This article is about the particular significance of the century 1401–1500 to Wales and its people.
| 14th century | 16th century | Other years in Wales |
| Other events of the century |
Events
edit1401
- 1 April (Good Friday) - Conwy Castle is taken by supporters of Owain Glyndŵr.[1]
- June - Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen, first major victory for Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh rebels over the English.[2]
- 2 November - At the inconclusive Battle of Tuthill, Owain Glyndŵr's forces meet the English near Caernarfon.[2]
1402
- April - Owain Glyndŵr captures his arch-enemy, Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn.[3]
- 22 June - Battle of Bryn Glas (also known as the Battle of Pilleth) on the border with England ends in victory for Glyndŵr. The Welsh capture Edmund Mortimer, son of the 3rd Earl, who defects to the Welsh cause, on 30 November marrying Owain's daughter Catrin.[4]
- August - Glamorgan joins Glyndŵr's revolt.
- September - The English Parliament passes penal Laws against Wales which stop the Welsh from gathering together, obtaining office, carrying arms and living in English towns. Any Englishman who marries a Welsh woman also comes under the laws.
1403
- 15 May - Henry, Prince of Wales, and his men destroy Sycharth, one of the residences of Owain Glyndŵr.[5]
- July - Owain Glyndŵr captures Carreg Cennen Castle.
- 21 July - Battle of Shrewsbury ends in defeat and death of Henry Percy, an ally of Owain Glyndŵr. Henry of Monmouth is seriously wounded in the battle.[6]
- Autumn (possible) - Battle of Stalling Down near Cowbridge.
1404
- July - Owain Glyndŵr holds a parliament at Machynlleth.[7]
- November - The Prince of Wales and his brother Thomas of Lancaster unsuccessfully try to raise the siege of Coity Castle.[8]
1405
- 28 February - Glyndŵr Rising at its peak. Tripartite Indenture agreed between Owain Glyndŵr, the Earl of Northumberland, and Edmund Mortimer, to divide Wales and England between them.
- 5 May - Battle of Pwll Melyn - first major defeat for Glyndŵr.
- July - A French force arrives at Milford Haven to assist the rebels. It takes the town of Haverfordwest, retakes Carmarthen and lays siege to Tenby, perhaps marching as far as Great Witley across the English border, but then retires.
- August - Owain Glyndŵr holds his second parliament, at Harlech Castle.[9]
1406
- 31 March - Owain Glyndŵr writes the "Pennal letter" to the King of France, outlining his policy for the future government of Wales and support for the Avignon Papacy.[10]
1407
- June - Henry, Prince of Wales, lays siege to Aberystwyth Castle.[11]
- 4 October - The Pope appoints Henry Chichele Bishop of St David's.[12]
1408
- Adam of Usk returns to Wales from continental exile, seeking the patronage of Owain Glyndŵr.[13]
1409
- Harlech Castle is captured by Henry of Monmouth. Margaret Hanmer (Glyndŵr's wife), her children and grandchildren are taken prisoner. As far as is known, most of them later die in captivity.
1410
- Sir John Scudamore marries Alys, daughter of Owain Glyndŵr.[14]
1411
- Sir William Gamage succeeds to the Coity estates on the death of Sir Laurence Berkerolles, and lays siege to Coity Castle.[15]
1412
- June - The seneschal and the receiver of Brecon negotiate to ransom Dafydd Gam from his captivity in the hands of Owain Glyndŵr.[16]
1415
- 21 September - Owain Glyndŵr goes into hiding. His subsequent whereabouts and date of death are unknown. End of the Glyndŵr Rising.
- 25 October - Battle of Agincourt. Welsh archers are key to Henry V's victory over a much larger French army.
1417
- 30 April - Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr declines the offer of a pardon from King Henry V of England.[17]
1418
- Gruffydd Young, Owain's former Chancellor, is appointed Bishop of Ross.
1419
- 24 April - Philip Morgan is elected Bishop of Worcester.[18]: 279
1420
- 16 October - In the new parliament, Roger Corbet and David Rathbone become MPs for the borough of Shrewsbury, while Roger's brother Robert represents Shropshire.
- 4 March - Settlement made at Shrewsbury between Edward Cherleton, Lord of Powys, and Sir Gruffudd Vaughan, his brother Ieuan ap Gruffydd, and two yeomen for the capture of Sir John Oldcastle in 1417.
1421
- Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr accepts a pardon from King Henry V of England.
1425
1426
- William ap Thomas, ancestor of the Herbert Earls of Pembroke, is knighted.
1428
- Earliest likely date for marriage of Catherine of Valois, widow of Henry V, to Welsh courtier Owen Tudor, thus establishing the House of Tudor.[19]
1435
- Work begins on the construction of Raglan Castle (approximate).[20]
1437
- January - Owen Tudor is imprisoned at Newgate Prison following the death of his wife, Catherine of Valois.[21]
1450
- April - William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, is taken prisoner at the Battle of Formigny.[22]
- Eisteddfod at Carmarthen: Dafydd ab Edmwnd wins the silver chair for his poetry.
1452
- 7 July - Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, exiled after her conviction for sorcery in 1442, dies at Beaumaris Castle.[23]
- 23 November - King Henry VI of England acknowledges his half-brothers, Edmund and Jasper Tudor. Edmund becomes Earl of Richmond.[24] Jasper becomes Earl of Pembroke.[25][26]
1455
1456
- August - Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, is captured by the Yorkists and imprisoned at Carmarthen Castle, where he dies on 3 November of plague.
1457
- 28 January - Lady Margaret Beaufort, 13-year-old widow of Edmund Tudor, gives birth to Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII of England, at Pembroke Castle.[27]
- Sir Walter Griffith purchases Burton Agnes Hall in Yorkshire.
1460
- 10 July - Following defeat at the Battle of Northampton on this date, Margaret of Anjou, queen of England, escapes with her son, Edward, Prince of Wales, to Harlech Castle.
- 23 July - John De la Bere resigns as Bishop of St David's after supporting the Tudors in the civil war.
1461
- February - After losing the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, Jasper Tudor is placed under an attainder. William Herbert, Lord Herbert of Raglan, assumes the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and her son Henry, Earl of Richmond.
1467
- Sir William Stanley is appointed steward of the lordship of Bromfield and Yale.
1468
- 24 June - Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, grants a charter to Neath Abbey.
- 14 August - The garrison of Harlech Castle surrenders to King Edward IV after a seven-year siege.[28]
1469
- 27 July - Following the Battle of Edgecote Moor, William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and his brother Richard are executed.
- August - Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and his son John Woodville are placed in prison in Chepstow.
1470
- 13 December - Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, marries (or is betrothed to) Anne Neville.
1471
- 4 May - Battle of Tewkesbury ends Lancastrian hopes of regaining the ascendance over the House of York. King Edward IV of England is victorious, and Edward of Westminster becomes the only Prince of Wales ever to die in battle. Sir John Donne is knighted on the field.
- 26 June - Prince Edward, son of King Edward IV, is invested as Prince of Wales.[29]
- 13 October - Richard Redman is consecrated as Bishop of St Asaph.
1472
- October - Following his investiture, Edward, Prince of Wales, takes up residence at Ludlow Castle, the seat of the Council of Wales and the Marches.[30]
1473
- Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, is appointed Governor of the Prince of Wales's Household. John Alcock, Bishop of Rochester and the prince's tutor, becomes President of the Council of Wales and the Marches.
1478
- 18 February - On the death of his brother George, Duke of Clarence, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, becomes Lord of Glamorgan by right of his wife Anne Neville.
- 10 April - The Court of the President and Council of Wales holds its first session in Ludlow.[31]
- 6 September - John Marshall is consecrated Bishop of Llandaff.[32]
1483
- 14 April - At Ludlow, 12-year-old King Edward V of England receives the news of his father's sudden death and his own accession.
- 8 September - Edward of Middleham, son of King Richard III of England, is invested as Prince of Wales at York Minster.[33]
- 25 December - At Rennes Cathedral, Henry, Earl of Richmond, pledges to marry Elizabeth of York.
1485
- 22 August - Battle of Bosworth Field: Henry Tudor defeats King Richard III to become the third and last Welsh-born King of England.[34]
- 7 November - Jasper Tudor marries Catherine Woodville.[35]
1486
- 18 January - King Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York.
- 2 March - Jasper Tudor becomes Lord of Glamorgan.[36]
1488
- Jasper Tudor takes possession of Cardiff Castle.
1489
- 29 November - The English-born Arthur Tudor is named Prince of Wales.
1490
- 27 February - Arthur Tudor is ceremonially invested as Prince of Wales at the Palace of Westminster.
1495
- 16 February - Sir William Stanley is executed for treason in London; Henry VII of England seizes Holt Castle from him.
1496
- A public convenience is built on the "Old Welsh Bridge" in Shrewsbury.[37]
1498
- An insurrection breaks out in Meirionnydd in north Wales; the rebels capture Harlech Castle. The revolt is the last of the medieval era in Wales.[38]
Works
edit1450s
- Reginald Pecock - Represser of over-much weeting [blaming] of the Clergie (1455)[39]
1460s-1480s
- Peniarth 51 (c. 1460)[40]
- Peniarth 109
Births
edit1401
- 27 October - Catherine of Valois, French-born wife of King Henry V of England and later of Owen Tudor (d. 1437)[41]
1430
- 11 June (possible date) - Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (d. 1456)
1431
- unknown date - Jasper Tudor, soldier (d. 1495)[42]
1444
1451
- 5 March - William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (d. 1491)
1453
- 13 October - Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (d. 1471)[44]
1457
- 28 January - Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII of England (d. 1509)[27]
1470
- 4 November - Edward "of the Sanctuary", later Prince of Wales and King Edward V of England (d. 1483?)[45]
1478
- 3 February - Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed 1521)[46]
1485
- 16 December - Catherine of Aragon, later Princess of Wales (d. 1536)[47]
1486
- 19 September - Arthur, Prince of Wales (d. 1502)[48]
1491
- 28 June - Henry, Duke of York, later Prince of Wales and King Henry VIII of England (d. 1547)
Deaths
edit1402
- date unknown - Hywel Sele, nobleman
1410
- 11 April - John Trevor, Bishop of St Asaph
1415
- 25 October - Dafydd Gam, soldier[49]
1422
- 31 August - Henry V of England, former Prince of Wales, 34[50]
1430
- date unknown - Adam of Usk, chronicler
1435
- 25 October - Philip Morgan, Bishop of Ely
1437
- 3 January - Catherine of Valois, widow of Henry V of England and secret wife of Owen Tudor, 35[51]
1440
1445
- date unknown - Sir William ap Thomas, builder of Raglan Castle[53]
1446
- 21 October - William Lyndwood, Bishop of St David's[54]
1456
1461
- 2 February - Owen Tudor, courtier, 60? (executed)
- probable - Reginald Pecock, Bishop of St Asaph[55]
1467
- 21 November - John Low, Bishop of St Asaph
1469
- 27 July - William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, 46? (executed)[56]
1471
- May - Sir Roger Vaughan of Tretower (executed)[57]
1483
- 25 June - Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, Governor of the Prince of Wales's Household, 43? (executed)[58]
1484
- 9 April - Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, aged about 10
- date unknown - David ap Mathew, standard bearer of King Edward IV of England, 84
1485
- 16 March - Anne Neville, former Princess of Wales, 28[59]
1492
- 20 September - George Nevill, 4th Baron Bergavenny, about 52
1493
- date unknown - Guto'r Glyn, bard and soldier, about 60[60]
1496
- January/February - John Marshall, Bishop of Llandaff
1499
- c.November - John Ingleby, Bishop of Llandaff, about 65[61]
1500
- 1 October - John Alcock, Tudor supporter and Lord President of the Council of Wales and the Marches
References
edit- ^ Christopher Allmand (1 November 2014). Henry V. Yale University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-300-21293-8.
- ^ a b R. R. Davies (20 February 1997). The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr. OUP Oxford. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-19-165646-0.
- ^ R.R. Davies (3 September 2013). Owain Glyndwr - Prince of Wales. Y Lolfa. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84771-763-4.
- ^ Kelly DeVries; John France; Clifford J. Rogers (15 October 2015). Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell & Brewer. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-78327-057-6.
- ^ The Montgomeryshire Collections. Clifton Press. 1948. p. 183.
- ^ English Heritage (1995). "English Heritage Battlefield Report: Shrewsbury 1403" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ John Vyrnwy Morgan (1914). The Philosophy of Welsh History. John Lane. p. 295.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (May 1991). An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan: Volume III. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-11-300035-7.
- ^ Alfred Perceval Graves (1922). The Pageant of Harlech Castle, August 21st-26th, 1922: Book of the Words. "Express" Printing Works. p. 27.
- ^ "Pennal Letter". Canolfan Owain Glyndŵr. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ Desmond Seward (2001). Henry V as Warlord. Penguin. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-14-139058-1.
- ^ Henry Ansgar Kelly (14 October 2016). The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-8122-9308-1.
- ^ Former Literature Director Meic Stephens; Welsh Academy (1986). The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-211586-7.
- ^ Jane Williams (18 November 2010). A History of Wales: Derived from Authentic Sources. Cambridge University Press. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-108-02085-5.
- ^ Adrian Pettifer (2000). Welsh Castles: A Guide by Counties. Boydell & Brewer. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-85115-778-8.
- ^ Lloyd, Sir John Edward. "Dafydd Gam (d. 1415 ), Welsh warrior". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ Breverton, Terry (15 July 2017). Owen Tudor: Founding Father of the Tudor Dynasty. Amberley Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4456-5419-5.
- ^ Fryde, E. B. (2003). Handbook of British chronology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. OCLC 255121883.
- ^ Griffiths, R. A. (2004). "Tudor, Owen [Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27797. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ James L. Forde-Johnston (1981). A Guide to the Castles of England and Wales. Constable. p. 426. ISBN 978-0-09-463730-6.
- ^ Great Britain. Privy Council (1835). 10 Richard II, 1386 to 11 Henry IV, 1410. University Microfilms. p. 19.
- ^ John A. Wagner (2006). Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-313-32736-0.
- ^ Harris, G. L. (January 2008). "Eleanor , duchess of Gloucester (c.1400–1452)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5742.
- ^ James Gairdner (1895). The Paston Letters, 1422-1509 A.D. A. Constable. p. 254.
- ^ Thomas, R. S. "Tudor, Jasper [Jasper of Hatfield], duke of Bedford", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 23 September 2004. Accessed 2 February 2019.
- ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. and James Sherborwe, ed. Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986) 19.
- ^ a b c Alison Plowden (1976). The House of Tudor. Stein and Day. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8128-2079-9.
- ^ Cannon, John (1997). The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-19-866176-4.
- ^ l Previous Princes. Prince of Wales official website. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ Thomas Wright (1901). Historical and Descriptive Sketch of Ludlow Castle: And of the Church of St. Lawrence, Ludlow. G. Woolley. p. 46.
- ^ Powel, David. Historie of Cambria. p. 389.
- ^ William Dugdale (1846). Monasticon Anglicanum...a History of the Abbies and Other Monasteries...and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches...in England and Wales. Bohn. p. 1218.
- ^ *Kendall, Paul Murray (1955). Richard the Third. Allen & Urwin. ISBN 0-04-942048-8.
- ^ William Hutton (1788). The Battle of Bosworth Field: Between Richard the Third and Henry Earl of Richmond, August 22, 1485. Pearson and Rollason. p. 1.
- ^ W. R. B. Robinson (2002). Early Tudor Gwent, 1485-1547. W.R.B. Robinson. p. 8.
- ^ Mike Hall (29 February 2012). The Cardiff Book of Days. History Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7524-8593-5.
- ^ Blackwall, Anthony (1985). Historic Bridges of Shropshire. Shrewsbury: Shropshire Libraries. ISBN 0-903802-31-7.
- ^ Steven J. Gunn; Linda Monckton (2009). Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales: Life, Death & Commemoration. Boydell Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84383-480-9.
- ^ John Buchan (1925). A History of English Literature. T. Nelson and sons, Limited. p. 42.
- ^ Rachel Bromwich (15 November 2014). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. University of Wales Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-78316-146-1.
- ^ Fritze, Ronald H.; Robison, William Baxter, eds. (1992). Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 94.
- ^ Glanmor Williams; Walter Medley Tattersall (1936). Glamorgan County History. Printed and published for the Committee by W. Lewis (printers) limited. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-904730-04-3.
- ^ Hicks, M.A. (1998). Warwick the Kingmaker. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-631-16259-9.
- ^ Charles Kidd; Christine Shaw (24 June 2008). Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage 2008. Debrett's. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-870520-80-5.
- ^ Horrox, Rosemary. "Edward V of England". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 August 2013. (subscription required)
- ^ Davies, C. S. L. (2008). "Stafford, Edward, third duke of Buckingham (1478–1521)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26202. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Davies, C. S. L.; Edwards, John (January 2008). "Katherine (1485–1536)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4891. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Horrox, Rosemary (2004). "Arthur, prince of Wales (1486–1502)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/705. Retrieved 7 October 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
- ^ Evan Jones (2009). A Portrait of Machynlleth and Its Surroundings. Coch Y Bonddu Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-904784-24-1.
- ^ Chronological Tables: Comprehending the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest Records to the Close of the Russian War. R. Griffin. 1857. p. 291.
- ^ Derrik Mercer (February 1993). Chronicle of the Royal Family. Chronicle Communications. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-872031-20-0.
- ^ Sir Leslie Stephen; Sir Sidney Lee (1890). Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, & Company. p. 198.
- ^ The Archaeological Journal. Longman, Rrown,(sic) Green, and Longman. 1976.
- ^ Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1869). Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey. J. Murray. p. 360.
- ^ V. H. H. Green (29 May 2014). Bishop Reginald Pecock. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-107-64358-1.
- ^ Anne Curry; Adrian R. Bell (September 2011). Soldiers, Weapons and Armies in the Fifteenth Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-84383-668-1.
- ^ R A Griffiths (24 October 2011). The Making of the Tudor Dynasty. History Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7524-7312-3.
- ^ Tony Copsey (2000). Suffolk Writers from the Beginning Until 1800: A Catalogue of Suffolk Authors with Some Account of Their Lives and a List of Their Writings. Book Company. p. 549. ISBN 978-0-9522970-1-7.
- ^ Michael Van Cleave Alexander (1998). Three Crises in Early English History: Personalities and Politics During the Norman Conquest, the Reign of King John, and the Wars of the Roses. University Press of America. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-7618-1188-6.
- ^ Ifor Williams. "Guto'r Glyn, a bard who sang during the second half of the 15th century (1440-1493)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ John Le Neve; Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy (1854). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae: Or A Calendar of the Principal Ecclesiastical Dignitaries in England and Wales, and of the Chief Officers in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. University Press. p. 250.