Zschokkella are identified as parasitic organisms from the family Myxidiidae of the suborder Variisporina.[1] This genus of Myxozoa tend to inhabit common areas of their host and can be found around the globe in both marine to freshwater habitats. Zschokkella also have spore shapes and host specific parasitism that differentiates it from other Myxidiidae.
| Zschokkella | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Myxosporea |
| Order: | Bivalvulida |
| Family: | Myxidiidae |
| Genus: | Zschokkella Auerbach, 1909 |
Genus description
editZschokkella have features that differentiate it from other genera in Variisporina. One is that the genus seems exclusive to only infecting the host at a family level.[2] It is suggested that due to their widespread nature, Zschokkella may parasitize on different host families based on the region or conditions they live in. Zschokkella are also able to alternate between their hosts given their morphologies.[3] They are identified by their striations and spore size which vary between species.
Zschokkella are coelozoic, meaning they inhabit a part or parts of another organisms body.[2] In this case, most Zschokkella inhabit parts of the excretory system in fish.
About 97 species of Zschokkella have been identified with a few species remaining unclassified.[4][1]
Reproduction
editZschokkella reproduce via sporogenesis. They start their lives as sporoplasms, a group of protoplasts forming the spore, that is then injected into or on the host. From sporoplasms, Zschokkella develop into trophozoites as they feed on the host.[4] In this stage, they can develop to be either diasporic or polysporic. This means that, from the plasmodia, they are able to produce around 2-12 or more mature spores.[5][6][7] Spores are released into the waters and latch on to fish, eventually making their way through the excretory system of the host whilst parasitizing from them and developing into new mature spores.
Spore morphology
editBetween species of Zschokkella, there are differences in spore morphologies.[8]
Most spores in their earlier stages are described as ellipsoidal from the sutural viewpoint and semicircular from the valvular viewpoint.[4] Along the ends of the spores are a rounded edge. The valves of the shells are described as either smooth or having ridges, depending on the species.[4] The sutures along the spores can be either straight, sinuous, or curved. In the spores, there are commonly two polar capsules, one on each side of the spore, both in a spherical shape.[9] The sporoplasm which infects the host are binucleate: each cell or protoplast of the sporoplasm contains two nuclei.[4] At maturation, spores can become elongated, spherical, reniform or other shapes depending on species.[4] Other features such as spore size, the number of sutures on a spore, and the shape of the polar capsules also vary between species of Zschokkella.
Common areas of infection
editFish are the most common hosts for Zschokkella. The area infected is dependent on the species of Zschokkella parasitizing on the fish. Most species of Zschokkella live in the gallbladder of fish.[10] Some species live in the kidneys or renal tubules of fish while others live in the urinary tract and ureters of fish.[5] Researchers found this as they identified Zschokkella in the urine and bile of fish.
References
edit- ^ a b "Lifemap ncbi". lifemap-ncbi.univ-lyon1.fr. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ a b Gorgoglione, Bartolomeo (2009). "The effect of dietary immuno-modulators on myxosporean infections in Atlantic cod". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/2.1.3843.8083.
- ^ Rocha, Sónia; Rangel, Luís Filipe; Casal, Graça; Severino, Ricardo; Soares, Florbela; Rodrigues, Pedro; Santos, Maria João (2023-01-13). "Occurrence of two myxosporean parasites in the gall bladder of white seabream Diplodus sargus (L.) (Teleostei, Sparidae), with the morphological and molecular description of Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp". PeerJ. 11: e14599. doi:10.7717/peerj.14599. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 9841901. PMID 36655052.
- ^ a b c d e f Matsche, Mark A.; Yurakhno, Violetta; Zhang, Jinyong; Sato, Hiroshi (2021-02-01). "Synopsis of the species of the genus Zschokkella Auerbach, 1910 (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida: Myxidiidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 98 (1): 25–55. doi:10.1007/s11230-020-09960-2. ISSN 1573-5192. PMID 33201415.
- ^ a b Abdel-Ghaffar, F.; El-Toukhy, A.; Al-Quraishy, S.; Al-Rasheid, K.; Abdel-Baki, A. S.; Hegazy, A.; Bashtar, A.-R. (2008-10-01). "Five new myxosporean species (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infecting the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in Bahr Shebin, Nile Tributary, Nile Delta, Egypt". Parasitology Research. 103 (5): 1197–1205. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1116-z. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 18688646.
- ^ Holzer, Astrid Sibylle; Wootten, Rod; Sommerville, Christina (2010). "Zschokkella hildae Auerbach, 1910: Phylogenetic position, morphology, and location in cultured Atlantic cod". Parasitology International. 59 (2): 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2009.12.004. ISSN 1383-5769. PMID 20026425.
- ^ Azizi, Ramla; Rangel, Luis F.; Castro, Ricardo; Santos, Maria J.; Bahri, Sihem (2016-11-01). "Morphology, seasonality and phylogeny of Zschokkella trachini n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) infecting the gallbladder of greater weever Trachinus draco (L.) from Tunisian waters". Parasitology Research. 115 (11): 4129–4138. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5187-y. ISSN 1432-1955.
- ^ Kalatzis, Panos G.; Kokkari, Constantina; Katharios, Pantelis (2015-11-01). "Morphological characterisation and phylogenetic relationships of Zschokkella candia n. sp. from the gall-bladder of Sparisoma cretense (L.) (Perciformes: Scaridae) in the Sea of Crete off Greece". Systematic Parasitology. 92 (3): 211–218. doi:10.1007/s11230-015-9594-8. ISSN 1573-5192. PMID 26446543.
- ^ Alama-Bermejo, Gema; Hernández-Orts, Jesús S.; García-Varela, Martín; Oceguera-Figueroa, Alejandro; Pecková, Hana; Fiala, Ivan (2023-07-26). "Diversity of myxozoans (Cnidaria) infecting Neotropical fishes in southern Mexico". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 12106. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1312106A. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38482-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10372099. PMID 37495605.
- ^ Lom, J; Dyková, I (1995). "New species of the genera Zschokkella and Ortholinea (Myxozoa) from the Southeast Asian teleost fish, Tetradodon fluviatilis". Folia Parasitologica. 42: 161–168.