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1928 Summer Olympics

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The 1928 Summer Olympics (Dutch: Olympische Zomerspelen 1928), officially the Games of the IX Olympiad (Dutch: Spelen van de IXe Olympiade), was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from 28 July to 12 August 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The city of Amsterdam had previously bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games. Still, it was obliged to give way to war-torn Antwerp in Belgium for the 1920 Games and Pierre de Coubertin's Paris for the 1924 Games.

Games of the IX Olympiad
Poster for the 1928 Summer Olympics
LocationAmsterdam, Netherlands
Nations46
Athletes2,883 (2,606 men, 277 women)
Events109 in 14 sports (20 disciplines)
Opening28 July 1928
Closing12 August 1928
Opened by
Prince Hendrik[1]
StadiumOlympisch Stadion
Summer
Winter

The only other candidate city for the 1928 Olympics was Los Angeles, which would eventually be selected to host the Olympics four years later. In preparation for the 1932 Summer Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee reviewed the costs and revenue of the 1928 Games. The committee reported a total cost of US$1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million, giving a negligible loss of US$18,000, which was a considerable improvement over the 1924 Games.[2]

The United States won the most gold and medals overall.

Host city selection

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Dutch nobleman Frederik van Tuyll van Serooskerken first proposed Amsterdam as the host city for the Summer Olympic Games in 1912, even before the Netherlands Olympic Committee was established.

The Olympic Games were canceled in 1916 due to World War I. In 1919, the Netherlands Olympic Committee abandoned the proposal of Amsterdam in favor of their support for the nomination of Antwerp as host city for the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1921, Paris was selected for the 1924 Summer Olympics on the condition that the 1928 Summer Olympics would be organized in Amsterdam. This decision, supported by the Netherlands Olympic Committee, was announced by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 2 June 1921.

Los Angeles' bid for the 1928 Summer Olympics was unsuccessful in 1922 and again in 1923.[3] The city was eventually selected as host city for the 1932 Summer Olympics, being the only bidder for that year.[4]: p.915 

Highlights

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  • These were the first Olympics to be organized under the IOC presidency of Henri de Baillet-Latour.
  • A symbolic fire was lit for the first time during the Olympics, a tradition that continues today.[5] The first Olympic flame and torch relay, however, would not take place until the 1936 Summer Olympics.
     
    The Olympic cauldron in front of the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium.
  • For the first time, the parade of nations started with Greece, which holds the origins of the Olympics, and ended with the host country, a tradition that has continued ever since.
  • The Games were officially opened by Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized her husband to deputize for her.[4]: p.294  The Queen was unable to attend the opening ceremony as she was on holiday in Norway and did not want to disrupt her trip.[6] This was the second time a head of state had not personally officiated at an Olympic opening ceremony (the first occasion being the 1904 Games in St. Louis, Missouri, which were officially opened by David R. Francis, the Mayor of St. Louis). The Queen had initially refused to appear at either the opening or closing ceremony; it is thought that she objected to the Netherlands hosting the 1928 Games as she considered the Olympics a demonstration of paganism.[7] However, she returned from Norway before the conclusion of the Games, to be present at the closing ceremony,[8] and she presented the first prizes at the prize distribution which was held immediately beforehand.[4]: p.913 
     
    Prince Hendrik watching the football match the Netherlands–Uruguay (0–2)
  • The American company Coca-Cola made its first appearance as an official sponsor of the Olympic Games, remaining the oldest Olympic sponsor to this day.[9]
  • Many cars were expected for the Games, but Amsterdam had at most 2,000 single-car parking spaces. Consequently, several new parking sites were provided, and a special parking symbol was launched to show foreign visitors where they could park. The white P on a blue background was to become the international traffic sign for parking, which is still used today.[10][11]
  • These Games were the first to bear the name "Summer Olympic Games", to distinguish them from the Winter Olympic Games (held since 1924).
  • These Games were the first to feature a fixed schedule of sixteen days, which is still followed since 1984. In previous Olympics, competition had been stretched out over several months.
  • Athletics events were held on a 400-meter track, later becoming the standard for athletics tracks.
  • Germany returned to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1912, after being banned from the 1920 and 1924 Games due to its role in World War I. The German team immediately finished second in the 1928 medal count.
  • South American football made a definite breakthrough, as Uruguay retained its title by defeating Argentina.
  • India took its first ever gold medal in field hockey, beginning a streak of six consecutive gold medals in the sport.

Athlete highlights

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Sports

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During the 1928 Summer Olympics, there were 14 sports, 20 disciplines and 109 events in the tournament. In parentheses is the number of events per discipline.[4]: pp.973–985 

Women's athletics and team gymnastics debuted at these Olympics,[14] in spite of criticism. Five women's athletics events were added: 100 meters, 800 meters, high jump, discus, and 400 meter hurdles. In protest of the limited number of events, British women athletes, boycotted the Games.[15] Halina Konopacka of Poland became the first female Olympic track and field champion. Reports that the 800 meter run ended with several of the competitors being completely exhausted were widely (and erroneously) circulated. As a result, the IOC decided that women were too frail for long-distance running, and women's Olympic running events were limited to 200 meters until the 1960s.[16]

Tennis disappeared from the program until it reappeared in 1968 as a demonstration sport.

Demonstration sports

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These Games also included art competitions in five categories: architecture, painting, sculpture, literature, and poetry. However, the IOC no longer considers these to be official medal events, so the medals awarded are not included in today's Olympic medal counts.[18]

Venues

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The Olympisch Stadion in 1928

Fourteen sports venues were used for the 1928 Summer Olympics. The Swim Stadium was demolished in 1929.[4]: p.193  The Het Kasteel football stadium was renovated in 1998–99. The Monnikenhuize stadium was demolished in 1950. The Schermzaal sports hall has also been demolished. The Olympic Stadium was renovated between 1996 and 2000, and is still in use. The Old Stadion was demolished in 1929 and replaced with housing in the Amsterdam area.

Venue Sports Capacity Ref.
Amersfoort Modern pentathlon (riding) Not listed [4]: p.277 
Amsterdam Cycling (road) Not listed [4]: p.264 
Buiten-IJ Sailing 2,263 [4]: pp.271–4 
Hilversum Equestrian (dressage and cross-country), Modern pentathlon (running) 4,763 [4]: pp.167, 236, 694 
Krachtsportgebouw Boxing, Weightlifting, Wrestling 4,634 [4]: pp.200–1, 205 
Monnikenhuize (Arnhem) Football 7,500 [19]
Old Stadion Field hockey, Football 29,787 [4]: pp.173–80 
Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium Diving, Modern pentathlon (swimming), Swimming, Water polo 6,000 [4]: pp.205–9 
Olympic Stadium Athletics, Cycling (track), Equestrian (jumping), Football, Gymnastics, Korfball 33,025 [4]: pp.173–205 
Schermzaal Fencing, Modern pentathlon (fencing) 559 [4]: pp.170, 202, 205 
Sloterringvaart, Sloten Rowing 2,230 [4]: pp.172, 267–72 
Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel (Rotterdam) Football 11,026 [20][21]
Zeeburg Shooting Grounds Modern pentathlon (shooting) 10,455 [4]: p.277 
Zuiderzee Sailing 2,263 [4]: pp.271–4 
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Map of the Amsterdam region with Olympic venues marked. The Krachtsportgebouw, Oude Stadion and Schermzaal were located next to the Olympic Stadium.
class=notpageimage|
Map of the Netherlands with Olympic venues marked. [a]

Participating nations

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Participants
 
Number of athletes

A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.[22]

The nations that participated in the previous games in Paris 1924 but was absent in Amsterdam 1928 was Brazil and Ecuador.

At the time, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and Ireland were all dominions of the British Empire. India and Rhodesia was also part of the British Empire, but was not dominions. For other sovereign states (i.e. United States, France, Argentina, Japan, etc) and the international community as a whole (i.e League of Nations) the term dominion, used internally in the British Empire, was very ambiguous, meaning "something between a colony and state". It was only years later with the Statute of Westminster 1931 that this ambiguity would be dispelled. Philippines was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States.

Participating National Olympic Committees

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

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Medal count

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Main articles: 1928 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 1928 Summer Olympics medal winners

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1928 Games.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States22181656
2  Germany1071431
3  Finland88925
4  Sweden761225
5  Italy75719
6  Switzerland74415
7  France610521
8  Netherlands*69419
9  Hungary4509
10  Canada44715
Totals (10 entries)817678235

Poster

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Official poster

The official poster for the Games displaying a running man in a white shirt was designed by Jos Rovers however the IOC never succeeded in obtaining the copyright of the image. The IOC used a different poster, with the German text Olympische Spiele, and an athlete partly covered in the Dutch national flag, holding a peace leaf in his hand. The poster was made for a German book about the Amsterdam Olympics.[23]

Last surviving competitor

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The last living competitor of the 1928 Summer Olympics was Carla Marangoni, a member of the silver medal-winning Italian gymnastic team who had been twelve years old during the Olympics. Marangoni died 18 January 2018, at the age of 102 as the oldest living Olympic medalist at the time of her death.[24]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Although Flevoland is depicted in this map, it did not exist at this time.

References

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  1. ^ "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 13 September 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  2. ^ Zarnowski, C. Frank (Summer 1992). "A Look at Olympic Costs" (PDF). Citius, Altius, Fortius. 1 (1): 16–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  3. ^ "America Bids for Games: Olympics of 1928 May be Held in This Country". The New York Times. 6 April 1923. p. 15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q G. Van Rossem, ed. (1928). "The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report, Netherlands Olympic Committee" (PDF). J. H. de Bussy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2008.
  5. ^ "Amsterdam 1928". Olympics.com. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  6. ^ "The 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam were officially opened by the Netherlands' Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized him to deputize for her". insidethegames.biz. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  7. ^ "1928: Amsterdam, Netherlands". CBC Sports. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Queen Withelmina Presents Medals to Athletes as Olympics Officially Close; 9TH OLYMPIC GAMES OFFICIALLY CLOSED Queen Wilhelmina, Princess Juliana and Prince Consort Henry at Final Ceremonies. VICTORS RECEIVE MEDALS Queen Assists in Presentation of Prizes--Americans Take 54, Largest Number. 40,000 CROWD THE STADIUM Court Baillet-Latour, the Olympic President, Proclaims End of the Games at Amsterdam. Holland and Poland Tied. Prize Winners on Field. America's Total Large. 34 Medals for Canada. (Published 1928)". The New York Times. 13 August 1928. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  9. ^ International Olympic Committee: The Coca-Cola Company is the longest-standing partner of the Olympic Movement, having supported every Olympic Games since 1928.
  10. ^ "How Amsterdam 1928 changed the face of car parking forever". IOC. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  11. ^ van de Vooren, Jurryt (12 June 2012). "Parkeerbord is speciaal bedacht voor de Olympische Spelen van 1928" [The parking sign was specially designed for the 1928 Olympics]. Sportgeschiedenis.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
  12. ^ Kirsch, George B.; Othello, Harris; Nolte, Claire Elaine (2000). Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States. Greenwood. p. 488. ISBN 0-313-29911-0.
  13. ^ "Johnny Weissmuller". SR. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  14. ^ "Timeline of Women in Sports: Gymnastics". faculty.elmira.edu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  15. ^ Hargreaves, Jennifer (2007). O'Reilly, Jean; Cahn, Susan (eds.). Olympic Women. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-55553-671-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Jules Boykoff (26 July 2016). "The forgotten history of female athletes who organized their own Olympics". bitchmedia.org. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  17. ^ "Demonstration sports : history at the Olympic Summer Games / The Olympic Studies Centre". Olympic World Library. 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  18. ^ Joseph Stromberg (24 July 2012). "When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art". Smithsonian. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  19. ^ "Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Chile–Mexico 05 June 1928". FIFA. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010.
  20. ^ "Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Netherlands–Belgium 05 June 1928". FIFA. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010.
  21. ^ "Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Netherlands–Chile 08 June 1928". FIFA. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010.
  22. ^ Guttmann, Allen (April 1992). The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. 38. ISBN 0-252-01701-3.
  23. ^ Henk van Gelder (30 July 1996). "De Spiele in Amsterdam" [The Amsterdam Games]. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 29 July 2013.
  24. ^ Turner, Amanda (23 January 2018). "Carla Marangoni, Oldest Olympic Medalist, Dies at 102". International Gymnast Magazine. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
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Summer Olympics
Preceded by IX Olympiad
Amsterdam
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