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2008 in spaceflight

(Redirected from 2008 in spaceflight (July–December))

The year 2008 contained several significant events in spaceflight, including the first flyby of Mercury by a spacecraft since 1975, the discovery of water ice on Mars by the Phoenix spacecraft, which landed in May, the first Chinese spacewalk in September, the launch of the first Indian Lunar probe in October, and the first successful flight of a privately developed orbital launch vehicle by SpaceX's Falcon 1.

2008 in spaceflight
First successful flight of a SpaceX Falcon 1
Orbital launches
First15 January
Last25 December
Total69
Successes66
Failures2
Partial failures1
Catalogued67
National firsts
Satellite Venezuela
 Vietnam
Space traveller South Korea
Rockets
Maiden flightsAriane 5ES
Long March 3C
PSLV-XL
Safir
Zenit-3SLB
RetirementsH-IIA 2024
Crewed flights
Orbital7
Total travellers37
2008 in spaceflight
← 2007
2009 →

Overview

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The internationally accepted definition of a spaceflight is any flight which crosses the Kármán line, 100 kilometres above sea level. The first recorded spaceflight launch of the year occurred on 11 January, when a Black Brant was launched on a suborbital trajectory from White Sands, with the LIDOS ultraviolet astronomy payload.[1] This was followed by the first orbital launch of the year on 15 January, by a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL, with the Thuraya 3 communications satellite.[2] The launch marked the return to flight for Sea Launch following the explosion of a Zenit-3SL on the launch pad the previous January during an attempt to launch the NSS-8 satellite.

Five carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2008; the Ariane 5ES, Long March 3C, Zenit-3SLB, PSLV-XL, and the operational version of the Falcon 1, with an uprated Merlin-1C engine.[3] These were all derived from existing systems. The Blue Sparrow and Sejjil missiles also conducted their maiden flights, and the ATK Launch Vehicle made its only flight, but was destroyed by range safety after it went off course. In November, the baseline Proton-M was retired in favour of the Enhanced variant, first launched in 2007.

The first Vietnamese and Venezuelan satellites, Vinasat-1 and Venesat-1 respectively, were launched in 2008, while a failed Iranian launch was reported to have been that country's first indigenous orbital launch attempt. In September, SpaceX conducted the first successful orbital launch of a privately developed and funded liquid-fuelled carrier rocket, when the fourth Falcon 1 launched RatSat, following previous failures in 2006, 2007, and August.

Space exploration

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The discovery of water ice on Mars

India launched its first Lunar probe, Chandraayan-1, on 22 October, with the spacecraft entering selenocentric orbit on 8 November. On 16 November, the Moon Impact Probe was released, and crashed into the Lunar surface. Although no other spacecraft were launched beyond geocentric orbit in 2008, several significant events occurred in interplanetary flights which had been launched in previous years. MESSENGER conducted flybys of Mercury in January and October, the first spacecraft to do so since Mariner 10 in 1975. Cassini continued to make flybys of the moons of Saturn, including several close passes of Enceladus, one at a distance of 25 kilometres.[4] In September Rosetta flew past the asteroid 2867 Šteins. On 25 May, the Phoenix spacecraft landed in the Green Valley on Mars, where it discovered water ice.[5] Phoenix exceeded its design life of 90 days, finally failing on 10 November. The Ulysses spacecraft, launched in 1990, was also retired in 2008.[6]

Crewed spaceflight

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Seven crewed flights were launched in 2008, one by China, two by Russia and four by the United States. In April, Yi So-yeon became the first South Korean to fly in space, aboard Soyuz TMA-12. On the same flight, Sergey Volkov became the first second-generation cosmonaut. Yi returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-11, which nearly ended in disaster following a separation failure between the descent and service modules, resulting in a ballistic reentry.[7] In September, China conducted its third crewed mission, Shenzhou 7, from which Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming conducted the first Chinese spacewalk.[8] Soyuz TMA-13, launched in October, was the hundredth flight of the Soyuz programme to carry a crew at some point in its mission.[9]

Assembly of the International Space Station continued, with the delivery of the Columbus module by Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-122 in February. March saw the launch of the Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle, an uncrewed European spacecraft which was used to resupply the space station. Also in March, Space Shuttle Endeavour launched on STS-123 with the first component of the Japanese Experiment Module, the Experiment Logistics Module. STS-123 marked the final flight of the Spacelab programme, with a SpaceLab pallet used to carry the Canadian-built Dextre RMS extension. The second JEM component, the main pressurised module, was launched by STS-124, flown by Discovery in May. In November, Endeavour launched on the STS-126 logistics flight, with the Leonardo MPLM.

Launch failures

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On 14 March, a Proton-M with a Briz-M upper stage launched AMC-14. Several hours later, on 15 March, the Briz-M engine cut off prematurely during a burn,[10] leaving the satellite in a medium Earth orbit. Following a small legal dispute,[11] the satellite was sold, and raised to a geosynchronous orbit by its manoeuvring thrusters, at the expense of a large amount of its fuel and hence operational life.[12]

On 3 August, SpaceX launched the third Falcon 1. Due to residual thrust caused by the upgraded Merlin-1C engine which was being flown for the first time, the first stage recontacted the second during staging, resulting in the rocket failing to reach orbit. The Trailblazer, PreSat and NanoSail-D satellites were lost in the failure, as was a space burial capsule, containing the remains of several hundred people, including astronaut Gordon Cooper, actor James Doohan, writer and director John Meredyth Lucas and Apollo mission planner Mareta West.[13]

On 16 August, Iran launched a Safir, which though officially successful, was reported to have failed due to a second stage malfunction. The purpose of this launch is in doubt, as before the launch it was claimed that it would place the Omid into orbit, whilst following the launch, it was reported that a boilerplate payload had been launched.[14] Other reports indicated that the launch was only a suborbital test of the rocket.[15] If this was an orbital launch attempt, it was the first Iranian attempt to launch a satellite.

On 22 August, the inaugural launch of the Alliant Techsystems ALV X-1 was terminated 27 seconds after launch from Wallops Flight Facility when it veered off course. Both hypersonic physics experiments on board were destroyed.[16]

Summary of launches

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The ATK Launch Vehicle, launched on a suborbital flight in August

In total, sixty nine orbital launches were made in 2008, with sixty seven reaching orbit, and two outright failures if the Iranian launch in August is counted.[3] This is an increase of one orbital launch attempt on 2007, with two more launches reaching orbit, which continues a trend of increasing launch rates seen since 2006. The final launch of the year was conducted on 25 December, by a Proton-M with three GLONASS navigation satellites for the Russian government.

 
Launch of an SM-3 missile to destroy USA-193

Suborbital spaceflight in 2008 saw a number of sounding rocket and missile launches. On 21 February, a RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 was used as an anti-satellite weapon to destroy the USA-193 satellite. USA-193 was a US spy satellite which had failed immediately after launch in 2006.[17][18]

By country

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China conducted twelve orbital launches of a planned fifteen. Europe had intended to conduct seven launches of Ariane 5 rockets, and the maiden flight of the Vega rocket, however payload delays pushed one of the Arianes into 2009, and the Vega was delayed due to development issues. India had originally scheduled five to seven launches, however only three of these were conducted, mostly due to delays with the launch of Chandraayan-1. Japan scheduled three launches for 2008, of which one was launched; an H-IIA with WINDS in February. Russia and the former Soviet Union conducted twenty six launches, not including the international Sea and Land launch programmes, which conducted six. Fourteen launches were conducted by the United States, which had originally announced plans to launch many more, however technical issues with several rockets, particularly the Atlas V, Delta II and Falcon 1, caused a number of delays. The Atlas problems, combined with a series of delays to the launch of NRO L-26 on a Delta IV, resulted in just two of ten planned EELV launches being conducted.[3][19] Two of six planned Space Shuttle launches were also delayed to 2009, one due to problems with External Tank delivery, and another due to a major systems failure on the Hubble Space Telescope, which it was to have serviced. Israel was not reported to have scheduled, or conducted an orbital launch attempt.

Orbital launches

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Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat) 		Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January

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15 January
11:49[2] 		  Zenit-3SL   Ocean Odyssey   Sea Launch
  Thuraya 3 Thuraya Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
21 January
03:45[2] 		  PSLV-CA   Satish Dhawan FLP   ISRO
  TecSAR (Polaris) IAI Low Earth Reconnaissance In orbit Operational
28 January
00:18[2] 		  Proton-M / Briz-M   Baikonur Site 200/39   Roskosmos
  Ekspress AM-33 RSCC Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational

February

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5 February
13:02:54[2] 		  Soyuz-U   Baikonur Site 1/5   Roscosmos
  Progress M-63 Roscosmos Low Earth (ISS) ISS logistics 7 April
11:50[20]		 Successful
ISS flight 28P
7 February
19:45:30[2] 		  Space Shuttle Atlantis   Kennedy LC-39A   United Space Alliance
  STS-122 NASA Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly 20 February
14:07:10[21]		 Successful
  Columbus ESA Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
Crewed flight with seven astronauts
11 February
11:34[2] 		  Proton-M / Briz-M   Baikonur Site 200/39     International Launch Services
  Thor-5 Telenor Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
23 February
08:55[2] 		  H-IIA 2024   Tanegashima LA-Y   Mitsubishi
  WINDS (Kizuna) JAXA / NICT Geosynchronous Communications
Technology		 In orbit Successful[22]

March

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9 March
04:03:07[2] 		  Ariane 5ES   Kourou ELA-3   Arianespace
 Jules Verne ATV ESA Low Earth (ISS) ISS logistics 29 September
13:31		 Successful
Maiden flight of Ariane 5ES and ATV
11 March
06:28:14[2] 		  Space Shuttle Endeavour   Kennedy LC-39A   United Space Alliance
  STS-123 NASA Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly 27 March
00:39:08[24]		 Successful
  Spacelab MD002[23] NASA Low Earth (STS/ISS) ISS logistics Successful
  JEM ELM-PF JAXA Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
  Dextre (SPDM) MDA Corporation Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
Crewed flight with seven astronauts
Final flight of Spacelab programme, pallet used to transport Dextre[23]
13 March
10:02[2] 		  Atlas V 411   Vandenberg SLC-3E   United Launch Alliance
  USA-200 (Improved Trumpet)[25] NRO Molniya[25] ELINT[25] In orbit Operational
NRO Launch 28, first Atlas V launch from Vandenberg
14 March
23:18:55[2][29] 		  Proton-M / Briz-M   Baikonur Site 200/39     International Launch Services
  AMC-14 SES Americom Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Partial launch failure[3]
Upper stage malfunction during second burn left spacecraft in wrong orbit[10][26]
Initial recovery attempted but abandoned due to legal issues.[11][27] Later sold and recovery efforts restarted.[28]
15 March
06:10[30] 		  Delta II 7925-9.5   Cape Canaveral SLC-17A   United Launch Alliance
  USA-201 (GPS IIR-19/M6)[31] US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
80th consecutive successful Delta II launch.[30]
19 March
22:47:59[32] 		  Zenit-3SL   Ocean Odyssey   Sea Launch
  DirecTV-11 DirecTV Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
27 March
17:15[33] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk Site 132/1     COSMOS International
  SAR-Lupe 4 Bundeswehr Low Earth (SSO) Reconnaissance In orbit Operational

April

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8 April
11:16:39[20][35] 		  Soyuz-FG   Baikonur Site 1/5   Roscosmos
  Soyuz TMA-12 Roscosmos Low Earth (ISS) ISS Expedition 17[35] 24 October
03:37[36]		 Successful
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts, including first South Korean in space[20] and first second-generation cosmonaut[34]
Docked on 10 April at 12:57 GMT[35]
14 April
20:12:00[37] 		  Atlas V 421   Cape Canaveral SLC-41   United Launch Alliance
  ICO G1 ICO Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Heaviest single commercial satellite to be placed in GSO.
Heaviest satellite to be launched by an Atlas rocket.[37]
16 April
17:01[38] 		  Pegasus-XL    Stargazer, Kwajalein Atoll   Orbital Sciences
  C/NOFS STP/NASA Low Earth Electrodynamics 28 November 2015 Successful
18 April
22:17[39] 		  Ariane 5 ECA   Kourou ELA-3   Arianespace
  Vinasat-1 VNPT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
  Star One C2 Star One Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
First Vietnamese satellite
25 April
15:35[40] 		  Long March 3C   Xichang LA-2   CNSA
  Tianlian I-01 CNSA Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Maiden flight of Long March 3C
26 April
22:16:02[41] 		  Soyuz-FG / Fregat   Baikonur Site 31/6     Starsem
  GIOVE-B ESA Medium Earth Navigation
Technology demonstration		 In orbit Operational
28 April
03:53:51[43][44] 		  PSLV-C   Satish Dhawan SLP   ISRO
  Cartosat-2A[45] ISRO Low Earth Earth observation In orbit Operational
  TWSAT (IMS-1)[45] ISRO Low Earth Earth observation In orbit Operational
  RUBIN-8[46] OHB System Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
⚀   AAUSAT-II[47] Aalborg Low Earth Radiation[47] In orbit Operational
⚀   CanX-2[48] UTIAS Low Earth Technology demonstration[48] In orbit Operational
⚀   CanX-6[49] UTIAS/COM DEV Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
⚀   COMPASS-1[50] Aachen Low Earth Earth observation
Technology demonstration		 In orbit Operational
⚀   Cute-1.7+APD II[51] Tokodai Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
⚀   Delfi-C3[52] Delft Low Earth Technology demonstration 13 November 2023[53] Successful
⚀   SEEDS-2[54] Nihon Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
All payloads except CartoSat, TWSAT and RUBIN were CubeSats, launched under designation NSL-4, except CanX-6 which was NSL-5.[42]
RUBIN-8 intentionally remained attached to upper stage
28 April
05:00[56] 		  Zenit-3SLB   Baikonur Site 45/1   Land Launch
  AMOS-3 (AMOS-60) SCL Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
First Land Launch flight and maiden flight of Zenit-3SLB.
Reached incorrect orbit due to carrier rocket underperformance.[55] Corrected by satellite through use of spare fuel, without affecting operational life.

May

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14 May
20:22:54[57][58] 		  Soyuz-U   Baikonur Site 1/5   Roscosmos
  Progress M-64 Roscosmos Low Earth (ISS) ISS logistics 8 September[59] Successful
ISS flight 29P
21 May
09:43[60] 		  Zenit-3SL   Ocean Odyssey   Sea Launch
  Galaxy 18 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
23 May
15:20:09[61] 		  Rokot / Briz-KM   Plesetsk Site 133/3[56]   RVSN RF
  Kosmos 2437 (Rodnik)[62] VKS Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
  Kosmos 2438 (Rodnik)[62] VKS Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
  Kosmos 2439 (Rodnik)[62] VKS Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
  Yubeleiny NPO PM[63] Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
27 May
03:02[64] 		  Long March 4C   Taiyuan LC-1   CASC
  Fengyun 3A CMA Sun-synchronous Weather[65] In orbit Operational
31 May
21:02:12[66][67] 		  Space Shuttle Discovery   Kennedy LC-39A   United Space Alliance
  STS-124 NASA Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly 14 June
15:15[68]		 Successful
  JEM-PM JAXA Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
Crewed flight with seven astronauts

June

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9 June
12:15[69] 		  Long March 3B[70]   Xichang LC-2   CASC
  Chinasat 9[71] CNPT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
11 June
16:05[72] 		  Delta II 7920H-10C   Cape Canaveral SLC-17B   United Launch Alliance
  FGST[73] (GLAST)[74] NASA Low Earth Gamma-ray astronomy In orbit Operational
12 June
22:05:02[75] 		  Ariane 5 ECA   Kourou ELA-3   Arianespace
  Skynet 5C MoD Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
  Turksat 3A Türksat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
19 June
06:36
[77][78] 		  Kosmos-3M   Kapustin Yar Site 107     COSMOS International
  Orbcomm CDS-3 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
  Orbcomm QL-1 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational[79]
  Orbcomm QL-2 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
  Orbcomm QL-3 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational[79]
  Orbcomm QL-4 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
  Orbcomm QL-5 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
Spacecraft affected by communications problems, four had failed by December 2009.[76]
20 June
07:46:25[77] 		  Delta II 7320   Vandenberg SLC-2W   United Launch Alliance
  Jason-2 (OSTM) NASA Low Earth Oceanography In orbit Operational
26 June
23:59[80] 		  Proton-K / DM-2[81] (?? DM-3[28])   Baikonur Site 81/24   RVSN RF
  Kosmos 2440 (Prognoz)[28] VKS Geosynchronous Missile defence[28] In orbit Operational

July

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7 July
21:47[82] 		  Ariane 5 ECA   Kourou ELA-3   Arianespace
  Badr-6 Arabsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
  ProtoStar-1[83] ProtoStar Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
16 July
05:20:59
[84][85] 		  Zenit-3SL   Ocean Odyssey   Sea Launch
  Echostar 11 Echostar Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
22 July
02:40:09
[86][87] 		  Kosmos-3M   Plesetsk Site 132/1     COSMOS International[citation needed]
  SAR-Lupe 5 Bundeswehr Low Earth (SSO) Reconnaissance In orbit Operational
26 July
18:31[88] 		  Soyuz-2.1b   Plesetsk Site 43/4   RVSN RF
  Kosmos 2441 (Persona)[88] VKS Low Earth (SSO) Reconnaissance In orbit Spacecraft failure
Spacecraft lost due to electrical malfunction[citation needed]

August

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3 August
03:34[89][94] 		  Falcon 1   Omelek   SpaceX
  Trailblazer ORS / MDA Intended: Low Earth Technology demonstration ~T+140 seconds[95] Launch failure[95]
⚀   PreSat[96] Santa Clara / NASA[96][97] Intended: Low Earth Biological
⚀   NanoSail-D[96] Santa Clara / NASA[96][98] Intended: Low Earth Solar sail
  Explorers[99] Celestis Intended: Low Earth Space burial
First and second stage recontact due to residual thrust.[89] PreSAT and NanoSail-D CubeSats, Celestis burial payload included remains of astronaut Gordon Cooper,[90] actor James Doohan,[91] writer and director John Meredyth Lucas,[92] and Apollo mission planner Mareta West[93]
14 August
20:44[77] 		  Ariane 5 ECA   Kourou ELA-3   Arianespace
  Superbird 7 SCC Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
  AMC-21 SES Americom Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
16 August
19:32[100] 		  Safir[101]   Semnan   ISA
  DemoSat[102] ISA Intended: Low Earth[100] Test flight 16 August Launch failure[100]
Reported to have been first Iranian orbital launch attempt. Officially successful, however no objects were left in orbit.[100] Unofficial reports of a second stage malfunction.[100] Also reported to have been a suborbital test, or an attempt to launch the Omid satellite, instead of an orbital test launch.
18 August
22:43[103][104][105] 		  Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced   Baikonur Site 200/39[105]     International Launch Services
  Inmarsat-4 F3[106] Inmarsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
29 August
07:15:58[107] 		  Dnepr   Baikonur Site 109/95   ISC Kosmotras
  Tachys (RapidEye-1)[108] RapidEye / Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[109]
  Mati (RapidEye-2)[108] RapidEye / Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[109]
  Choma (RapidEye-3)[108] RapidEye / Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[109]
  Choros (RapidEye-4)[108] RapidEye / Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[109]
  Trochia (RapidEye-5)[108] RapidEye / Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[109]

September

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6 September
03:25[110] 		  Long March 2C   Taiyuan LC-1   CASC
  Huan Jing 1A CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
  Huan Jing 1B CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
6 September
18:50:57[111] 		  Delta II 7420   Vandenberg SLC-2W   United Launch Alliance
  GeoEye 1 (Orbview 5) GeoEye Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
10 September
19:50:02[59] 		  Soyuz-U   Baikonur Site 1/5   Roscosmos
  Progress M-65 Roscosmos Low Earth (ISS) ISS logistics 7 December
08:48:47[112]		 Successful
ISS flight 30P
19 September
21:48[108][113] 		  Proton-M / Briz-M   Baikonur Site 200/39     International Launch Services
  Nimiq-4[114] Telesat Canada Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
24 September
09:27:59[115] 		  Zenit-3SL   Ocean Odyssey   Sea Launch
  Galaxy 19 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
25 September
08:49:37
[108][116] 		  Proton-M / DM-2[117]   Baikonur Site 81/24   RVSN RF
  Kosmos 2442 (GLONASS)[108][118] VKS Medium Earth Navigation[119] In orbit Operational
  Kosmos 2443 (GLONASS)[108][118] VKS Medium Earth Navigation[119] In orbit Operational
  Kosmos 2444 (GLONASS)[108][118] VKS Medium Earth Navigation[119] In orbit Operational
25 September
13:10[108][121] 		  Long March 2F   Jiuquan LA-4/SLS-1   CASC
  Shenzhou 7 CMSA Low Earth Crewed flight 28 September
09:37:40[120]		 Successful
  Ban Xing[120] CMSA Low Earth Technology demonstration 30 October 2009[122] Successful
  Shenzhou 7-GC[120] CMSA Low Earth Technology demonstration 4 January 2010[123] Successful
Crewed flight with three yǔhángyuán, crew conducted first Chinese EVA
Ban Xing deployed from Shenzhou on 27 September at 11:27 GMT, GC separated on 28 September at 08:48 to begin independent mission[120]
28 September
23:15[125] 		  Falcon 1   Omelek   SpaceX
  RatSat[120] SpaceX Low Earth Boilerplate In orbit Successful[125][124]
Launched boilerplate payload. First privately funded and developed liquid fuelled rocket to reach orbit.[124]

October

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1 October
06:37:16 		  Dnepr   Dombarovskiy   ISC Kosmotras
  THEOS GISTDA Low Earth Earth observation In orbit Operational
12 October
07:01[126] 		  Soyuz-FG   Baikonur Site 1/5   Roscosmos
  Soyuz TMA-13[127] Roscosmos Low Earth (ISS) ISS Expedition 18 8 April 2009
07:16		 Successful
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts, including a space tourist. 100th flight of the Soyuz programme to be crewed at some point in its mission[9]
19 October
17:47:23[128] 		 Pegasus-XL/Star-27    Stargazer, Kwajalein Atoll  Orbital Sciences
  IBEX NASA High Earth Solar In orbit Operational
22 October
00:52:11[130] 		  PSLV-XL   Satish Dhawan SLP   ISRO
  Chandrayaan-1[131] ISRO Selenocentric Lunar orbiter In orbit Partial spacecraft failure
  MIP ISRO Selenocentric Lunar impactor 14 November Successful
First Indian lunar spacecraft,[129] failed on 28 August 2009 after less than half of planned mission duration, maiden flight of PSLV-XL
25 October
01:15[133] 		  Long March 4B   Taiyuan LC-2[132]   CASC
  Shijian 6-03A CNSA Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
  Shijian 6-03B CNSA Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
First launch from Taiyuan LC-2[132]
25 October
02:28[134] 		  Delta II 7420-10   Vandenberg SLC-2W   United Launch Alliance
  COSMO-3 ASI[135] Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
29 October
16:53:53[136] 		  Long March 3B/E   Xichang LC-2   CASC
  VeneSat-1 (Simón Bolívar) VMoST Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful; Partial spacecraft failure
First Venezuelan satellite.[136] Lost in March 2020 due to the failure of both solar array drives.[137]

November

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5 November
00:15[138] 		  Long March 2D[139]   Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center SLS-2[140]   CASC
  Chuang Xin 1B CNSA Low Earth Weather In orbit Operational
  Shiyan 3[140] CNSA Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
5 November
20:44 		  Proton-M / Briz-M   Baikonur Site 200/39     International Launch Services
  Astra 1M SES Astra Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Final flight of standard Proton-M
14 November
15:50[141] 		  Soyuz-U   Plesetsk Site 16/2   RVSN RF
  Kosmos 2445 (Kobalt-M) VKS Low Earth Optical imaging 23 February 2009[142]
16:15[143]		 Successful
15 November
00:55:39[145] 		  Space Shuttle Endeavour[146]   Kennedy LC-39A   United Space Alliance
  STS-126[147] NASA Low Earth (ISS) ISS assembly 30 November
21:25:06[148]		 Successful
  Leonardo MPLM ASI / NASA Low Earth (ISS) ISS logistics Successful
  PSSC U.S. Air Force Low Earth Technology demonstration 17 February 2010
17:31[149]		 Successful
Crewed flight with seven astronauts, PSSC deployed from Shuttle at 20:33 GMT on 29 November and operated for 110 days.[144]
26 November
12:38:27[150] 		  Soyuz-U   Baikonur Site 1/5   Roscosmos
  Progress M-01M Roscosmos Low Earth (ISS) ISS logistics 8 February 2009
08:20[151]		 Successful
First flight of modernised Progress spacecraft, Kurs anomaly necessitated manual docking.
ISS flight 31P

December

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1 December
04:42[152] 		  Long March 2D   Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center SLS-2   CASC
  Yaogan-4 CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
2 December
05:00[153] 		  Molniya-M/2BL[154]   Plesetsk Site 16/2   RVSN RF
  Kosmos 2446 (Oko) VKS Molniya Missile defence In orbit Operational
10 December
13:43:00[155] 		  Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced   Baikonur Site 200/39     International Launch Services
  Ciel-2[77] Ciel[156] Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
15 December
03:22[157] 		  Long March 4B   Taiyuan LC-2   CASC
  Yaogan-5 CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation 2 September 2014 Successful
20 December
22:35[158] 		  Ariane 5 ECA   Kourou ELA-3   Arianespace
  Hot Bird 9[77] Eutelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
  Eutelsat W2M[77] Eutelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure[159]
23 December
00:54[160] 		  Long March 3A   Xichang LC-2   CASC
  Fengyun 2E CMA Geosynchronous Meteorology In orbit Operational
25 December
10:43[161] 		  Proton-M / DM-2 Enhanced   Baikonur Site 81/24   RVSN RF
  Kosmos 2447 (GLONASS) VKS Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
  Kosmos 2448 (GLONASS) VKS Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
  Kosmos 2449 (GLONASS) VKS Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
First flight of Proton-M Enhanced with DM-2 upper stage, last orbital launch from Baikonur to be conducted by the Russian military

Suborbital launches

edit
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat) 		Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January-March

edit
11 January
05:32[1] 		  Black Brant IX   White Sands LC-36   NASA
  LIDOS JHU Suborbital UV Astronomy 05:42 Successful
Apogee: 315 kilometres (196 mi)
17 January[162]   Jericho III   Palmachim   Israeli Air Force
Israeli Air Force Suborbital Missile test 17 January Successful
18 January
07:30[163] 		  Black Brant XII   Andøya   NASA
  SCIFER-2 Cornell/Dartmouth Suborbital Ionospheric research 18 January Successful
Apogee: 1,460 kilometres (910 mi)
25 January[164]   Shaheen-I   Sonmiani   Pakistan Army
Pakistan Army Suborbital Missile test 25 January Successful
31 January
19:14[165] 		    VS-30-Orion   Andøya     DLR/Andøya
  HotPay-2 University of Leeds Suborbital Ionospheric research 31 January Successful
Apogee: 380.6 kilometres (236.5 mi)
4 February[166]   Safir   Semnan   ISA
  Kavoshgar-1 ISA Suborbital Test flight 4 February Successful
6 February
09:14:40[167] 		  S-310   Uchinoura   JAXA
JAXA Suborbital Ionospheric research 6 February Successful
7 February
11:30[168] 		  VSB-30   Esrange     DLR / ESA
    TEXUS-44 DLR / ESA Suborbital Microgravity 7 February Successful
Apogee: 264 kilometres (164 mi)
21 February
03:26[169] 		  RIM-161 Standard Missile 3   USS Lake Erie   U.S. Navy / MDA
  ASAT MDA Suborbital Satellite intercept 03:29[169] Successful
Destroyed USA-193 satellite[17]
21 February
06:15[168] 		  VSB-30   Esrange     DLR / ESA
    TEXUS-45 DLR / ESA Suborbital Microgravity 21 February Successful
26 February
07:28[170] 		  K-15 Sagarika   INS Kalinga   Indian Navy
Indian Navy Suborbital Missile test 26 February Successful
23 March
04:45[171] 		  Agni 1   Integrated Test Range LC-4[171]   Indian Army
SFC / DRDO Suborbital Missile test 23 March Successful
28 March   VSB-30   Andøya   Andøya
  Mini-DUSTY 14 Andøya Suborbital Ionospheric research 28 March Successful

April-June

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2 April
08:01[172] 		  LGM-30G Minuteman III   Vandenberg LF-09   U.S. Air Force
 GT-196GM U.S. Air Force Suborbital Missile test 2 April Successful
Travelled 6,759 kilometres (4,200 mi) downrange[172]
14 April
16:58[173] 		  Black Brant IX   White Sands LC-36   NASA
  SEE UCB LASP Suborbital UV Astronomy[174] 17:08[173] Successful
15 April   Blue Sparrow   F-15 Eagle, Israel   Israeli Air Force
Israeli Air Force Suborbital Test flight 15 April Successful
Maiden flight of Blue Sparrow.
19 April[175][176]   Shaheen-II   Sonmiani   Pakistan Army[177]
Pakistan Army[177] Suborbital Missile test 19 April Successful
21 April[178]   Shaheen-II   Sonmiani   Pakistan Army
Pakistan Army Suborbital Missile test 21 April Successful
1 May
05:30[179][180] 		  Black Brant IX   White Sands LC-36   NASA
JHU Suborbital UV Astronomy 05:40 Successful
7 May
04:26[181][182] 		  Agni-III  Integrated Test Range LC-4  Indian Army
SFC/DRDO Suborbital Missile test 04:41 Successful
8 May   UGM-133 Trident II   USS Nebraska   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 8 May Successful
8 May  UGM-133 Trident II  USS Nebraska   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 8 May Successful
15 May
04:00[184][185][183] 		  VSB-30   Esrange     SSC/DLR
    MASER-11 SSC/ESA Suborbital Microgravity 15 May Successful[183]
Apogee: 252 kilometres (157 mi)[183]
22 May
10:04[187][188] 		  LGM-30G Minuteman III   Vandenberg LF-10   U.S. Air Force
  GT-197GM U.S. Air Force/NNSA[187] Suborbital Missile test 22 May Successful
Long range test[186]
23 May
05:00[189] 		  Prithvi  Integrated Test Range   Indian Army
Indian Army[189] Suborbital Missile test 23 May Successful
User test[189]
29 May   JL-2   P629 submarine, Yellow Sea   PLAN
PLAN Suborbital Missile test 29 May Successful
5 June
18:13 		  TR-SRBM FTM-14   USS Tripoli, Kauai   U.S. Navy / MDA
MDA Suborbital AEGIS target 5 June Successful
Destroyed after re-entry by endoatmospheric SM-2 missile launch
13 June   MRT   Barking Sands   U.S. Navy / MDA
MDA Suborbital AEGIS target 13 June Successful
Used for simulated test, not intercepted
13 June   MRT   Barking Sands   U.S. Navy / MDA
MDA Suborbital AEGIS target 13 June Successful
Used for simulated test, not intercepted
26 June
02:16[190] 		  TRBM FTT-09   C-17, Pacific Ocean   U.S. Air Force
MDA Suborbital THAAD Target 26 June Successful
Intercepted after re-entry by THAAD launched from KMR at 02:22 GMT.[190][191][192]
26 June
19:57[193][194] 		  Black Brant XI   Wallops Island   NASA
MDA[194] Suborbital Technology demonstration 26 June Successful
30 June[195]   Nike-Orion   Andøya   Andøya
    ECOMA 2008-1 Andøya / DLR Suborbital Aeronomy 30 June Successful

July-September

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7 July
21:30[195] 		  Nike-Orion   Andøya   Andøya
    ECOMA 2008-2 Andøya / DLR Suborbital Aeronomy 7 July Successful
Apogee: 125 kilometres (78 mi)
9 July[196]   Shahab-3[citation needed]   Strait of Hormuz[196]   IRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 9 July Successful
Part of Great Prophet III exercise.[citation needed]
9 July[196]   Shahab-2[197]   Strait of Hormuz[196]   IRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 9 July Successful
Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[citation needed] missile type not confirmed.
9 July[196]   Shahab-1[197]   Strait of Hormuz[196]   IRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 9 July Successful
Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[citation needed] missile type not confirmed.
10 July[198]   Shahab-3   Strait of Hormuz   IRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 10 July Successful
Part of Great Prophet III exercise, missile type not confirmed.
12 July
10:46[195] 		  Nike-Orion   Andøya[195]   Andøya
    ECOMA 2008-3 Andøya / DLR Suborbital Aeronomy[195] 12 July Successful
Apogee: 123 kilometres (76 mi)[195]
14 July
10:10[199] 		  Terrier-Orion[200]   Wallops Island LP-1   NASA
  SubTEC-II NASA / Wallops Suborbital Technology demonstration 14 July Successful
18 July
22:47[201] 		  UGM-27 Polaris (STARS   Kodiak Island   U.S. Air Force
  FTX-03 MDA Suborbital Target 18 July Successful[202]
Radar targeting test only, missile not intercepted
1 August[citation needed]   R-29   Ryazan, Barents Sea[citation needed]   VMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 1 August Successful[citation needed]
2 August
08:30[203][204] 		  S-520   Uchinoura   JAXA
JAXA/Teikyo Suborbital Microgravity 2 August Successful
Apogee: 293 kilometres (182 mi)
13 August
08:01[206] 		  LGM-30G Minuteman III   Vandenberg   U.S. Air Force
  GT-195GM U.S. Air Force Suborbital Missile test 13 August Successful[206]
Travelled about 6,790 kilometres (4,220 mi) downrange.[205]
22 August
09:10[208] 		  ALV   MARS LP-0B   Alliant Techsystems
  SOAREX-VI NASA Suborbital Technology demonstration T+27 seconds[208] Launch failure
  Hy-BoLT NASA Suborbital Aerodynamics
Only flight of ALV, veered off course to the South and destroyed by RSO[207]
25 August[209]  UGM-133 Trident II   USS Louisiana, Pacific Ocean   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 25 August Successful
25 August[209]  UGM-133 Trident II  USS Louisiana, Pacific Ocean   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 25 August Successful
28 August[210]   RT-2PM Topol (RS-12M)   Plesetsk   RVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 28 August Successful
18 September
02:05[211] 		FTT-10   Kauai   MDA
MDA Suborbital Target 18 September Launch failure[211]
Two THAAD intercept launches cancelled.[211]
18 September
14:45[212] 		  RSM-56 Bulava (R-30)   Dmitri Donskoi, White Sea[213]   VMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 15:05[214] Successful
24 September
06:57[215] 		  Chimera[215] (Minuteman/Minotaur II)   Vandenberg LF-06   Orbital Sciences
  NFIRE 2b MDA Suborbital Target 24 September Successful
Tracked by NFIRE satellite

October-December

edit
11 October[citation needed]   R-29RMU Sineva   Tula, Barents Sea   VMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 11 October Successful
Long-range test[citation needed]
12 October
07:24[citation needed] 		  RT-2PM Topol (RS-12M)   Plesetsk   RVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 07:50[citation needed] Successful
12 October[216]   R-29R Vysota   Zelenograd, Sea of Okhotsk[216]   VMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 12 October Successful
12 October[216]   R-29RM Shtil   Yekaterinburg, Barents Sea[216]   VMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 12 October Successful
20 October
08:39[217] 		  Black Brant IX   White Sands LC-36   NASA
NRL Suborbital UV Astronomy[218] 08:49[217] Successful
22 October
09:10[219] 		  RS-18 UR-100N   Baikonur   RVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 22 October Successful
22 October
12:30[220] 		  Nike-Orion   Esrange     EuroLaunch
    REXUS-4 SSC / DLR Suborbital Student research 22 October Successful
Apogee: 175 kilometres (109 mi)
1 November[221] Pacific Blitz   Barking Sands   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Target 1 November Successful
Intercepted by SM-3 missile, part of Pacific Blitz exercise[221]
1 November[221]   RIM-161 SM-3 Pacific Blitz   USS Paul Hamilton, Pacific Ocean[221]   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy[221] Suborbital Intercept test 1 November Successful
Intercepted target missile, part of Pacific Blitz exercise[221]
1 November[221] Pacific Blitz   Barking Sands   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Target 1 November Successful
Intercept by SM-3 missile failed. Part of Pacific Blitz exercise[221]
1 November[221]   RIM-161 SM-3 Pacific Blitz   USS Hopper, Pacific Ocean[221]   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy[221] Suborbital Intercept test 1 November Spacecraft failure
Sensor fault resulted in failure to intercept target missile.[221] Part of Pacific Blitz exercise[221]
5 November
09:00[222] 		  LGM-30G Minuteman III   Vandenberg   U.S. Air Force
  GT-198GM U.S. Air Force Suborbital Missile test 5 November Successful
Travelled 6,740 kilometres (4,190 mi) downrange[222]
12 November
05:56[223] 		  Shaurya[224]  Integrated Test Range LC-3[225]  DRDO
Indian Army Suborbital Missile test 12 November Successful
12 November[226]   Sejjil   Iran   IRGC AF
IRGC AF Suborbital Missile test 12 November Successful
Maiden flight of Sejjil missile
13 November
09:06[227] 		  M51   CEL   FOST
FOST Suborbital Missile test 13 November Successful
14 November   Black Brant IX   White Sands LC-36   NASA
NRL[228] Suborbital Solar[228] 14 November Successful
19 November
02:18[229][230] 		JFTM-2   Barking Sands   U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy / JMSDF Suborbital Target 19 November Successful
Intercept by SM-3 missile failed
19 November
02:21[230] 		  RIM-161 SM-3 JFTM-2   JDS Chōkai, Pacific Ocean   JMSDF
JMSDF Suborbital Interceptor 19 November Spacecraft failure
Infrared sensor fault, failed to intercept target[231]
26 November
13:24[citation needed] 		  RS-24 Yars   Plesetsk   RVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 26 November Successful
26 November[232]   Kavoshgar-2   Semnan   ISA
  Kavoshgar-2 ISA Suborbital Test flight 26 November Successful
Payload recovered by parachute
28 November[233]  RSM-56 Bulava (R-30)   Dmitri Donskoi, White Sea[234]   VMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 28 November Successful
5 December
10:35:10[235] 		   VS-30-Orion   SvalRak   Andøya
  ICI-2[236] Oslo Suborbital Auroral 10:45[235] Successful
Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)[235]
5 December
20:04[238] 		 UGM-27 Polaris (STARS) FTG-05  Kodiak Island   U.S. Air Force
MDA Suborbital Target 20:29[239] Partial spacecraft failure
Decoy target failed to deploy,[237] intercepted by GBI
5 December
20:21[238] 		  Ground Based Interceptor FTG-05   Vandenberg   U.S. Air Force
MDA Suborbital Target 20:29[239] Successful
Intercepted Polaris
23 December
03:00[241] 		 RSM-56 Bulava[242]  Dmitry Donskoi[240]   VMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 23 December Launch failure
Self-destruct system activated after missile went off course.[240]

Deep Space Rendezvous

edit
Date (GMT) Spacecraft Event Remarks
5 January Cassini 40th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,010 kilometres (630 mi)
14 January MESSENGER 1st flyby of Mercury Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi) at 19:04 GMT[243]
22 February Cassini 41st flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 March Cassini 3rd flyby of Enceladus Closest approach: 52 kilometres (32 mi)
25 March Cassini 42nd flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 May Cassini 43rd flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
25 May Phoenix Landing on Mars Region D, Arctic area - Green Valley, near the Heimdal crater: 68°13′08″N 125°44′57″W / 68.2188°N 125.7492°W / 68.2188; -125.7492. Touchdown at 23:38 GMT. Successful[244]
28 May Cassini 44th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,400 kilometres (870 mi)
31 July Cassini 45th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,613 kilometres (1,002 mi)
11 August Cassini 4th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach: 54 kilometres (34 mi)
5 September Rosetta Flyby of 2867 Šteins

Closest approach: 800 kilometres (500 mi)

6 October MESSENGER 2nd flyby of Mercury
9 October Cassini 5th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach: 25 kilometres (16 mi)
31 October Cassini 6th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
3 November Cassini 46th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,100 kilometres (680 mi)
8 November Chandrayaan-1 Injection into Selenocentric orbit Periselene: 504 kilometres (313 mi), Aposelene: 7,502 kilometres (4,662 mi)[245]
14 November MIP Landing on the Moon Lunar Impactor
19 November Cassini 47th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,023 kilometres (636 mi)
5 December Cassini 48th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 960 kilometres (600 mi)
21 December Cassini 49th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 970 kilometres (600 mi)
Distant, non-targeted flybys of Dione, Enceladus, Mimas, Tethys and Titan by Cassini occurred throughout the year.

EVAs

edit
Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Function Remarks
30 January
09:56[246] 		7 hours
10 minutes 		17:06[247] Expedition 16
(ISS Quest) 		 Peggy Whitson
 Daniel M. Tani 		Replace motor and bearing in solar array joint
11 February
14:13[248] 		7 hours
58 minutes 		22:11[248] STS-122
(ISS Quest) 		 Rex J. Walheim
 Stanley G. Love 		Install Power Data Grapple Fixture on Columbus Originally to have been conducted by Walheim and Hans Schlegel, Love replaced Schlegel on medical grounds.[249]
13 February
14:27[250] 		6 hours
45 minutes 		21:12[250] STS-122
(ISS Quest) 		 Rex J. Walheim
 Hans Schlegel 		Replace depleted nitrogen tank
15 February
12:07[250] 		7 hours
25 minutes 		20:32[250] STS-122
(ISS Quest) 		 Rex J. Walheim
 Stanley G. Love 		Install experiments on Columbus, load failed gyroscope onto Shuttle for return to Earth
14 March
01:18[251] 		7 hours
1 minute 		08:19[251] STS-123
(ISS Quest) 		 Richard M. Linnehan
 Garrett Reisman 		Install Kibo ELM-PS and start Dextre assembly
15 March
23:49[252] 		7 hours
8 minutes 		16 March
06:57[252] 		STS-123
(ISS Quest) 		 Richard M. Linnehan
 Michael Foreman 		Dextre assembly
17 March
22:52[252] 		6 hours
53 minutes 		18 March
05:44[252] 		STS-123
(ISS Quest) 		 Richard M. Linnehan
 Robert L. Behnken 		Dextre assembly, install MISSE-6 experiment, and store spare parts outside the ISS MISSE installation failed[252]
20 March
22:04[252] 		6 hours
24 minutes 		21 March
04:08[252] 		STS-123
(ISS Quest) 		 Robert L. Behnken
 Michael Foreman 		Test heat shield repair techniques
22 March
20:34[252] 		6 hours
2 minutes 		23 March
02:36[252] 		STS-123
(ISS Quest) 		 Robert L. Behnken
 Michael Foreman 		Store OBSS on ISS, retry MISSE-6 installation[253]
3 June
16:22[254] 		6 hours
48 minutes[67] 		23:10[67] STS-124
(ISS Quest) 		 Mike Fossum
 Ron Garan 		Install JEM Pressurised Module, Inspect SARJ, retrieve OBSS.[254]
5 June
15:04[67] 		7 hours
11 minutes[67] 		22:15[67] STS-124
(ISS Quest) 		 Mike Fossum
 Ron Garan 		Adjust covers on JEM, Inspect SARJ.[255]
8 June
13:55[67] 		6 hours
33 minutes[67] 		20:28[67] STS-124
(ISS Quest) 		 Mike Fossum
 Ron Garan 		Replace nitrogen tank, inspect SARJ.[256]
10 July
18:48[257] 		6 hours
18 minutes[257] 		11 July
01:06[257] 		Expedition 17
(ISS Pirs)[257] 		 Sergei Volkov
 Oleg Kononenko 		Remove pyrotechnic bolt from Soyuz TMA-12 for inspection.[258]
15 July
17:08[257] 		5 hours
54 minutes[257] 		23:02[257] Expedition 17
(ISS Pirs)[257] 		 Sergei Volkov
 Oleg Kononenko 		Install docking targeting equipment, rotate exposed experiments[259]
27 September
08:38 		22 minutes 09:00 Shenzhou 7  Zhai Zhigang (full)
 Liu Boming (stand-up) 		Test spacesuit, collect experiment First Chinese EVA
18 November
18:09 		6 hours
52 minutes 		19 November
01:01 		STS-126
(ISS Quest) 		 Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
 Stephen G. Bowen 		Transferred an empty nitrogen tank assembly from ESP3 to the shuttle's cargo bay, transferred a new flex hose rotary coupler to ESP3 for future use, removed an insulation cover on the Kibo Exposed Facility berthing mechanism, began cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ, and replacement of its 11 trundle bearing assemblies.[260][261]
20 November
17:58 		6 hours
45 minutes 		21 November
00:43 		STS-126
(ISS Quest) 		 Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
 Robert S. Kimbrough 		Relocated the two CETA carts from the starboard side of the Mobile Transporter to the port side, lubricated the station robotic arm's latching end effector A snare bearings, continued cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ[262][263][264] Conducted on tenth anniversary of the launch of the ISS[262]
22 November
18:01 		6 hours
57 minutes 		23 November
00:58 		STS-126
(ISS Quest) 		 Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
 Stephen G. Bowen 		Completed cleaning and lubrication of all but one of the trundle bearing assemblies (TBA) on the starboard SARJ.[265][266]
24 November
18:24 		6 hours
7 minutes 		25 November
00:31 		STS-126
(ISS Quest) 		 Stephen G. Bowen
 Robert S. Kimbrough 		Completed replacement of trundle bearing assemblies on starboard SARJ, lubricated the port SARJ, installed a video camera, re-installed insulation covers on the Kibo External Facility berthing mechanism, performed Kibo robotic arm grounding tab maintenance, installed spacewalk handrails on Kibo, installed Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) antennae on Kibo, photographed radiators, and photographed trailing umbilical system cables.[267]
23 December
00:51 		5 hours
38 minutes 		06:29 Expedition 18
(ISS Pirs) 		 Michael Fincke
 Yuri Lonchakov 		Install Langmuir probe, EXPOSE-R and IPI-SM experiments.[268] EXPOSE-R installation failed[268]

Orbital launch statistics

edit

By country

edit
 China: 11Europe: 6India: 3Iran: 1Japan: 1Russia: 24Ukraine: 8USA: 15
Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures 		Remarks
  China 11 11 0 0
  Europe 6 6 0 0
  India 3 3 0 0
  Iran 1 0 1 0 First orbital launch attempt[100]
  Japan 1 1 0 0
  Russia 24 23 0 1
  Ukraine 8 8 0 0
  United States 15 14 1 0
World 69 66 2 1

By rocket

edit

By family

edit

By type

edit

By configuration

edit

By launch site

edit
5
10
15
20
China
France
India
International waters
Iran
Japan
Kazakhstan
Marshall Islands
Russia
United States
Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Baikonur   Kazakhstan 19 18 0 1
Cape Canaveral   United States 3 3 0 0
Dombarovsky   Russia 1 1 0 0
Jiuquan   China 3 3 0 0
Kapustin Yar   Russia 1 1 0 0
Kennedy   United States 4 4 0 0
Kwajalein   Marshall Islands 4 3 1 0 Two launches used Stargazer aircraft
Kourou   France 6 6 0 0
Ocean Odyssey   International 5 5 0 0
Plesetsk   Russia 6 6 0 0
Satish Dhawan   India 3 3 0 0
Semnan   Iran 1 0 1 0 First orbital launch attempt
Taiyuan   China 4 4 0 0
Tanegashima   Japan 1 1 0 0
Vandenberg   United States 4 4 0 0
Xichang   China 4 4 0 0
Total 69 66 2 1

By orbit

edit
  •   Transatmospheric
  •   Low Earth
  •   Low Earth (ISS)
  •   Low Earth (SSO)
  •   Low Earth (retrograde)
  •   Medium Earth
  •   Geosychronous
    (transfer)
  •   Inclined GSO
  •   High Earth
  •   Heliocentric
Orbital regime Launches Successes Failures Accidentally
achieved 		Remarks
Transatmospheric 0 0 0 0
Low Earth 36 34 2 0 11 to ISS
Medium Earth / Molniya 6 6 0 0
Geosynchronous / GTO 25 25 0 0
High Earth / Lunar transfer 2 2 0 0
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer 0 0 0 0
Total 69 67 2 0

See also

edit

References

edit
  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link‍]
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link‍]
  • "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link‍]
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Generic references:

  Spaceflight portal

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^ a b "36.243 UG McCandliss/Johns Hopkins University". NASA Sounding Rockets Office. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McDowell, Dr. Jonathan (14 March 2008). "Issue 593". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter (15 March 2008). "Orbital Launches of 2008". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  4. ^ Baldwin, Emily (8 October 2008). "Cassini prepares for double flyby of Enceladus". Astronomy Now. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  5. ^ "NASA Phoenix Mars Lander Confirms Frozen Water". NASA. 20 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  6. ^ "Ulysses". Science and Technology. ESA. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  7. ^ Harwood, William (2 May 2008). "Whitson describes rough Soyuz entry and landing". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
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