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Presidential elections were held in Algeria on 12 December 2019.[1] The election had originally been scheduled for 18 April, but was postponed due to sustained weekly protests against plans by the incumbent president Abdelaziz Bouteflika to run for a fifth term.[2] Bouteflika resigned on 2 April and Abdelkader Bensalah was elected acting president by parliament a week later.[3] On 10 April the election was rescheduled for 4 July.[4] On 2 June the Constitutional Council postponed the elections again, citing a lack of candidates.[5] A new electoral authority, Autorité nationale indépendante des élections (ANIE), was created in mid-September as an alternative to the existing Haute instance indépendante de surveillance des élections (HIISE) defined by the 2016 constitution.[6] The election was rescheduled for 12 December 2019 and ANIE, of disputed constitutional validity,[7][6] announced five valid candidates on 2 November.[8] In their 200000 strong protest on 1 November,[9] Algerian protestors rejected the 12 December election and called for a radical change in the system to take place first.[10] The Forces of the Democratic Alternative (FDA) alliance and the Justice and Development Front also called for boycotting the 12 December election, and the FDA called for creating a constituent assembly.[11]
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| Registered | 24,464,161 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 39.88% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by province | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Electoral system
editThe President of Algeria is elected using the two-round system; if no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round will be held.[12]
Electoral bodies
editThe Algerian Constitution of 2016 created the Haute instance indépendante de surveillance des élections (HIISE) to have overall responsibility for organising elections. For the third attempt to organise the 2019 presidential election, the Algerian lower and upper houses of parliament created the Independent National Elections Authority (ANIE). Lawyer Faïz Moussi and constitutional expert Ahmed Betatache described the procedures for creating ANIE as rushed and unconstitutional.[6] Fouad Makhlouf, secretary-general of HIISE, had stated earlier, in April 2019, that the replacement of HIISE's role by an alternative electoral body would be unconstitutional.[7]
Background
editEarly 2019 protests and internet censorship
editPlans for a presidential election in Algeria in 2019 were a major factor motivating the start of the 2019 Algerian protests, with protestors objecting to the reelection of Abdelaziz Bouteflika.[13]
On 22 February 2019, protests took place in Algiers, Oran, Sétif, Annaba and other Algerian cities over Bouteflika's bid to continue for a fifth term.[14][15] Algerians reported difficulty accessing online services and the NetBlocks internet observatory published technical evidence of multiple targeted internet disruptions at demonstration flashpoints in Tizi Ouzou and around Algiers.[16][13]
Candidates
editBensalah is not eligible to participate in the presidential election.[17][18]
18 April 2019 cancelled election
editOn 3 March 2019, a day after his 82nd birthday and while undergoing medical tests in Switzerland, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika formally submitted his candidacy, but said in a statement read on state TV that he would not serve a full term if re-elected. Instead, he promised to organise a national conference and set a date for an early election which he would not participate in. The announcement followed weeks of protests against his plan to seek a fifth term in office.[19] A week later, on 11 March 2019, Bouteflika withdrew from the race and postponed the election.[20]
On 1 November 2018, journalist Ghani Mahdi announced that he would be a candidate in the election.[21]
On 4 April 2019, Ali Ghediri, a former director of human resources at the Ministry of Defense, announced his candidacy.[22]
4 July 2019 cancelled election
editThe 4 July 2019 election had two candidates who applied: Abdelhakim Hamadi from Jijel, born 23 August 1965, who trained as a vet, worked in the state sector and became a businessman; and Hamid Touahri, an aeronautical mechanical engineer who worked in medical sales and construction and managed an audiovisual production firm.[23] Both candidates' applications were lodged on 25 May, and later rejected by the Constitutional Council, which cancelled the election due to what it called the "impossibility" of organising the election.[24]
12 December 2019 election
editPotential candidates Ahmed Gaid Salah and Noureddine Bedoui won't run.[citation needed][clarification needed] Former prime minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem was expected to be a candidate. The Tajamou Amel El-Djazaïr former minister Amar Ghoul (in prison at the time) announced his participation in the vote.[citation needed]
145 people picked up their application forms, including:[25]
- Ali Benflis, former head of government;
- Abdelaziz Belaid, president of the El Moustakbal Front;
- Aissa Belhadi, president of the Front of Good Governance;
- Abdelkader Bengrina, president of the El-Bina Movement;
- Ali Zeghdoud, president of the Algerian Rally party;
- Mourad Arroudj, president of Errafah;
- Belkacem Sahli, president of the Republican National Alliance;
- Abdelmadjid Tebboune, former Prime Minister;
- Rabah Bencherif;
- Azzedine Mihoubi, former Minister of Culture;
- Rabah Bencherif;
- Souleymen Bakhlili, journalist;
- Ahmed Ben Nâamane, writer;
- Abderrahmane Arrar, coordinator of the Civil Force for Change.
Candidates submitting nominations
editThis list includes all the candidates who have deposited their candidacy file with the Independent National Elections Authority:
| Number | Condidate | Career | Nominee of |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noui Kharchi[26] | University Professor | Independent (supported by National Liberation Front) |
| 2 | Belkacem Sahli[27] | Party leader | National Republican Alliance |
| 3 | Raouf Ayeb[28] | Pharmacist | Independent |
| 4 | Souleymane Bakhlili[29] | Journalist | Independent |
| 5 | Abbas Djamel[30] | University Professor | Independent |
| 6 | Abdelhakim Hamadi[31] | Independent | |
| 7 | Abderrahman Arare[31] | Association leader | Independent |
| 8 | Abderrezak Hbirate[32][33] | Independent | |
| 9 | Abdelaziz Belaïd[34][35] | Party leader | Future Front |
| 10 | Abdelkader Bengrina[31] | Party leader | National Construction Movement |
| 11 | Abdelmadjid Tebboune[32][36] | Former First Minister | Independent |
| 12 | Abelmonaim Najia[37] | Lawyer | Independent |
| 13 | Azzedine Mihoubi[36] | Party leader | Democratic National Rally[38] |
| 14 | Ali Benflis[32][36][39] | Former First Minister | Vanguards Liberties Party |
| 15 | Ali Zeghdoude[40][41] | Party leader | Algerian Rally |
| 16 | Ali Skouri[42] | Independent | |
| 17 | Aissa Belhadi[43] | Party leader | El Hokm Errachid |
| 18 | Fares Mesdour[44] | University Professor | Independent |
| 19 | Labbas Ayadi[45] | Independent | |
| 20 | Mohammed BouAouina[45] | Independent | |
| 21 | Mohammed Dhif[45] | Independent | |
| 22 | Mourad Arouj[46][47] | Party leader |
Final candidates
editThe list below is the final list of candidates for the presidentials of 12 December 2019, after the Constitutional Council rejected all the appeals submitted for failure to establish and not to fulfill the essential requirements contained in Articles 139 and 142 of the Organic Law related to the electoral system, amended and supplemented. The candidates whose appeals were rejected (09) are: Belkacem Sahili, Ali Skouri, Abdel Hakim Hammadi, Noui Kharchi, Muhammad Dhaif, Abdelhakim Hamadi, Mohammed BouAouina, Fares Mesdour, Raouf Ayeb.[48][49]
| Photo | Condidate | Career | Nominee of | Submitted forms | Accepted forms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Abdelkader Bengrina | Party leader | National Construction Movement | 93,151 | 83,342 |
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|
Abdelaziz Belaïd | Party leader | Future Front | 85,166 | 77,239 |
|
Azzedine Mihoubi | Party leader | Democratic National Rally | 70,599 | 65,743 |
|
Ali Benflis | Party leader | Vanguard of Freedoms | 89,472 | 81,295 |
_(cropped).jpg)
|
Abdelmadjid Tebboune | Former First Minister | Independent (supported by National Liberation Front) | 124,125 | 104,826 |
Al Jazeera English described the five candidates as "all part of the political establishment", whose departure from power is one of the main aims of the 2019 Algerian protests.[54] Thomson Reuters described the candidates as "men on the ballot [who] all have close links with the establishment, and though some of them pushed for reforms, many still see them as part of an entrenched, unchanging elite."[55]
Election schedule
editThe timetable for the presidential elections, and the following is an illustrative schedule for the dates and procedures for the presidential elections, 12 December 2019:
| Number | Legal action | Date |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Date of calling the electoral commission to elect the President of the Republic | 15 September 2019 |
| 2 | Extraordinary review of the electoral lists | 22 September 2019 – 6 October 2019 |
| 3 | Submit objections to registration or cancellation | 7 October 2019 – 12 October 2019 |
| 4 | Periodic review of the electoral lists | 12 October 2019 – 17 October 2019 |
| 5 | Deposit the candidacy declaration | 17 October 2019 – 26 October 2019 |
| 6 | Set up voting agencies | 1 October 2019 – 8 December 2019 |
| 7 | Publish the list of voting office members and additional members | 27 October 2019 – 10 November 2019 |
| 8 | Delivering the list of voting office members and additional members to the legally qualified representatives of the candidates at their request | 27 October 2019 – 10 November 2019 |
| 9 | The start and end date of the election campaign | 17 November 2019 – 8 December 2019 |
| 10 | Preventing the publication, broadcasting and probing of opinions, exploring the intentions of voters in voting, and measuring the popularity of candidates at the national level | 9 December 2019 – 12 December 2019 |
| 11 | Preventing the publication, broadcasting and probing of opinions and exploring the voters ’intentions to vote and measuring the popularity of the candidates in relation to the community residing abroad | 7 December 2019 – 12 December 2019 |
| 12 | Election date and time | 12 December 2019 from 08h00 to 19h00 |
| 13 | To object to the validity of the voting operations | 12 December 2019 (Election day) |
| 14 | The announcement of the final results of the presidential elections by the Constitutional Council | 16 December 2019 – 25 December 2019 |
| Second round case | ||
| 15 | The start and end date of the election campaign for the second round | Begins twelve days before and ends two days before the polling date |
| 16 | The date of the second round of the Election | 31 December 2019 – 9 January 2020 |
Boycott
editProtestors
editIn the weekly protests that continued the early 2019 protests that led to Bouteflika dropping his candidacy for the initially scheduled election and resigning from the presidency, twenty thousand protestors called for the 12 December election to be boycotted on the grounds that the system of people in power under Bouteflika remained in place.[8] In the 1 November 2019 demonstration of two hundred thousand demonstrators, on the 37th Friday weekly protest, demonstrators called for all members of the system of power in place to be dismissed and for a radical change in the political system.[10] They rejected the 12 December election, with slogans describing it as "an election with the gangs" and as an "election organised by a corrupt power [which] is a trap for idiots"
Prominent individuals and organisations
editFormer prime minister Ahmed Benbitour, former minister Abdelaziz Rahabi, Ali Fawzi Rebaine, Mohamed Said and Rachid Nekkaz, announced that they are not candidates because of the political climate.[citation needed]
On 28 September, Abdallah Djaballah, president of the Justice and Development Front, announced that his party will not take part in the elections.[11] This was followed by the Society for Peace Movement, which made a similar decision for the same reasons.[citation needed]
The Forces of the Democratic Alternative, a coalition including the Socialist Forces Front (FFS), the Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD), the Workers' Party (PT), the Socialist Workers Party (PST), the Union for Change and Progress (UCP), the Democratic and Social Movement (MDS), the Party for Secularism and Democracy (PLD) and the Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights (LADDH),[57] announced their refusal to participate in the vote.[11][58]
Mayors
editIn September, 56 mayors in Kabylie stated that they would refuse to organise the practical aspects of the 12 December election in their municipalities and would do everything in their power to prevent the election taking place.[59]
Results
editPreliminary results showed that former Prime Minister and Minister of Housing Abdelmadjid Tebboune won the election in the first round, leading his nearest opponent (Abdelkader Bengrina of the Islamist El Binaa party) by over 40% of the valid votes. The official estimate of the turnout of just under 40% of eligible voters was the lowest of any Algerian presidential election held since independence, primarily due to boycotts by citizens and political parties alike. The Rally for Culture and Democracy estimated the turnout five times lower, at 8%.[60] The low turnout, as well as the relatively high number of spoiled ballots out of those who did participate, was seen as a continuation of the pro-democracy protests that preceded the resignation of Abdelaziz Bouteflika, as all approved candidates in the election were seen as members of the political establishment.
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdelmadjid Tebboune | Independent | 4,947,523 | 58.13 | |
| Abdelkader Bengrina | National Construction Movement | 1,477,836 | 17.37 | |
| Ali Benflis | Vanguard of Freedoms | 897,831 | 10.55 | |
| Azzedine Mihoubi | Democratic National Rally | 619,225 | 7.28 | |
| Abdelaziz Belaïd | Future Front | 568,000 | 6.67 | |
| Total | 8,510,415 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 8,510,415 | 87.24 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,244,925 | 12.76 | ||
| Total votes | 9,755,340 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 24,464,161 | 39.88 | ||
| Source: Journal Officiel Algérie | ||||
References
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- ^ "ساحلي: ترشحي جاء لتجسيد السيادة التي طالب بها الحراك الشعبي" [Sahli: My candidacy came to embody the sovereignty demanded by the Hirak movement]. النهار أونلاين (in Arabic). 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ "رؤوف عايب يودع ملف ترشحه للإنتخابات الرئاسية" [Raouf Ayeb filed his candidacy file for the presidential elections]. النهار أونلاين (in Arabic). 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ "سليمان بخليلي: الإنتخابات الرئاسية هي الحل الوحيد للخروج من الأزمة" [Souleymane Bakhlili: Presidential elections are the only solution to get out of the crisis]. النهار أونلاين (in Arabic). 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ Saoud, chakib. "السيد عباس جمال يودع ملف ترشحه بمقر السلطة الوطنية المستقلة" [Mr. Abbas Djamal files his candidacy file at the headquarters of the Independent National Authority]. www.aps.dz (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ a b c "رئاسيات: قائمة الـ 22 الذين أودعوا ملفاتهم" [Presidentials: a list of the 22 who deposited their files]. elkhabar.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ a b c "تبون "ديمقراطي"... بن فليس يتحدى وزغدود باستمارات فارغة!" [Tebboune is a "democratic" ... Ben Felas is challenging and Zughdoud with empty forms!]. الشروق أونلاين (in Arabic). 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ Saoud, chakib. "السيد عبد الرزاق هبيرات يودع ملف ترشحه بمقر السلطة الوطنية المستقلة للانتخابات" [Mr. Abderrezak Hbirate files his candidacy file at the headquarters of the Independent National Elections Authority]. www.aps.dz (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ "عبد العزيز بلعيد : نثق في مؤسسات الدولة ولا نشك في وقوف الشعب بجانبنا" [Abdelaziz Belaid: We trust in state institutions and do not doubt that the people will stand by our side]. النهار أونلاين (in Arabic). 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ chakib, Saoud. "السيد عبد العزيز بلعيد يودع ملف ترشحه بمقر السلطة الوطنية المستقلة للانتخابات" [Mr. Abdelaziz Belaid files his candidacy at the headquarters of the Independent National Elections Authority]. www.aps.dz (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
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