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Surendranath Banerjee

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Sir Surendranath Banerjee (Bengali: সুরেন্দ্রনাথ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়; 10 November 1848 – 6 August 1925), often known as Rashtraguru (lit. 'Teacher of the Nation') was Indian nationalist leader during the British Rule. He founded a nationalist organization called the Indian National Association to bring Hindus and Muslims together for political action. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress. Surendranath supported Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, unlike Congress, and with many liberal leaders he left Congress and founded a new organisation named Indian National Liberation Federation in 1919.[1]

Rashtraguru, Sir
Surendranath Banerjee
S. N. Banerjee
11th President of the Indian National Congress
In office
1895–1896
Preceded byAlfred Webb
Succeeded byRahimtulla M. Sayani
Succeeded byLalmohan Ghosh
Personal details
Born(1848-11-10)10 November 1848
Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
(present-day Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Died6 August 1925(1925-08-06) (aged 76)
Barrackpore, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India)
CitizenshipBritish Raj
Political partyIndian National Congress (1883–1919)
Indian National Liberation Federation (1919–1925)
Alma mater
OccupationAcademic •
politician •
Known forFounder of Indian Liberation Federation, Indian National Association,
Co-founder of Indian National Congress
Banerjee on a 1983 stamp of India

Early life

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Dr Durga Charan Banerjee

Surendranath Banerjee was born in Calcutta, in the province of Bengal to a Rarhi Kulin Brahmin family, suggesting that the ancestral seat of the family was at Rarh region of present-day West Bengal. His ancestors had migrated to East Bengal at some point of time and settled in a village called Lonesingh in Faridpur district. It was his great-grandfather Babu Gour Kishire Banerjee who emigrated and settled in a village called Monirampur near Barrackpore. He was deeply influenced in liberal, progressive thinking by his father Durga Charan Banerjee, a doctor.[2] After graduating from the University of Calcutta, he travelled to England in 1868, along with Romesh Chunder Dutt and Behari Lal Gupta, to compete in the Indian Civil Service examinations.[3] He cleared the competitive examination in 1869, but was barred owing to a claim he had misrepresented his age. After clearing the matter in the courts by arguing that he calculated his age according to the Hindu custom of reckoning age from the date of conception rather than from birth,[4] Banerjee cleared the exam again in 1871 and was posted as assistant magistrate in Sylhet.[5] Banerjee also attended classes at University College, London. He took his final exams in 1871 and returned to India in August 1871. In 1874, Banerjee returned to London and became a student at the Middle Temple.[6]

Banerjee was soon dismissed for making a serious judicial error. He went to England to appeal his discharge, but was unsuccessful because, he felt, of racial discrimination. He would return to India bitter and disillusioned with the British.[7] During his stay in England (1874–1875), he studied the works of Edmund Burke and other liberal philosophers. These works guided him in his protests against the British. He was known as the Indian Burke.[8] For his tenacity he was called 'Surrender Not Banerjee' by the British.[9]

Surendranath was influenced by the writings of Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini. He studied the writings of Mazzini in his stay in England (1874–1875) on Anandmohan's suggestion.[10]

Political career

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Upon his return to India in June 1875, Banerjee became an English professor at the Metropolitan Institution, the Free Church Institution[11] and at the Rippon College, now Surendranath College, founded by him in 1882 [12] and he inspired his students with a new spirit of nascent Indian nationalism. He began delivering public speeches on nationalist and liberal political subjects, as well as Indian history. He founded the Indian National Association with Anandamohan Bose, one of the earliest Indian political organizations of its kind, on 26 July 1876.[13] In 1878 in a meeting to preach the Indian people he said 'The great doctrine of peace and goodwill between Hindus and Muslims, Christians and Paresees, aye between all sections of our country's progress. Let the word "Unity" be inscribed therein characters of glittering gold... There may be religious difference between us. There may be social difference between us. But there is a common platform where we may all meet, the platform of our country's welfare'. He used the organization to tackle the issue of the age-limit for Indian students appearing for ICS examinations. He condemned the racial discrimination perpetrated by British officials in India through speeches all over the country, which made him very popular.[citation needed]

In 1879, he bought the newspaper The Bengalee (founded in 1862 by Girish Chandra Ghosh) and edited it for 40 years.[4] In 1883, when Banerjee was arrested for publishing remarks in his paper, in contempt of court, protests and hartals erupted across Bengal, and in Indian cities such as Agra, Faizabad, Amritsar, Lahore and Pune.[14] He became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. The INC expanded considerably, and hundreds of delegates from across India came to attend its annual conference in Calcutta. After the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885 in Bombay, Banerjee merged his organization with it owing to their common objectives and memberships in 1886. He was elected the Congress President in 1895 at Poona and in 1902 at Ahmedabad.[15]

Surendranath was one of the most important public leaders who protested the partition of the Bengal province in 1905.[4] Banerjee was in the forefront of the movement and organized protests, petitions and extensive public support across Bengal and India, which finally compelled the British to reverse the bifurcation of Bengal in 1912. Banerjee became the patron of rising Indian leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Sarojini Naidu. Banerjee was also one of the senior-most leaders of the moderate Congress — those who favoured accommodation and dialogue with the British — after the "extremists" – those who advocated revolution and political independence — led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak left the party in 1906.[4] Banerjee was an important figure in the Swadeshi movement – advocating goods manufactured in India against foreign products — and his popularity at its apex made him, in words of admirers, the "uncrowned king" of Bengal.[16][better source needed]

Later career

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The declining popularity of moderate Indian politicians affected Banerjee's role in Indian politics. Banerjee supported the Morley-Minto reforms 1909 – which were resented and ridiculed as insufficient and meaningless by the vast majority of the Indian public and nationalist politicians.[17] Though Banerjee was a critic of the proposed method of civil disobedience advocated by Mahatma Gandhi, he added that he "admire the supreme solicitude and the earnest efforts of Mr. Gandhi to secure Hindu-Muslim unity".[18][4] Surendranath Banerjee, a moderate and veteran leader of Congress were in favour to accept the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. They left the Congress and founded Indian Liberation Federation. They were termed as Liberals and they lost their relevance in Indian National Movement thereafter.[19] Accepting the portfolio of minister in the Bengal government earned him the ire of nationalists and much of the public, and he lost the election to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1923 to Bidhan Chandra Roy, the candidate of the Swarajya Party[20] – ending his political career for all practical purposes. He was knighted for his political support of the British Empire. Banerjee made the Calcutta Municipal Corporation a more democratic body while serving as a minister in the Bengal government.[21]

He is remembered and widely respected today as a pioneer leader of Indian politics — for being among the first treading the path for Indian political empowerment. [citation needed] But nationalist politics in India meant opposition, and increasingly there were others whose opposition was more vigorous and who came to center stage. Banerjee could accept neither the extremist view of political action nor the noncooperation of Gandhi, then emerging as a major factor in the nationalist movement. Banerjee saw the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 as substantially fulfilling Congress's demands, a position which further isolated him.[4] He was elected to the reformed Legislative Council of Bengal in 1921, knighted in the same year[22] and held office as minister for local self-government from 1921 to 1924.[4] His defeat at the polls in 1923 brought his political career to a close and he went on to write the widely acclaimed A Nation in Making, published in 1925. After Surendranath died at Barrackpore on 6 August 1925.

 
Statue of Surendranath Banerjee

Commemoration

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His name is commemorated in the names of the following institutions: Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Raiganj Surendranath Mahavidyalaya, Surendranath College, Surendranath College for Women, Surendranath Evening College, Surendranath Law College (formerly Ripon College) and the Surendranath Centenary School in Ranchi and the Surendranath Banerjee Road (popularly known as S. N. Banerjee Road).

References

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  1. ^ Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi (1935). The history of the Indian National Congress (1885–1935). Working Committee of the Congress. pp. 12–27.
  2. ^ Mukherjee, Soumyen (1996). "Raja Rammohun Roy and the Status of Women in Bengal in the Nineteenth Century". Sydney Studies in Society and Culture. 13: 44.
  3. ^ "S.N. Banerjea epitomized the brahmanical numbness to injustice". 3 May 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Sir Surendranath Banerjea | Indian politician". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  5. ^ Jayapalan, N. (2000). Indian Political Thinkers: Modern Indian Political Thought. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 55. ISBN 9788171569298.
  6. ^ "Surendranath Banerjee profile". The Open University website. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  7. ^ Khan, Ataur Rahman (2001). "The Language Movement and Bengali Nationalism". In Ahmed, Rafiuddin (ed.). Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh. Colorado Springs, CO: International Academic Publishers. pp. 168–169. ISBN 1-58868-080-0. In the end, Banerjea lost his job by committing a serious judicial mistake, dismissing a case recording the complainant and his witnesses absent while whey were actually present in his court. Banerjea went to England to lodge an appeal ... He concluded that his appeal failed because he was an Indian. This was the basic reason for his becoming a nationalist.
  8. ^ "Remembering Surendranath Banerjee, the second Indian to pass Indian Civil Service examination". India Today. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Unforgettable 'Surrender Not' Banerjee forgotten". NDTV.com. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  10. ^ Asoka Kr. Sen, The Educated Middle Class and Indian Nationalism, (Progressive Publishers, 37 A college street, Cal- 73, 1988), p. 102.
  11. ^ Staff List: Free Church Institution and Duff College (1843–1907) in 175th Year Commemoration Volume. Scottish Church College, April 2008. page 570
  12. ^ "Brief History | Surendranath College". www.surendranathcollege.org. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  13. ^ Mittal, Satish Chandra (1986). Haryana, a Historical Perspective. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 80.
  14. ^ Pochhammer, Wilhelm von (2005). India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-715-0.
  15. ^ "Indian National Congress". Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  16. ^ Chattopadhyay, Suhrid Sankar. "Monarchy as model". Frontline. Retrieved 1 August 2020. The author cites a unique instance in India's colonial history when Surendranath Banerjea, one of India's most prominent nationalist leaders, tried to have himself anointed and crowned in 1906 at the height of the Swadeshi movement
  17. ^ Das, M. N. (2017). India Under Morley and Minto: Politics Behind Revolution, Repression and Reforms. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 9781351968898.
  18. ^ Surendranath Banerjee. A Nation in Making: Being the Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Public Life. p. 302.
  19. ^ http://www.galaxyiasacademy.com/uploads/Modern-India-by-Bipan-Chandra-XIIOld-Edition-NCERT.pdf, pg 263
  20. ^ Laha, MN (March 2015). "Bidhan Chandra Roy & National Doctors Day" (PDF). Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 63 (3): 104–5. PMID 26540860.
  21. ^ "Kolkata – A Municipal History". Kolkata Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 26 January 2016. Democracy was ushered into the Municipal Government of Kolkata by making provision for election of a Mayor annually, by Sir Surendranath Banerjee, who as the first Minister of Local Self-Government in Bengal was the architect of Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923.
  22. ^ "Sir Surendranath Banerjea | Indian politician | Britannica".
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