20th century in literature

Literature of the 20th century refers to world literature produced during the 20th century (1901 to 2000).

The main periods in question are often grouped by scholars as Modernist literature, Postmodern literature, flowering from roughly 1900 to 1940 and 1960 to 1990[1] respectively, roughly using World War II as a transition point. After 1960, the somewhat malleable term "contemporary literature" widely appears.

Although these terms (modern, contemporary and postmodern) are generally applicable to and stem from Western literary history, scholars often use them in reference to Asian, Latin American and African literatures. Non-western writers, in particular in Postcolonial literature, have been at the forefront of literary evolution during the twentieth century.

Technological advances facilitated lower production cost for books, coupled with rising populations and literacy rates, which resulted in a significant rise in production of popular literature and trivial literature, comparable to the similar developments in music. The division of "popular literature" and "high literature" in the 20th century is overlapped by genres such as detectives or science fiction, despite being largely ignored by mainstream literary criticism for most of the century. These genres developed their own establishments and critical awards; these include the Nebula Award (since 1965), the British Fantasy Award (since 1971) or the Mythopoeic Awards (since 1971).

Towards the end of the 20th century, electronic literature grew in importance in light of the development of hypertext and later the World Wide Web.

The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded annually throughout the century (with the exception of 1914, 1918, 1935 and 1940–1943), the first laureate (1901) being Sully Prudhomme. The New York Times Best Seller list has been published since 1942.

The best-selling literary works of the 20th century are estimated to be The Lord of the Rings (1954/55, 150 million copies), Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince, 1943, 140 million copies), Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997, 120 million copies) and And Then There Were None (1939, 115 million copies). The Lord of the Rings was also voted "book of the century" in various surveys.[2][3][4][5] Perry Rhodan (1961 to present) proclaimed as the best-selling book series, with an estimated total of 1 billion copies sold.

1901–1918

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The Fin de siècle movement of the Belle Époque persisted into the 20th century, but was brutally cut short with the outbreak of World War I (an effect depicted e.g. in Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, published 1924). The Dada movement of 1916–1920 was at least in part a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war; the movement heralded the Surrealism movement of the 1920s.

1900

Genre fiction

1901

Genre fiction

1902

Genre fiction

Plays

1903

Genre fiction

1904

Genre fiction

Plays

1905

1906

Genre fiction

Plays

1907

Genre fiction

Plays

Poetry

1908

Genre fiction

Poetry

  • Personae by Ezra Pound (US, England, Italy) – one of the first examples of 'modernist' poetry

1909

Poetry

Plays

1910

1911

Genre fiction

1912

Genre fiction

Plays

1913

Genre fiction

Poetry

1914

Poetry

1915

Genre fiction

1916

Genre fiction

Poetry

1917

Poetry

Non-fiction

1918

Poetry

Non-fiction

Interwar period

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The 1920s were a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period. D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover was a scandal at the time because of its explicit descriptions of sex. James Joyce's novel, Ulysses, published in 1922 in Paris, was one of the most important achievements of literary modernism.

1919

Genre fiction

1920

Plays

1921

Plays

1922

Poetry

1923

Plays

Poetry

1924

Genre fiction

Plays

1925

Genre fiction

Poetry

Non-fiction

1926

Genre fiction

Poetry

Plays

Non-fiction

1927

Poetry

Plays

1928

Plays

1929

Non-fiction

Genre fiction

1930

Genre fiction

Poetry

Plays

Non-fiction

1931

Genre fiction

Plays

Non-fiction

1932

Poetry

1933

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1934

Genre fiction

Poetry

Non-fiction

1935

Genre fiction

Poetry

Plays

1936

Poetry

Genre fiction

1937

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1938

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1939

Genre fiction

Poetry

Plays

World War II

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1940

Genre fiction

Plays

Non-fiction

1941

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1942

Plays

1943

Genre fiction

Poetry

Non-fiction

1944

Plays

1945

Genre fiction

1946

Poetry

Plays

Non-fiction

1947

Plays

Non-fiction

1948

Genre fiction

Plays

Non-fiction

1949

Genre fiction

Plays

Postwar period

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The intermediate postwar period separating "Modernism" from "Postmodernism" (1950s literature) is the floruit of the beat generation and the classical science fiction of Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert A. Heinlein. This period also saw the publication of Samuel Beckett's trilogy of novels, Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnameable, which enacted the dissolution of the self-identical human subject and inspired later novelists such as Thomas Bernhard, John Banville, and David Markson. The first works of electronic literature were written in the 1950s.

1950

Plays

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1951

Plays

Non-fiction

1952

Genre fiction

Plays

1953

Genre fiction

Plays

1954

Genre fiction

Plays

Non-fiction

1955

Genre fiction

Plays

Poetry

1956

Genre fiction

Plays

Poetry

Non-fiction

1957

Genre fiction

Plays

Poetry

1958

Genre fiction

Plays

Non-fiction

1959

Genre fiction

Plays

Cold War period, 1960–1989

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1960

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

1961

Genre fiction

1962

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1963

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1964

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1965

Genre fiction

Plays

Poetry

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

1966

Genre fiction

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

1967

Non-fiction

1968

Non-fiction and quasi-fiction

1969

Genre fiction

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

1970

Genre fiction

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

1971

Genre fiction

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

1972

Genre fiction

Poetry

1973

Genre fiction

1974

Genre fiction

Genre fiction

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

Poetry

1975

Genre fiction

1976

Genre fiction

Non-fiction and quasi-fiction

Poetry

Drama

1977

1978

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

Genre fiction

1979

Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction

1980

1981

Genre fiction

Non-fiction

1982

Genre fiction

1983

Genre fiction

1984

Non-fiction

1985

Genre fiction

1986

Non-fiction

1987

Genre fiction

1988

Genre fiction

1989

1990s

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1990

Genre fiction

1991

1994

1996

1997

Genre fiction

See also

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List of years in literature (table)
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References

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  1. ^ Lewis, Barry. "Postmodernism and Literature." The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism NY: Routledge, 2002, p. 121.
  2. ^ Seiler, Andy (December 16, 2003). "'Rings' comes full circle". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
  3. ^ Diver, Krysia (October 5, 2004). "A lord for Germany". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 28 March 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
  4. ^ Cooper, Callista (December 5, 2005). "Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll". ABC News Online. Archived from the original on 2006-01-16. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
  5. ^ O'Hehir, Andrew (June 4, 2001). "The book of the century". Salon.com. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
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