Abstinence (Hebrew: הִסתַגְפוּת, Ashkenazi pronunciation: Histagfus) was a form of draft evasion and a form of hunger strike (or other forms of self-harm, such as sleep deprivation, tending to cause tachycardia, or self-inflicted wound) employed by young men in the Russian Empire's Jewish Pale of Settlement (and in the neighbouring Austrian Empire's Galicia) in order to be found unfit for military service by the Imperial authorities.
Russian Empire
editThe "Abstention" resistance by self-harm was most extreme in the Russian Empire under the Cantonist system implemented for Jews from 1827 to 1856,[1] but self-harm actions continued afterward. A secret 1835 report by the chief of the Special Corps of Gendarmes in Vilnius expressed the government's difficulty in preventing self-mutilations.[2]
The phenomenon was covered in the Russian Hebrew press, and Ha-Melitz warned against the practice as violating Jewish law as well as Russian law.[3] The phenomenon of self-induced hernia received attention in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1891.[4]
Just before World War I, the Jewish author and folklorist S. Ansky conducted an ethnographic survey of Russian Empire regions of Volhynia and Podolia and devoted a section of his large questionnaire to conscription-related cultural practices.[5]
Austrian Empire
editConcription among Jews in Galicia was introduced by Joseph II in 1788.
In some Galician communities like Tlumach,[6] Liuboml,[7] Kalush[8]), deprivation efforts among young men became a rite of passage, and fasting during the day was followed by communal all-night sessions of excessive caffeine, excessive exercise, chain smoking and sometimes taking on a pranking Mischief Night character.
Further reading
editMemoirs
- Fass, Paula S. (2008). Inheriting the Holocaust: A Second-Generation Memoir. Rutgers University Press.
- Miller, Andrew (2006). The Earl of Petticoat Lane. Random House. p. 49.
- Elliott, Geoffrey (2004). From Siberia with love: a story of exile, revolution and cigarettes. Methuen. p. 57.
- Spiegelman, Art (1980). Maus. Vol. I.
- Cohen, Joseph Jacob (1954). The House Stood Forlorn: Legacy of Remembrance of a Boyhood in the Russia of the Late Nineteenth Century. Éditions polyglottes. p. 127.
Stories
- "Grandfather and Grandson" - Isaac Bashevis Singer
- "The Conscription of Troops" and "A Hunger Artist" (Jewish self-degradation themes) - Franz Kafka
- "Out of the Depths" - Yosef Haim Brenner
- "The Automatic Exemption" - Sholem Aleichem
History
- 1890s account - Budnitskii, Oleg (2012). Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917-1920. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 129–130.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Dubnow, Simon. "Chapter XVII. The Last Years of Nicholas I, 3. New Consciption Horrors". History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. Volume II.
- ^ Freeze, ChaeRan Y.; Harris, Jay M., eds. (2013). "Self-Mutilation to Avoid Military Service". Everyday Jewish Life in Imperial Russia: Select Documents, 1772-1914. Brandies University Press. pp. 520–521. ISBN 9781611684551.
- ^ Penslar, Derek (2013). Jews and the Military: A History. Princeton University Press. pp. 31, 48–49.
- ^ "Medical Items: Hernia Among Russian Army Recruits". Journal of the American Medical Association. XVI: 560. 18 April 1891. doi:10.1001/jama.1891.02410680018007.
- ^ Deutsch, Nathaniel (2011). "O. Military Conscription". The Jewish Dark Continent: Life and Death in the Russian Pale of Settlement. Harvard University Press. pp. 191–194.
- ^ Blond, Shelomoh (1976). "The Abstinence (English translation)". Tlumacz: sefer ʻedut ṿe-zikaron (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Yotsʼe Ṭlumats be-Yiśraʼel. pp. 67–68.
- ^ *Kagan, Berl (1997). "Early Days: Mortifications of the Flesh and Fistfights". Luboml: The Memorial Book of a Vanished Shtetl (PDF). KTAV Publishing House. pp. 55–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
- ^ Kalusz: Amusing Memories
External links
edit- "The Conscript" - from the diary of Russo-Japanese War veteran Jacob Marateck