This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2024) |
2011 (MMXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2011th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 11th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 2nd year of the 2010s decade.
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
The year marked the start of a series of protests and revolutions throughout the Arab world advocating for democracy, reform, and economic recovery, later leading to the depositions of world leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, and Yemen, and in some cases sparking civil wars such as the Syrian civil war and the first Libyan civil war, the former still ongoing while the latter gave way to the second Libyan civil war.
U.S. Navy SEALs killed al-Qaeda leader and terrorist Osama bin Laden in his compound in Pakistan on May 2. The Curiosity rover, which was to land on Mars in August of the following year, launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26. In December, North Korean leader Kim Jong Il, who had been the supreme leader of North Korea since the death of his father Kim Il Sung in 1994, died while traveling by train to a place outside Pyongyang. He was succeeded by his son Kim Jong Un.
2011 was designated as:
- International Year of Forests
- International Year of Chemistry[1]
- International Year for People of African Descent
In 2011, the nation of Samoa only had 364 days as it moved across the International Date Line skipping December 30, 2011; it is now 24 hours ahead of American Samoa.[2][3]
Events
editJanuary
edit- January 1
- Estonia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the 17th Eurozone country.[4]
- A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt leave a new year service, killing 23 people.
- Flight 348 with 134 occupants, operated by Kolavia, catches fire while taxiing out for take-off. Three people are killed and 43 were injured, four critically, from smoke inhalation or burns.
- A Little Love song by Fiona Fung finally releases to public in the Philippines.
- January 4 – Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi dies after setting himself on fire a month earlier, sparking anti-government protests in Tunisia and later other Arab nations. These protests become known collectively as the Arab Spring.[5][6]
- January 5 – Internet vigilante group Anonymous launches DoS attacks on Syrian, Tunisian, Bahraini, Egyptian, Libyan, and Jordanian government websites in response to the Arab Spring protests.[7][8]
- January 9 – Iran Air Flight 277 crashes near Orumiyeh in the northeast of the country, killing 78 people.
- January 14 – The Tunisian government falls after a month of increasingly violent protests; President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia after 23 years in power.[9][10]
- January 15 – The result of the South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011 is in favour of independence, paving the way for the creation of the new state in July.[11][12]
- January 24 – 37 people are killed and more than 180 others wounded in a bombing at Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow, Russia.[13][14][15]
- January 25 – The 2011 Egyptian revolution begins.
- January 27 – Within Ursa Minor, H1504+65, a white dwarf with the hottest known surface temperature in the universe at 200,000 K, was documented.[16]
- January 28 – Friday of anger (Egyptian revolution of 2011). Protestors clash with security forces which resulted in over 600 protestors estimated dead and several police stations were raided.
February
edit- February 11 – Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigns after widespread protests calling for his departure, leaving control of Egypt in the hands of the military until a general election can be held.[17]
- February 15 – The First Libyan Civil War starts.
- February 19–April 2 – The 2011 Cricket World Cup is held in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka with India defeating Sri Lanka in the final.
- February 22–March 14 – Uncertainty over Libyan oil output causes crude oil prices to rise 20% over a two-week period following the Arab Spring,[18] causing the 2011 energy crisis.
- February 22 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes Christchurch, in what became New Zealand's third-deadliest natural disaster. Over 180 people were killed, many within the CTV Building. Many foreign search and rescue workers responded to the event.
March
edit- March 6 – Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War is triggered when 15 youths in Daraa are arrested for scrawling graffiti on their school wall denouncing the regime of President Bashar al-Assad.
- March 11 – A 9.1-magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of Japan, killing 19,759 and leaving another 2,553 missing. Tsunami warnings are issued in 50 countries and territories. Emergencies are declared at four nuclear power plants affected by the quake.[19] As a result of the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, multiple plants at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant were damaged, several workers injured, and contaminants were released into the environment.
- March 15
- Egypt’s Ministry of Interior dissolves the widely feared and hated State Security Investigations Service accused of human rights abuses and its headquarters stormed by protestors
- Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain, declares a three-month state of emergency as troops from the Gulf Co-operation Council are sent to quell the civil unrest.[20][21]
- Protests breakout across Syria demanding democratic reforms, resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, and release of those imprisoned for the March 6 Daraa protest.[22] The government responds by killing hundreds of protesters and laying siege to various cities, beginning the Syrian Civil War.[23]
- March 17 – The United Nations Security Council votes 10–0 to create a no-fly zone over Libya in response to allegations of government aggression against civilians.[24]
- March 19 – In light of continuing attacks on Libyan rebels by forces in support of leader Muammar Gaddafi,[25] military intervention authorized under UNSCR 1973 begins as French fighter jets make reconnaissance flights over Libya.[26]
April
edit- April 2 – India wins the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
- April 7 – The Israel Defense Forces use their Iron Dome missile system to successfully intercept a BM-21 Grad launched from Gaza, marking the first short-range missile intercept ever.[27]
- April 11 – Former Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo is arrested in his home in Abidjan by supporters of elected President Alassane Ouattara, with support from French forces; this effectively ends the 2010–11 Ivorian crisis and civil war.[28]
- April 15 – The Mexican town of Cherán is taken over by vigilantes in response to abuses from the local drug cartel. The new government is strongly focused on crime reduction and preserving the local environment.
- April 17 – The 2011 PlayStation Network outage begins, becoming one of the largest data breaches ever recorded, and exposing personal data from 77 million accounts on the platform. The outage lasted 23 days.[29]
- April 24 – The 2011 Guantanamo Bay files leak occurs, WikiLeaks and other organisations publishing 779 classified documents about Guantanamo Bay detainees, and it had been exposed 150 innocent citizens from Afghanistan and Pakistan were held in the camp without trial and detainees being as young as 14 years old.[30][31][32][33][34][35]
- April 25–28 – The 2011 Super Outbreak forms in the Southern, Midwest and Eastern United States with a tornado count of 362; killing 324 and injuring over 2,200.
- April 29 – An estimated two billion people[36] watch the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey in London.[37]
May
edit- May 1 – U.S. President Barack Obama announces that Osama bin Laden, the founder and leader of the militant group Al-Qaeda, was killed on May 2, 2011 (PKT, UTC+05) during an American military operation in Pakistan.[38]
- May 5 – In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Court approves same-sex marriage.
- May 10–14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 takes place in Düsseldorf, Germany, and is won by Azeri entrants Ell & Nikki with the song "Running Scared".
- May 11 – A 5.1 earthquake strikes southern Spain, killing 9 and injuring over 400.
- May 16 – The European Union agrees to a €78 billion rescue deal for Portugal. The bailout loan will be equally split between the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund.[39]
- May 21 – Grímsvötn, Iceland's most active volcano, erupts and causes disruption to air travel in Northwestern Europe.[40]
- May 22 – The 2011 Joplin tornado, an EF5 tornado, strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 and injuring 1,150.
- May 26 – Former Bosnian Serb Army commander Ratko Mladić, wanted for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, is arrested in Serbia.[41][42]
June
edit- June 4 – Chile's Puyehue volcano erupts, causing air traffic cancellations across South America, New Zealand and Australia, and forcing over 3,000 people to evacuate.
- June 6 – Twitch.tv, a video game-focused live streaming service, is launched as a spinoff from Justin.tv.[43]
- June 15 – A riot broke out in Vancouver, British Columbia in the aftermath of the Boston Bruins' win over the Vancouver Canucks in game seven of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals
- June 22 – Former Winter Hill Gang leader James "Whitey" Bulger is arrested in Santa Monica, California following an anonymous tip.
- June 26–July 17 – The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup takes place in Germany and is won by Japan.
- June 28 – The Food and Agriculture Organization announces the eradication of the cattle plague rinderpest from the world.[44]
July
edit- July 6 – The International Olympic Committee awards PyeongChang the right to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.
- July 9 – South Sudan secedes from Sudan, per the result of the independence referendum held in January.[45]
- July 12 – The planet Neptune completes its first orbit since it was discovered in 1846.[46]
- July 14 – South Sudan joins the United Nations as the 193rd member.[47]
- July 14–23 – Two frontal systems enter south-central Chile causing great snowfalls that leaves thousand of people isolated.[48]
- July 20
- Goran Hadžić is detained in Serbia, becoming the last of 161 people indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.[49]
- The United Nations declares a famine in southern Somalia, the first in over 30 years.[50]
- Mauno Koivisto becomes the oldest living President of Finland in the history of the nation, surpassing Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg.
- July 21 – Space Shuttle Atlantis lands successfully at Kennedy Space Center after completing STS-135, concluding NASA's Space Shuttle program.[51]
- July 22 – In Norway, Anders Behring Breivik kills 8 people in a bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo, then kills 69 at a massacre at a Workers' Youth League camp on the island of Utøya.[52]
- July 23 – In London, singer Amy Winehouse dies at age 27 due to alcohol poisoning.
- Wenzhou train collision; 2 high speed trains in Wenzhou, China collided on a viaduct, sending multiple cars off the viaduct and crushing some. 40 people were killed and 192 people were injured.[53]
- July 31 – In Thailand over 12.8 million people are affected by severe flooding. The World Bank estimates damages at 1,440 billion baht (US$45 billion).[54] Some areas are still six feet under water, and many factory areas remain closed at the end of the year. 815[55] people are killed, with 58 of the country's 77 provinces affected.[56]
August
edit- August – Stock exchanges worldwide suffer heavy losses due to the fears of contagion of the European sovereign debt crisis and the credit rating downgraded as a result of the debt-ceiling crisis of the United States.[57][58]
- August 5
- NASA announces that its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has captured photographic evidence of possible liquid water on Mars during warm seasons.
- Juno, the first solar-powered spacecraft on a mission to Jupiter, is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.[59]
- August 20–28 – Libyan rebels take control of the capital Tripoli, effectively overthrowing the government of Muammar Gaddafi.[60][61][62]
September
edit- September 5 – India and Bangladesh sign a pact to end their 40-year border demarcation dispute.[63]
- September 9–October 23 – The 2011 Rugby World Cup is held in and won by New Zealand.
- September 10 – The MV Spice Islander I, carrying at least 800 people, sinks off the coast of Zanzibar, killing 240 people.[64]
- September 12 – Approximately 100 people die after a petrol pipeline explodes in Nairobi.[65]
- September 17 – Occupy Wall Street protests begin in the United States. This develops into the Occupy movement which spreads to 82 countries by October.[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]
- September 19 – With 436 dead, the United Nations launches a $357 million appeal for victims of the 2011 Sindh floods in Pakistan.[75]
October
edit- October 4 – The death toll from the flooding of Cambodia's Mekong river and attendant flash floods reaches 207.[76]
- October 18
- Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange: Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner exchange, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.[77][78][79]
- Dozens of exotic animals were released from their enclosures at the Muskingum County Animal Farm in Zanesville, Ohio resulting in the need of local law enforcement to hunt and kill 48 animals including 18 tigers, 6 black bears, 2 grizzly bears, 2 wolves, 1 macaque monkey, 1 baboon, 3 mountain lions and 17 African lions.
- October 20
- Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is killed in Sirte, with National Transitional Council forces taking control of the city and ending the war.[80][81][82][83]
- Basque separatist militant organisation ETA declares an end to its 43-year campaign of political violence, which has killed over 800 people since 1968.[84]
- October 23 – A magnitude 7.2 Mw earthquake jolts eastern Turkey near the city of Van, killing over 600 people and damaging about 2,200 buildings.[85]
- October 27 – After an emergency meeting in Brussels, the European Union announces an agreement to tackle the European sovereign debt crisis which includes a writedown of 50% of Greek bonds, a recapitalisation of European banks and an increase of the bailout fund of the European Financial Stability Facility totaling to €1 trillion.[86][87]
- October 29
- A large snowstorm produced unusual amounts of early snowfall across the northeastern United States and the Canadian Maritimes, leaving 1.7 million people without power and disrupting travel.[88]
- Michael D. Higgins is elected President of Ireland.[89]
- October 31
- Date selected by the UN as the symbolic date when global population reached seven billion.[90]
- UNESCO admits Palestine as a member, following a vote which 107 member states support and 14 oppose.[91]
November
edit- November 9 – The first nationwide Emergency Alert System test was conducted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency.[92]
- November 18 – Mojang Studios releases the blockbuster video game Minecraft, which has since become the best-selling video game of all time.[93]
- November 26 – The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity, is launched from the Kennedy Space Center. It lands on Mars on August 6, 2012.[94][95][96]
- November 30 – The United Kingdom severs diplomatic relations with Iran and expels diplomats, less than 24 hours after protesters attacked the British embassy in Tehran.[97]
December
edit- December 15 – The United States formally declares an end to the Iraq War. While this ends the insurgency, it begins another.[98][99][100][101][102]
- December 16 – Tropical Storm Washi causes 1,268 flash flood fatalities in the Philippines, with 85 people officially listed as missing.[103]
- December 17 – North Korean leader Kim Jong-il dies of either a heart attack or stroke on his way to a field guidance.
- December 19 – Liechtenstein becomes the 26th member state of the Schengen Area.
- December 29 – Samoa and Tokelau move from east to west of the International Date Line, thereby skipping December 30, in order to align their time zones better with their main trading partners.[104]
Full date unknown
edit- Bahrain-based Takaud Savings and Pensions B.S.C. provider is founded.[105]
Births and deaths
editNobel Prizes
edit
- Chemistry – Dan Shechtman[106]
- Economics – Christopher A. Sims and Thomas J. Sargent[107]
- Literature – Tomas Tranströmer[108]
- Peace – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman[109]
- Physics – Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt[110]
- Physiology or Medicine – Bruce Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, and Ralph M. Steinman[111]
New English words
editSee also
edit
References
edit- ^ "United Nations Observances". United Nations. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
- ^ "Samoa to change time zones and move forward by a day". Metro. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011.
- ^ "Samoa to move the International Dateline". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ^ "Estonia becomes 17th member of the euro zone". BBC News. December 31, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ Gardner, Frank (December 17, 2011). "Tunisia one year on: Where the Arab Spring started". BBC News. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ "Vegetable seller who inspired Arab Spring honoured". CBC News. Associated Press. December 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ wconeybeer (January 8, 2011). "Anonymous Operation Tunisia rages, US Govt grows worried". Myce.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ Olson, Parmy (June 5, 2012). We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-21353-0. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ Wyre Davies (December 15, 2010). "BBC News – Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ali forced out". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
- ^ "Uprising in Tunisia: People Power topples Ben Ali regime". Indybay. January 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Al-ManarTV:: South Sudan Referendum Wraps up, Khartoum Vows to Recognize Results 15/01/2011". Almanar.com.lb. January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Sudan referendum: what's being voted on and what will happen? Archived January 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine The Telegraph. January 8, 2011
- ^ Amie Ferris-Rotman (January 24, 2011). "Suicide bomber kills 31 at Russia's biggest airport". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 25, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
- ^ Число жертв теракта в Домодедово возросло до 37 (in Russian). RIA Novosti. February 24, 2011. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Steve Rosenberg (January 24, 2011). "Moscow bombing: Carnage at Russia's Domodedovo airport". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 25, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Werner, K.; Rauch, T. (2011). "UV Spectroscopy of the Hot Bare Stellar Core H1504+65 with the HST Cosmic Origins Spectrograph". Astrophysics and Space Science. 335 (1): 121–24. Bibcode:2011Ap&SS.335..121W. doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0617-x. S2CID 116910726.
- ^ "Hosni Mubarak resigns as president". Al Jazeera. February 11, 2011. Archived from the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ Dicolo, Jerry A.; Baskin, Brian (February 22, 2011). "The Stealth Return of $100 Oil". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Japan earthquake live blog: Death toll rises amid widespread destruction". CNN blog. Time Warner. March 12, 2011. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ Staff writer (March 15, 2011). "Bahrain King Declares State of Emergency after Protests". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
- ^ Staff writer (March 15, 2011). "Two Killed in Bahrain Violence Despite Martial Law". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
- ^ "Mid-East unrest: Syrian protests in Damascus and Aleppo". BBC News. March 15, 2011. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
- ^ "Fresh violence hits Syrian town". Al Jazeera. April 30, 2011. Archived from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
- ^ "libyafeb17.com". libyafeb17.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "World leaders launch military action in Libya". NBC News. March 19, 2011. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Bumiller, Elisabeth (March 19, 2011). "France Sends Military Flights Over Libya". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ Sholom Friedmann (February 14, 2018). "Our Journey". Ami Magazine. No. 355. p. 118.
- ^ "Gbagbo, wife in Ouattara's custody in I.Coast: UN". Reuters. April 11, 2011. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ^ "Welcome Back PSN: The Winners". Kotaku. May 21, 2011. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
- ^ Leigh, David; Ball, James; Cobain, Ian; Burke, Jason (April 25, 2011). "Guantánamo leaks lift lid on world's most controversial prison". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
- ^ "Military Documents Detail Life At Guantanamo". NPR.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "WikiLeaks: Guantanamo Bay terrorist secrets revealed". The Telegraph. April 25, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "Wikileaks: Leak reveals new Guantanamo secrets". The Independent. October 23, 2011. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "WikiLeaks Documents Reveal U.S. Knowingly Imprisoned 150 Innocent Men at Guantánamo". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "Guantánamo Bay files: Children and senile old men among detainees". the Guardian. April 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ Grimley, Naomi (April 29, 2011). "Royal wedding: The world watches William and Kate". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
- ^ "Prince William of Wales & Catherine". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ Goldman, Adam; Brummitt, Chris (May 2, 2011). "Bin Laden's demise: Long pursuit, burst of gunfire". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
- ^ "Portugal's 78bn euro bail-out is formally approved". BBC Business News. May 16, 2011. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ David Learmount (May 26, 2011). "European proceedures (sic) cope with new ash cloud". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ Interpol. "Interpol: Wanted MLADIC, Ratko". Interpol.int. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ Wardrop, Murray (May 26, 2011). "Ratko Mladic: war crimes fugitive 'arrested in Serbia'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ Alex Wilhelm (June 6, 2011). "TwitchTV: Justin.tv's killer new esports project". The Next Web. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
- ^ McNeil Jr, Donald G. (June 27, 2011). "Rinderpest, a Centuries-Old Animal Disease, Is Eradicated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ "South Sudan: New nation". BBC. July 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 12, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
- ^ "Neptune Completes First Orbit Since Its Discovery in 1846". Space.com. July 12, 2011. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
- ^ Worsnip, Patrick; Davies, Megan (July 14, 2011). "South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
- ^ Díaz Labbé, Fernando (December 20, 2011), Nevazones Zona Sur–Regiones Biobío y Araucanía: 2011 (PDF) (in Spanish), Oficina Nacional de Emergencia del Ministerio del Interior, archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2014, retrieved April 29, 2014
- ^ "The Associated Press: Serbia arrests last Balkan war crimes fugitive". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ "Somalia on verge of famine". CBC News. July 18, 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
- ^ "Atlantis Completes Final Space Shuttle Program Landing at 5:57 a.m. EDT". NASA. July 21, 2011. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ "Norway massacre: 'We could hear the gunshots getting closer'". BBC News. October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
- ^ "China bullet train crash 'caused by design flaws'". BBC News. December 28, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
- ^ "Thailand cleans up; Areas remain flooded". Time. Associated Press. December 2, 2011. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012.
- ^ "Death toll of Thai floods rises to 790". The Jakarta Post. December 30, 2011. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ Daniel, Zoe (October 4, 2011). "Hundreds killed in flood-hit Thailand". ABC News Australia. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ Detrixhe, John (August 6, 2011). "U.S. Loses AAA Credit Rating as S&P Slams Debt Levels, Political Process". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Bremer, Catherine; Dmitracova, Olesya (August 8, 2011). "Analysis: France, Britain AAA-ratings under scrutiny". Reuters. Paris/London. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
- ^ "NASA launches mission to Jupiter". RTÉ. August 5, 2011. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "Wednesday, August 31, 2011 – 09:31 GMT+3 – Libya". Blogs.aljazeera.net. August 31, 2011. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ Staff (August 29, 2011). "Gadhafi Family Members in Algeria, Ambassador Says". CNN. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ Staff (August 23, 2011). "Libya Unrest: Rebels Overrun Gadhafi Tripoli Compound". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ^ "India-Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation". Ibnlive.in.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ 197 bodies retrieved in Tanzania ferry accident: Minister Xinhua September 11, 2011
- ^ Hassan Lali (September 12, 2011). "Kenya fire: Nairobi pipeline blaze 'kills at least 75'". BBC News. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ Saba, Michael (September 17, 2011). "Twitter #occupywallstreet movement aims to mimic Iran". CNN tech. Archived from the original on October 31, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ "Occupy Wall Street | September 17th". Adbusters.org. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ Shenker, Jack; Gabbatt, Adam (October 25, 2011). "Tahrir Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- ^ "احتجاجات بـ82 دولة للمطالبة بالعدالة". AlJazeera.net. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
- ^ Joanna Walters (October 8, 2011). "Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
- ^ Derek Thompson (October 15, 2011). "Occupy the World: The '99 Percent' Movement Goes Global". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ^ Karla Adam (October 15, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street protests go global". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
- ^ Karla Adam (October 16, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street protests continue worldwide". The Washington Post.
- ^ Joanna Walters in Seattle (October 8, 2011). "Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities | World news". The Observer. UK. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
- ^ "UN Appeals For $357 Million To Help Pakistan Flood Victims Radio Free Europe". Rferl.org. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "Floods claim 207 lives in Cambodia". Wfp.org. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "After 5 years in captivity, Shalit is back home - CNN.com". CNN. October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ "Gilad Shalit release: Palestinian prisoner exchange getting under way". The Guardian. London. October 18, 2011. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- ^ "Schalit reunites with parents, PM... JPost – Diplomacy & Politics". The Jerusalem Post. October 18, 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "NTC claims capture of Gaddafi – Africa". Al Jazeera English. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ "BBC News – Col Gaddafi killed". BBC. October 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Nakhoul, Samia (October 20, 2011). "Gaddafi dies of wounds – NTC official". Reuters UK. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ "Muammar Gaddafi 'killed' in gun battle – Africa". Al Jazeera English. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Aizpeolea, Luis R. (October 20, 2011). "ETA pone fin a 43 años de terror | Política |". El País. Politica.elpais.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "2011 Van earthquake". Earthquake Report. October 23, 2011. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "Leaders agree eurozone debt deal after late-night talks". BBC News. October 27, 2011. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ Bhatti, Jabeen (October 27, 2011). "EU leaders reach a deal to tackle debt crisis". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ "CT resumes digging out from 'Alfred'". October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013.
- ^ Taggart, Peter (October 29, 2011). "Higgins wins Irish presidential election". CNN. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ "Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges". BBC News. October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ^ "General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member". October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
- ^ "White House on Nationwide Alert: "It's Just a Test"". Fox News. November 9, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Gerken, Tom (October 16, 2023). "Minecraft becomes first video game to hit 300m sales". Retrieved July 15, 2024.
- ^ Dunn, Marcia (November 26, 2011). "NASA launches world's largest rover to Mars". The Globe and Mail. Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
- ^ Klotz, Irene (November 27, 2011). "NASA rover launched to seek out life clues on Mars". Reuters. Cape Canaveral, Florida. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
- ^ "NASA launches new Mars rover". Al Jazeera. November 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
- ^ James Reynolds (November 9, 2011). "UK to expel all Iranian diplomats over embassy attack". BBC. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- ^ "US flag ceremony ends Iraq operation". BBC News. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on December 15, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
- ^ Easley, Jonathan (December 15, 2011). "Panetta marks Iraq war's end in Baghdad". DEFCON Hill – The HILL'S Defense Blog. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
- ^ "US lowers flag to end Iraq war". Associated Press. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. formally ends Iraq war with little fanfare". Associated Press. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
- ^ Mak, Tim (December 15, 2011). "Leon Panetta marks end of Iraq war". POLITICO.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
- ^ "Effects of Tropical Storm "Sendong" (Washi) and Emergency Operations" (PDF). Philippines: National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. December 30, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- ^ "Back to the future: Samoa and Tokelau to cross international date line, jump forward a day". Chicago Tribune. December 21, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "KIPCO Takaud announcement". Reuters. September 25, 2011. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobel Foundation. October 5, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011". Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2011. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011". Nobel Foundation. October 7, 2011. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ "The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release". Nobelprize.org. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "Time Traveler by Merriam-Webster: Words from 2011". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.