Wikipedia

1910–11 United States Senate elections

(Redirected from 1911 United States Senate special election in West Virginia)

For the December 12, 1911 elections in Arizona, see 1912–13 United States Senate elections § Arizona.

The 1910–11 United States Senate election were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were primarily chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1910 and 1911, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] However, some states had already begun direct elections during this time. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election.

1910–11 United States Senate elections
← 1908 & 1909 January 18, 1910 –
July 12, 1911		 1912 & 1913 →
36 of the 92 seats in the United States Senate
47 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Shelby Moore Cullom[a]
(retired) 		Thomas S. Martin[b]
Party Republican Democratic
Leader since March 4, 1909 March 4, 1909
Leader's seat Illinois Virginia
Seats before 59 33
Seats won 15 13
Seats after 50 42
Seat change Decrease 9 Increase 9
Seats up 25 11
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
Majority conference chairman before election

Eugene Hale
Republican

Elected Majority conference chairman

Shelby Moore Cullom
Republican

In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1. In conjunction with winning control of the House of Representatives for the first time since the 1892 elections, Democrats flipped 9 Senate seats. This was not enough to flip the Senate, but significantly narrowed the margin of Republican control.

In New York and Florida, the legislature failed to elect until after the beginning of the 62nd Congress on March 4. Special elections were held in six states: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Dakota, and West Virginia.

Result Summary

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Senate party division, 62nd Congress (1911–1913):

  • Majority party: Republican (50 seats)
  • Minority party: Democratic (40 seats)
  • Other parties: 0
  • Vacant: 2
  • Total seats: 92

Four seats were added in early 1912 for new states: Arizona (which elected 2 Democrats) and New Mexico (which elected 2 Republicans).

Change in composition

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Before the elections

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At the beginning of 1910.

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7
D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24
Ala.
Ran 		D25
Fla.
Ran 		D26
La. (sp)
Ran
R57
W.Va. (reg)
Ran 		R58
Wis.
Ran 		R59
Wyo.
Ran 		D33
Va.
Ran 		D32
Texas
Ran 		D31
Tenn.
Ran 		D30
N.D. (sp)
Ran 		D29
Miss. (sp)
Retired 		D28
Miss. (reg)
Ran 		D27
Md.
Ran
R56
W.Va. (sp)
Retired 		R55
Wash.
Retired 		R54
Vt.
Ran 		R53
Utah
Ran 		R52
R.I.
Retired 		R51
Pa.
Ran 		R50
Ohio
Ran 		R49
N.D. (reg)
Ran 		R48
N.Y.
Ran 		R47
N.J.
Ran
Majority →
R37
Del.
Ran 		R38
Ind.
Ran 		R39
Maine
Ran 		R40
Mass.
Ran 		R41
Mich.
Ran 		R42
Minn.
Ran 		R43
Mo.
Retired 		R44
Mont.
Retired 		R45
Neb.
Ran 		R46
Nev.
Ran
R36
Conn.
Ran 		R35
Calif.
Retired 		R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27
R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26
R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

Elections results

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D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7
D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24
Ala.
Re-elected 		D25
Ind.
Gain 		D26
La. (sp)
Elected[c]
D36
Tenn.
Hold 		D35
Ohio
Gain 		D34
N.J.
Gain 		D33
Neb.
Gain 		D32
Mont.
Gain 		D31
Mo.
Gain 		D30
Miss. (sp)
Hold 		D29
Miss. (reg)
Hold 		D28
Md.
Re-elected 		D27
Maine
Gain
D37
Texas
Re-elected 		D38
Va.
Re-elected 		D39
W.Va. (reg)
Gain 		D40
W.Va. (sp)
Gain 		V1
Fla.
D Loss 		V2
N.Y.
R Loss 		R51
Wyo.
Re-elected 		R50
Wis.
Re-elected 		R49
Wash.
Hold 		R48
Vt.
Re-elected
Majority →
R37
Del.
Re-elected 		R38
Mass.
Re-elected 		R39
Mich.
Hold 		R40
Minn.
Re-elected 		R41
Nev.
Re-elected 		R42
N.D. (reg)
Re-elected 		R43
N.D. (sp)
Gain 		R44
Pa.
Re-elected 		R45
R.I.
Hold 		R46
Utah
Re-elected
R36
Conn.
Hold 		R35
Calif.
Hold 		R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27
R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26
R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

Beginning of the next Congress

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D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7
D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26
D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29 D28 D27
D37 D38 D39 D40
Fla.
Appointed 		V1
Colo.
D Loss[d] 		V2 R50 R49 R48 R47
Majority → R46
R37 R38 R39 R40 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45
R36 R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27
R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26
R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
Key
D# Democratic
R# Republican
V# Vacant

Race summaries

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Special elections during the 61st Congress

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In these elections, the winners were seated during 1910 or in 1911 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Mississippi
(Class 2) 		James Gordon Democratic 1909 (appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected February 23, 1910.[2]
Democratic hold.
Louisiana
(Class 3) 		John Thornton Democratic 1910 (appointed) Interim appointee elected December 6, 1910.[3]
North Dakota
(Class 3) 		William E. Purcell Democratic 1910 (appointed) Interim appointee lost election.
New senator elected January 17, 1911.
Republican gain.
Winner took office February 11, 1911, upon resigning from the U.S. House.
West Virginia
(Class 2) 		Davis Elkins Republican 1910 (appointed) Interim appointee lost election.
New senator elected February 1, 1911.
Democratic gain.

In this election, the winner were seated in the 63rd Congress, starting March 4, 1913.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Alabama John H. Bankhead Democratic 1907 (appointed)
1907 (special) 		Incumbent re-elected early January 17, 1911, for the term beginning March 4, 1913.

Races leading to the 62nd Congress

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In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1911; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
California Frank Flint Republican 1905 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 10, 1911.[8]
Republican hold.
Connecticut Morgan Bulkeley Republican 1905 Incumbent lost renomination and re-election.
New senator elected January 17, 1911.[8]
Republican hold.
Delaware Henry A. du Pont Republican 1906 Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1911.[9]
Florida James Taliaferro Democratic 1899 (special)
1905 (appointed)
1905 (special) 		Incumbent lost re-election.
Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic loss.
New senator was appointed to begin the term.
Indiana Albert J. Beveridge Republican 1899
1905 		Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 17, 1911.[8]
Democratic gain.
Maine Eugene Hale Republican 1881
1887
1893
1899
1905 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 17, 1911.[8]
Democratic gain.
Maryland Isidor Rayner Democratic 1904 Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1910.[8]
Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge Republican 1893
1899
1905 		Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1911.[8][13]
Michigan Julius C. Burrows Republican 1895 (special)
1899
1905 		Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected January 17, 1911.[8]
Republican hold.
Minnesota Moses E. Clapp Republican 1901 (special)
1905 		Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1911.[8]
Mississippi Hernando Money Democratic 1897 (appointed)
1899
1904 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected early January 21, 1908.[15]
Democratic hold.
Missouri William Warner Republican 1905 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 17, 1911.[8]
Democratic gain.
Montana Thomas H. Carter Republican 1895
1901 (lost)
1905 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected March 2, 1911.
Democratic gain.
Nebraska Elmer Burkett Republican 1905 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 17, 1911, ratifying the popular selection made in 1910 state elections.[8][5]
Democratic gain.
Nevada George S. Nixon Republican 1905 Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911, ratifying the popular selection made in 1910 state elections.[8]
New Jersey John Kean Republican 1899
1905 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 25, 1911.[8]
Democratic gain.
Others
New York Chauncey Depew Republican 1899
1905 		Incumbent ran for re-election, but legislature failed to elect.
Republican loss.
A new senator was elected late; see below.
North Dakota Porter J. McCumber Republican 1899
1905 		Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1911.[8]
Ohio Charles W. F. Dick Republican 1904 (special)
1904 		Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 10, 1911.
Democratic gain.
Others
Pennsylvania George T. Oliver Republican 1909 (special) Incumbent re-elected January 11, 1911.[8]
Rhode Island Nelson W. Aldrich Republican 1881 (special)
1886
1892
1898
1905 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 18, 1911.
Republican hold.
Tennessee James B. Frazier Democratic 1905 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 23, 1911.
Democratic hold.
Texas Charles A. Culberson Democratic 1899
1905 		Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911.
Utah George Sutherland Republican 1905 Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1911.
Vermont Carroll S. Page Republican 1908 (special) Incumbent re-elected October 18, 1910.
Virginia John W. Daniel Democratic 1887
1893
1899
1904 		Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1910, but died June 29, 1910.
A new senator was appointed to finish the term, and reappointed to begin the new term.
The new senator was subsequently elected to finish the new term.[21]
Washington Samuel H. Piles Republican 1905 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 17, 1911.[8][6]
Republican hold.
West Virginia Nathan B. Scott Republican 1899
1905 		Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected February 1, 1911.[8][6]
Democratic gain.
Wisconsin Robert M. La Follette Republican 1905 Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911.[8][6]
Wyoming Clarence D. Clark Republican 1905 Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911.[8][6]

Elections during the 62nd Congress

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In these elections, the winners were elected in 1911 after March 4; ordered by date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
New York
(Class 1) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect, see above.
New senator elected late March 31, 1911 on the sixty-fourth ballot.
Democratic gain.
Iowa
(Class 2) 		Lafayette Young Republican 1911 (appointed) Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.
New senator elected April 12, 1911.
Republican hold.
Florida
(Class 1) 		Nathan P. Bryan Democratic 1911 (appointed) Interim appointee elected late April 18, 1911.
Georgia
(Class 3) 		Joseph M. Terrell Democratic 1910 (appointed) Interim appointee lost election.
New senator elected July 12, 1911.
Democratic hold.

Alabama

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Senator John H. Bankhead
See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama

Democrat John H. Bankhead was re-elected early January 17, 1911[7] for the 1913 term.

California

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See also: List of United States senators from California and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in California

Incumbent Senator Frank P. Flint, who had been elected in 1905, retired. Republican John D. Works received a plurality of votes cast at a Republican state primary. Republican A. G. Spalding, however, carried a majority of the legislative districts represented by Republicans.[7] In the legislature, Works was elected January 10, 1911, with 92 votes over Spalding's 21 votes, and a scattering of votes for various Democrats.[8][7]

Connecticut

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Senator George P. McLean
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut

Republican incumbent Morgan Bulkeley, who had been elected in 1905, lost renomination in a Republican legislative caucus 113–64 to George P. McLean.

McLean was then elected January 17, 1911, with 177 votes to Democrat Homer Stille Cummings's 110 votes.[8][7]

Delaware

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Senator Henry A. du Pont
See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1910 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware

First-term Republican Henry A. du Pont was re-elected January 25, 1911.[9] He beat Democrat Willard Saulsbury Jr..

Saulsbury would be elected in 1913 to the other Delaware senate seat. Du Pont would lose re-election in 1916, the first popular Senate election in Delaware.

Florida

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Senator Nathan P. Bryan
See also: List of United States senators from Florida and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida

In June 1910, incumbent Democrat James Taliaferro lost a non-binding primary to former Governor Napoleon B. Broward for the term which started on March 4, 1911.[23] Broward died in October.[24] In early February 1911, Nathan P. Bryan won a non-binding primary for the seat, defeating William A. Blount 19,991 to 19,381.[25] The governor then appointed Bryan to fill the vacancy.[26]

In April 1911, the Florida Legislature unanimously elected Bryan to the remainder of the term.[27]

Georgia (special)

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Senator M. Hoke Smith
See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia

Three-term Democrat Alexander S. Clay died November 13, 1910, and Democratic former-Governor of Georgia Joseph M. Terrell was appointed November 17, 1910, to continue the term, pending a special election.

Democratic Governor of Georgia M. Hoke Smith won the July 12, 1911, special election to finish the term that would end in 1915.

Smith had just begun his gubernatorial term July 1, 1911, when he was elected to the Senate. Although formally elected and qualified, Smith chose not to take office until November 16, 1911, so he could continue being Governor of Georgia.[28]

Smith would later be re-elected in 1914 and would serve through 1921.

Indiana

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See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana

Iowa (special)

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See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa

Louisiana (special)

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See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana

Maine

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See also: List of United States senators from Maine and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine

Maryland

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See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
1910 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1904 February 1, 1910 1913 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
   
Candidate Isidor Rayner
Party Democratic
Legislative vote 80
Percentage 70.49%

Isidor Rayner won election by an unknown margin for the Class 1 seat.[29]

Massachusetts

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See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts

Michigan

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See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan

Minnesota

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See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota

Mississippi

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See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi

Mississippi (regular)

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Senator John Sharp Williams
Main article: 1908 United States Senate election in Mississippi

Three-term Democrat Hernando Money retired from the class 1 seat. In 1908 the Mississippi legislature had already unanimously elected Democratic congressman John Sharp Williams early for the next term.[15]

Mississippi (special)

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Senator LeRoy Percy

Three-term Democrat Anselm J. McLaurin died December 22, 1909, and Democrat James Gordon was appointed December 27, 1909, to continue the term pending a special election, in which he was not a candidate. The day after his appointment to the class 2 seat, he was identified as a former fugitive who had been sought as a suspect in the conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln. Gordon was listed in 1865 by the United States government as a fugitive, and a reward of $10,000 had been offered for his capture, dead or alive. Later that year, he was ruled out of the suspects.[30] Gordon then admitted that he had met with John Wilkes Booth in Montreal in March 1865, and had discussed plans to kidnap Lincoln, but denied any discussion of murder.[31]

A plurality of legislators backed the white supremacist James K. Vardaman, but the fractured remainder sought to thwart his extreme racial policies. A majority united behind Percy to block Vardaman, instead electing Democrat LeRoy Percy February 23, 1910, to finish the term that would end in 1913.[2]

Percy would later lose renomination in 1912 to the next term.

Missouri

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See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri

Montana

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See also: List of United States senators from Montana and 1910 United States House of Representatives election in Montana

Democrat Henry L. Myers was elected on the 80th joint ballot by the Montana state legislature, winning 53 votes to incumbent Republican Thomas H. Carter's 45. Carter had led on the first ballot with 31 votes to Democrat Thomas J. Walsh's 28.

Nebraska

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See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska


Democratic nominee Gilbert Hitchcock defeated Republican incumbent Senator Elmer Burkett by a very narrow margin of 9.16%. Gilbert Hitchcock was the first Democrat ever to have won a United States Senate seat from Nebraska and he was the first non-Republican to have won a United States Senate seat from Nebraska since William Vincent Allen in 1893.

Nevada

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See also: List of United States senators from Nevada and 1910 United States House of Representatives election in Nevada

New Jersey

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See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey

New York

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New York election
 
← 1905 January 17 – March 31, 1911 1916 →
201 members of the New York Assembly
101 votes needed to win
     
Nominee James A. O'Gorman Chauncey Depew
Party Democratic Republican
Electoral vote 112 80
Percentage 58.33% 41.67%
U.S. senator before election

Chauncey Depew
Republican

Elected U.S. senator

James A. O'Gorman
Democratic

See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
Main article: 1911 United States Senate election in New York

Republican incumbent Chauncey M. Depew had been re-elected to this seat in 1905, and his term would expire on March 3, 1911. At the State election in November 1910, John Alden Dix was elected Governor, the first Democrat to hold the position since 1894. Democrats also unexpectedly carried the state legislative elections, and controlled both the Senate and the Assembly. The 134th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to October 6, 1911, in Albany, New York. Democratic Ex-Lieutenant Governor William F. Sheehan announced his candidacy on December 30, 1910. Before the State election, when a Democratic victory seemed to be improbable, Sheehan had made an agreement with Tammany Hall leader Charles Francis Murphy that the Tammany men would support Sheehan for the U.S. Senate. The Democratic caucus met on January 16 and nominated Sheehan over Edward M. Shepard and D. Cady Herrick. The Republican caucus met on January 16 and re-nominated Chauncey M. Depew unanimously.

From January 17 through March 3, the legislature was deadlocked through 39 ballots, with anti-Tammany Democrats led by newly elected State Senator Franklin Delano Roosevelt refusing to support Sheehan. On March 3, 1911, Depew's term ended.

The deadlock continued over another 19 ballots despite the vacant seat. Democrats then held a new caucus and nominated James A. O'Gorman, a justice of the New York Supreme Court. O'Gorman was elected over Depew on March 31, 1911.

Candidate Party 64th joint ballot
Mar 31
Chauncey M. Depew Republican 80
 Y James A. O'Gorman Democratic  Y 112

North Dakota

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See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota and 1910 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota

North Dakota (special)

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Senator Asle Gronna

North Dakota (regular)

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Senator Porter J. McCumber

Ohio

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See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

Pennsylvania

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Senator George T. Oliver
Main article: 1911 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held January 17, 1911. Incumbent George T. Oliver was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[32]

Pennsylvania election, January 17, 1911
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican George T. Oliver (Incumbent) 181 70.43%
Democratic J. Henry Cochran 35 13.62%
Democratic Julian Kennedy 25 9.73%
Democratic James B. Riley 3 1.17%
Republican William Flinn 2 0.78%
Democratic William H. Berry 1 0.39%
Democratic George W. Guthrie 1 0.39%
Socialist Joseph E. Cohen 1 0.39%
N/A Not voting 8 3.11%
Total votes 257 100%

Rhode Island

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See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island

Tennessee

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See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee

Texas

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See also: List of United States senators from Texas and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas

Utah

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See also: List of United States senators from Utah and 1910 United States House of Representatives election in Utah

Vermont

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See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont

Virginia

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See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia

Washington

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See also: List of United States senators from Washington and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington

West Virginia

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See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia

West Virginia (regular)

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Senator William E. Chilton
See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia

West Virginia (special)

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Senator Clarence Wayland Watson

Wisconsin

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See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin and 1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin
State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Wisconsin
(Class 1) 		Robert M. La Follette Republican 1905 Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1911.[33]
  • ▌ Y Robert M. La Follette (Republican) 63.2%
  • ▌ Charles H. Weisse (Democratic) 23.3%
  • ▌ John C. Kleist (Social Dem.) 10.5%
  • ▌ F. C. Winkler (Republican) 0.7%
  • Absent 3%

Wyoming

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See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming and 1910 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ as Republican Conference Chairman
  2. ^ as Democratic Conference Chairman)
  3. ^ Appointee elected
  4. ^ Charles J. Hughes Jr. (D-Colorado) died January 11, 1911, and the seat was vacant until the January 15, 1913 election of Democrat Charles S. Thomas.

References

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  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "VARDAMAN'S DEFEAT RELIEF TO SENATORS". The New York Times. February 24, 1910. p. 4.
  3. ^ "THORNTON CHOSEN SENATOR". The New York Times. December 7, 1910. p. 1.
  4. ^ a b United States Senators Chosen, 1910, p. 439.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 457.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 458.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 455.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1912". New York: The Press Publishing Co. (The New York World). 1911. p. 200.
  9. ^ a b "du PONT, Henry Algernon - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  10. ^ "Our Campaigns - FL US Senate - Appointment Race - Feb 22, 1911". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 456.
  12. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 01, 1910". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  13. ^ Garraty, John A. (1953). Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography. pp. 280–283.
  14. ^ United States Senators Chosen, 1911, pp. 456–457.
  15. ^ a b c Rhoades, Henry Eckford; McPherson, Edward; Schem, A. J.; Ottarson, F. J.; Cleveland, John F.; Greeley, Horace (1909). "United States Senators Chosen — 1908". The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1909. New York: The Tribune Association. p. 315 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library.
  16. ^ "Pledges Devotion to Public Service: Senator Hitchcock Accepts New Honors in Speech to Legislature in Joint Convention". Lincoln, Nebraska: Lincoln Daily News. January 18, 1911. p. 1.
  17. ^ "Our Campaigns - NE US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1910". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  18. ^ "Our Campaigns - NV US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1910". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  19. ^ United States Senators Chosen, 1911, pp. 457–458.
  20. ^ a b United States Senators Chosen, 1910, p. 440.
  21. ^ Byrd, p. 178.
  22. ^ "Our Campaigns - WV US Senate Race - Mar 03, 1911". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  23. ^ "Taliaferro is Beaten: Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Wins Senatorship in Florida". The Watchman and Southron. Sumter, SC. June 15, 1910. p. 6.
  24. ^ "Ex-Gov. Broward Dead: One of America's Most Forceful and Picturesque Figures Passes; On Eve of being U.S. Senator". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, MD. October 2, 1910. p. 2.
  25. ^ "New Senator From Florida". San Juan Islander. Friday Harbor, WA. February 17, 1911. p. 2.
  26. ^ "New U.S. Senator". Nashville Tennessean. Nashville, TN. February 16, 1911. p. 6.
  27. ^ "The Hon. Nathan P. Bryan was formally elected Florida's United States Senator by both branches of the Florida legislature Tuesday afternoon. No other name was presented, and the vote for Mr. Bryan was unanimous -- thanks to the primary". St. Lucie County Tribune. Fort Pierce, FL. April 21, 1911. p. 4.
  28. ^ "GOVERNOR AND SENATOR, TOO; Hoke Smith to Hold On to State Job Until December". The New York Times. July 13, 1911. p. 3. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  29. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 01, 1910". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  30. ^ "NEW SENATOR ONCE FUGITIVE.; Gordon Was Suspected of Complicity in Killing of Lincoln". The New York Times. December 29, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  31. ^ Tidwell, William A. (1988). Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Lincoln. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 405–410.
  32. ^ Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
  33. ^ "La Follette Named. Vote is a Triumph". Oshkosh Northwestern. January 24, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved February 7, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.

Sources

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