adding new criminal offenses of adultery and fornication, and new punishments of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death.[21][22] Pakistani women's rights activists and lawyers and international human rights organizations alleged that the ordinance made it exceptionally difficult and dangerous to prove an allegation of rape. Although Zia was killed in 1988, the effects of the law continued until 2006 when it was amended.

In 1979, before the ordinances went into effect there were 70 women held in Pakistani prisons, by 1988 there were 6000.[23] A 2003 report by the National Commission on Status of Women (NCSW) estimated "80% of women" were incarcerated because "they had failed to prove rape charges and were consequently convicted of adultery."[24][25][26][27] According to legal scholar Martin Lau

While it was easy to file a case against a woman accusing her of adultery, the Zina Ordinance made it very difficult for a woman to obtain bail pending trial. Worse, in actual practice, the vast majority of accused women were found guilty by the trial court only to be acquitted on appeal to the Federal Shariat Court. By then they had spent many years in jail, were ostracized by their families, and had become social outcasts.[21]

Two other decrees or proposed decrees that caused a fervor among women activists were the Diyat Ordinance (which set the "blood money" compensation for a woman victim at half that for a male),[28] and later the proposed Law of Evidence (which required two women to testify in place of one man).[28] Human Rights Watch complained the laws relegated women to "inferior legal status" to men.[29]

These were opposed by Women's groups (All Pakistan Women's Association and Women’s Action Forum (which was formed by Najma Sadeque). These rules were challenged on an Islamic basis—the opponents offered an alternative interpretation of the ayah (verse) Quranic injunction [Quran 2:282] used as the basis of the law, emphasised that in other ayat (verses) men and women are assumed to be equal, and noted the importance of the importance of the testimony of two of Muhammad's wives, (Khadija and Aisha) in early Muslim history.[28]

These pious rebuttal notwithstanding, the protesters were met with tear gas and lathi (baton) charges by police outside the High Court building.[28]

Freedom of religion

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In 1982 Zia decreed new articles 298B and 298C of the Pakistani Penal Code. They prohibited the small Ahmadiyya religious minority from saying or implying they were Muslims, to "preach or propagate by words wither spoken or written" or to use Islamic terminology or Muslim practices of worship. Human rights advocates found these laws violated the principles of freedom to profess religion, freedom of speech and equality of citizens enshrined in both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Constitution of Pakistan.[30]

Freedom of the press

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The repression of journalists started with the imposition of ban on the publication of the Daily Musawaat (Urdu: مساوات "Equity"). In response to the ban the Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists came out openly against the regime. After the failure of efforts to convince the Martial Law authorities to lift the ban, the PFUJ launched a campaign of hunger strike in Karachi from December 1, 1977. The strike was a surprising success, as journalists and press workers from all over the country participated, and within eight days the government lifted the ban.[31] Unchastened the government rebounded from this setback by banning other periodicals: the daily Musawaat in Lahore, and weeklies including Al-Fatah and Meyar, all of which were critical of the Martial Law regime.[31]

After negotiations failed, journalists and press workers launched another hunger strike in Lahore from April 30 to May 30, 1978. To break the strike, hunger strikers were arrested and sentenced under Martial Law Regulations for six months to one year rigorous imprisonment. Three—Khawar Naeem, Iqbal Jaferi Hashimi and Nasir Zaidi—were flogged, while a fourth, Masoodullah Khan, was spared on the intervention of the doctor. Full publicity in official media was given to a break-away, pro-government PFUJ (created by four PFUJ members and known as the "Rashid Siddiqui Group"), who condemning the strike.[31][32]

 
American President Ronald Reagan meeting with Pakistani President Zia-ul-Haq.

In October 1978, along with banning all political parties and meetings, rigid censorship was established. Editors of "defamatory" publications were subject to punishment of ten lashes and 25 years of imprisonment.[33]

In January 1982, direct government censorship was ended and editors no longer had to submit stories to Government censors before publication. However, the Government continued to ban press/media coverage of political activity, "which, according to some reporters here, merely shifted the burden of responsibility to editors, making them more vulnerable and therefore more timid."[12]

Ten senior journalists and office-bearers of the PFUJ belonging to the National Press Trust newspapers—Pakistan Times, Imroze, and Mashriq—were summarily removed from service because they signed an appeal for “Peace in Sindh“ calling for an end to government repression during the 1983 MRD campaign.[31]

References

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  1. ^ a b Paracha, Nadeem F. (April 12, 2012). "The general, the dog & the flasher". Dawn.com. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  2. ^ Jahangir, Asma (30 September 2000). "Human Rights in Pakistan, a System in the Making". In Samantha, Power (ed.). Realizing Human Rights: Moving from Inspiration to Impact. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 176. ISBN 9780312234942. Retrieved 20 November 2014. Fortunately for Zia, international geopolitics were such that the West was keen to have an ally on the border of Afghanistan.
  3. ^ Jones, Own Bennet (2002). Pakistan : eye of the storm. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 16–7. ISBN 0300101473.
  4. ^ https://cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Federal%20Cabinet%201947/11a%201st%20Fed%20Cabinet%20under%20COAS%20CMLA%205%20July78%20to%2023%20Aug78.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  5. ^ https://cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Federal%20Cabinet%201947/11b%202nd%20Pres%20Cab%2023%20Aug78%20to%2021%20Apr%2079.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ https://cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Federal%20Cabinet%201947/11c%203rd%20Pres%20Cab%2021%20Apr79%20to%209%20Mar81.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  7. ^ https://cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Federal%20Cabinet%201947/11d%209Mar%2081%20to%2024%20Mar85.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  8. ^ a b Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, a Modern History. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 250. ISBN 9780312216061.
  9. ^ Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, a Modern History. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 250. ISBN 9780312216061. [footnote 29]
  10. ^ a b Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, a Modern History. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 253–4. ISBN 9780312216061.
  11. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot, A History of Pakistan and Its Origins, p. 81, at Google Books
  12. ^ a b KAUFMAN, MICHAEL T. (January 13, 1982). "PAKISTAN ACCUSED OF RIGHTS ABUSES". New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  13. ^ a b c d e Ghazali, Abdus Sattar. "VIII The Third Martial Law". ISLAMIC PAKISTAN: ILLUSIONS & REALITY. Retrieved 3 December 2014. (Chapter 8, p.3)
  14. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (Feb 14, 2013). "The heart's filthy lesson". dawn.com. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  15. ^ The Economist (London), 2 April 1981
  16. ^ Associated Press (AP) report of 10 July 1985
  17. ^ Ramakrishnan, Nitya (2013). In Custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia. SAGE. p. 188. ISBN 9788132116325. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  18. ^ Jahangir, Asma (30 September 2000). "Human Rights in Pakistan, a System in the Making.". In Samantha, Power (ed.). Realizing Human Rights: Moving from Inspiration to Impact. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 183. ISBN 9780312234942. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  19. ^ Le Monde (Paris), August 18, 1988
  20. ^ Gupta, Sanjay (1998). Dynamics of Human Rights in the US Foreign Policy. Northern Book Centre. p. 115. ISBN 9788172110918. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  21. ^ a b Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1296
  22. ^ Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1292
  23. ^ Ashfaq, Abira (Winter 2006). "Voices from Prison and a Call for Repeal: The Hudood Laws of Pakistan". New Politics. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  24. ^ Jails and prisoners, State of Human Rights 2004, HRCP Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine 1500 women are "believed to be in jail in March" in 2003 according to the HRCP report.
  25. ^ Hudood Ordinance - The Crime And Punishment For Zina Archived 2012-11-03 at the Wayback Machine amnesty.org
  26. ^ In 2003 the National Commission on Status of Women estimated 1500 women were in prison, but according to another report (statistics compiled by the Society for Advancement of Community Health Education and Training (SACHET) and Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid (LHRLA) Team for Karachi Women Prison) 7000 women and children were kept in extremely poor conditions in 75 jails in 2003-2004 (sources: Violence against Women and Impediments in Access to Justice
  27. ^ Pakistan: Pakistani religious law challenged)
  28. ^ a b c d Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, a Modern History. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 281. ISBN 9780312216061.
  29. ^ "1992 Report. Pakistan. Double Jeopardy Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  30. ^ Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, a Modern History. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 283. ISBN 9780312216061.
  31. ^ a b c d "July 5 is one of the darkest days in country's history: PFUJ". Associated Press of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  32. ^ "PFUJ give Honor & Tribute to May 13, 1978 Heroes of Journalism". Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  33. ^ Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, a Modern History. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 259. ISBN 9780312216061. On 16 October, however, Zia postponed the polls and announced a ban on all political parities and meetings. Rigid censorship was also introduced, and editors of `defamatory` publications could now be punished by ten lashes and twenty-five years of rigorous imprisonment.
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