Zonitoides arboreus, commonly known as the quick gloss snail, is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Gastrodontidae.[2]
| Zonitoides arboreus | |
|---|---|
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| Two live individuals of Zonitoides arboreus on orchid plants in a greenhouse | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Superfamily: | Gastrodontoidea |
| Family: | Gastrodontidae |
| Genus: | Zonitoides |
| Species: | Z. arboreus
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| Binomial name | |
| Zonitoides arboreus | |
| Synonyms | |
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Distribution
editThe native distribution of Z. arboreus is North America.[3] It is widely distributed in all US states except Nevada.[4] It is widespread and common in central British Columbia, specifically the Peace River-Northern Rockies region.[5] As for areas within the United States that are famous, the Wind Cave National Park, located in South Dakota, was found to have Z. arboreus in various soil samples.[4]
The non-indigenous distribution includes:
- introduced to Iceland[3]
- Hungary[3]
- Switzerland[3]
- Czech Republic - non-indigenous in Moravia since 2006[6]
- Great Britain - non-indigenous as a "hothouse alien"
- Slovakia - non-indigenous as a "hothouse alien"
- Pratas Island, Taiwan[7]
- New Zealand (North Island, South Island)[8]
- Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria)
- and other parts of the world
In most cases listed above (but not all of them), this species is found as a pest in greenhouses.
Shell
editZonitoides arboreus is a snail with a flattened-heliciform shell, approximately 5–6 mm in diameter and 2.4–3 mm high.[4] One distinct feature of Z. arboreus is its shell aperture, which is wide and lunate (moon-shaped).[5] The peristome, the margin of the aperture, is thin in this species.[4]
The shell is a depressed helicoid. The first turn of the nuclear whorl is both smooth and noticeably rounded. The remaining turns in the shell are well rounded as well. The sunace of the shell is significantly marked by wrinkle-like grooves and lines of growth. Many of these lines are closely spaced, microscopic striations. The spiral striations are coarser than the ones found on the upper surface of the shell.[9]
Internal anatomy
editZonitoides arboreus is composed of exterior gray colored subjacent tissue. The tentacles of the snail are also a deep gray color, while the sides of the feet are a lighter gray. Underneath the tentacles is a pinkish-flesh color and its eyes are black. The anatomy of the snail begins at the mouth, which connects with the buccal cavity by a thick, large tube. The buccal mass is enclosed in the buccal cavity. Next, the meshy esophagus passes forward and makes a turn backwards. The deflection of this is about twice the length. The esophagus connects with the stomach, which is about three times the size of the esophagus. The intestine moves into two hepatic ducts at its anterior end. The intestine then moves forward to the anterior angle of the esophagus, and is reflected backward and flexed forward into a curve. Within the esophagus, the salivary glands are located in its anterior flexure. The salivary glands aid the snail in digesting complex carbohydrates such as starches in its diet. The hepatopancreas is packed inside the whole digestive system. The hepatopancreas aids in storing nutrients for tissue regeneration and growth as well. The radula, a structure used for scraping off food and guiding it into the mouth, contains a central rachidian tooth, and five other lateral teeth as well as 18 marginal teeth. These teeth aid the snail in guiding its meals into its mouth for consumption and helps ease the digestion process.[9]
There is also a complex and vital nervous system. The cerebral ganglia are large, and are connected by the cerebral commissure. The cerebral ganglia give rise to the optic, tentacular, and sensory nerves. The two buccal ganglia are small, and connect with the cerebral ganglia by the cerebral buccal commissure and with each other by the buccal commissure. Adjoining the cerebral ganglia is the parietal ganglion, which is about half the size of the right upper pleural ganglion, which lies immediately below it and connects with it. Adjoining the parietal ganglion is the pleural ganglion, which is of about the same size as the upper right pleural ganglion. The left pleural ganglion is about the same size as the right pleural ganglion, and connects with it. Completing the chain of five ganglia there is the abdominal ganglion, which is only about one-third the size of the pleural ganglion. The cerebral pleural commissure connects the cerebral ganglion with the pleural ganglion. Below the chain of five ganglia are the two rather large pedal ganglia, which are connected with the cerebral ganglia by the cerebro-pedal commissure.[9]
Reproduction and life cycle
editThe quick gloss snail goes through a sexual reproductive cycle that starts at the ovotestis, a gonad that shares qualities of both testes and ovaries. This occurs when ovarian tissue and testicular tissue are shared. The ovotestis is a lead-shaped organ that is adjacent to the liver. Attached to the ovotestis is a hermaphroditic duct that is narrow and leads to the accessory gland. The accessory gland aids in the facilitation of sperm transfer. This gland is attached to the albumen gland, an exocrine gland found in snails, which leads to the oviduct. The oviduct is a larger organ that aids in the passage of an egg from the ovotestis. The oviduct is positioned in the vagina posteriorly. The vas deferens of the snail is a cord that is attached to the oviduct and moves into the penis sac. Adjacent to this, is the dart sac, which contains two coronal glands.The vesicula seminalis is a small organ joined to the vagina at about the anterior third by a very long duct.[9] The cloaca is a short thick-walled tube. The dart sac retractor muscle connects the dart sac with the duct of the seminal vesicle at the base of the penis.[9]
Behavior
editThe mobility and migration characteristics of Z. arboreus is rather distinctive, because the species is not a colonial breeder, non-migrant, locally migrant, or long distance migrant.[4] The species is unable to migrate to other areas because of barriers which include large bodies of water, or if the body of water is permanently frozen.[4] Another barrier to migration is dry, xeric areas with less than six inches of precipitation.[9] This is because moisture is important for respiration for the species.
Ecology
editThe habitats frequented by Z. arboreus include forest and woodland areas.[4]
The nematode Parelaphostrongylus tenuis is a parasite of Z. arboreus.[10]
Invasiveness and control
editThe quick gloss snail is often found in greenhouses and natural habitats. Its ability to survive some level of desiccation allows the species to continue to live in the habitat even after attempting to dry out the species.[11] The species becomes primarily invasive for orchid plants, but also can cause harm to vegetation.[11] This species can also be found in rotting wood and leaf litter.[11] As for the species' ability to move about, Z. arboreus is rather quick compared to other snail species. To locate this species, the defining features are their eye tentacles, which are widely separated with black, bulbous eyes. This species affects fruit and vegetables that are sold in the United States. Since these products are traded internationally and thus benefit the economy, the invasion of Z. arboreus will interfere with their processes. Currently, the treatment to eliminate this species is methyl bromide fumigation, however this treatment has proven to cause major health and environmental concerns.[11] Irradiation treatment has been introduced as a potential treatment since irradiation hinders this snail from reaching its adult stage.[11] By preventing Z. arboreus from reaching adulthood, irradiation can prevent successful reproduction of snails.[11]
References
edit- ^ Say T. (1817). Conchology. pp. [unpaginated], 4 pl., in: Nicholson, W. American edition of the British encyclopedia, or, dictionary of arts and sciences comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge. First Edition. Philadelphia. Mitchell & Ames.
- ^ "Zonitoides arboreus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Species summary for Zonitoides arboreus". AnimalBase, last modified 26 January 2010, accessed 4 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet: Zonitoides spp". idtools.org. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
- ^ Dvořák L. & Kupka L. 2007. The first outdoor find of an American snail Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1816) from the Czech Republic. Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, 6: 1–2. Online serial at <http://mollusca.sav.sk> 9-Jan-2007.
- ^ Wu S.-P., Hwang C.-C., Huang H.-M., Chang H.-W., Lin Y.-S. & Lee P.-F. (2007). "Land Molluscan Fauna of the Dongsha Island with Twenty New Recorded Species". Taiwania 52(2): 145-151. PDF Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
- ^ a b c d e f Bartsch, Paul. "An Anatomic Study of Zonitoides Arboreus". U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- ^ Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment. "Brainworm". accessed 14 December 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Hollingsworth, Robert (19 June 2002). "Effects of irradiation on the reproductive ability of Zonitoides arboreus, a snail pest of orchid roots" (PDF). Annals of Applied Biology (143): 395–599.
- Barker, G.M. 1999. Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand, 38. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 253 pp.
- Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences Philadadelphia, Monograph 2(2): 521-1113
External links
edit
- Cox, J. C. (1868). A monograph of Australian land shells. W. Maddock. Sydney. 111 pp.
- Shuttleworth, R. J. (1854). Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern. 1854 (314/316): 33-56
- Pilsbry, H. A. & Vanatta, E. G. (1909). A new land shell from Bermuda. The Nautilus. 23(5): 63-64, text-figures 1a-d
- Bieler, R. & Slapcinsky, J. (2000). A case study for the development of an island fauna: Recent terrestrial mollusks of Bermuda. Nemouria. 44: 1-99
- Elrod, M. J. (1902). Collecting shells in Montana. The Nautilus. 15(9): 103-104; 15(10): 110-112; 15(11): 129-130
- Rhoads, S. N. (1899). Annotated list of land and fresh-water shells recently collected in the vicinity of Miami, Florida. The Nautilus. 13(4): 43-48
- Pilsbry, H. A. (1900). Land snails of Cape May, New Jersey. The Nautilus. 14(7): 73-75
- Fullington, R. W. (1974). Two new land gastropods from Texas (Zonitoides and Stenotrema). The Nautilus. 88(4): 91-93, figs. 1-13
- Naggs, F. & Raheem, D. (2000). Land snail diversity in Sri Lanka. An illustrated guide prepared for the launch of the Darwin Initiative programme. Photography by Harold Taylor. The Natural History Museum, London. pages i-xiii, 1-203. 246 coloured plates. ISBN 978-0-565-09151-4 (printed version), ISBN 978-0-565-09156-9 (compact disc).
- conchyliologica 57.pdf Hovestadt A. & Neckheim C. M. (2020). A critical checklist of the non-marine molluscs of St. Martin, with notes on the terrestrial malacofauna of Anguilla and Saint-Barthélemy, and the description of a new subspecies. Folia Conchyliologica. 57: 1-38
- Johnson, C. W. (1900). Some notes on the land shells of western Florida. The Nautilus. 13(12): 141-143
- Pilsbry, H. A. (1900). New records of New Mexican snails. The Nautilus. 14(7): 82-83
- Sterki, V. (1905). November snails. The Nautilus. 19(8): 96.
- Bishop, S. C. (1925). Zonitoides arboreus (Say) in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. The Nautilus. 39(2): 70
- Anonymous. (1925). Zonitoides arboreus deleterious to cane. The Nautilus. 39(2): 70.
- Gregg, W. O. (1948). Zonitoides arboreus (Say) in Nevada. The Nautilus. 62(2): 72
- Baker, H. B. (1931). Helix whitneyi Newcomb. The Nautilus. 44(3): 98-99
- http://www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca/cbasin/molluscs/zonitidae.html
- https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.117100/Zonitoides_arboreus