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April 1923

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The following events occurred in April 1923:

April 1, 1923: Actor Harold Lloyd stuns audience in Safety Last!
April 18, 1923: Yankee Stadium opens its gates
April 28, 1923: Wembley Stadium opens its gates
April 26, 1923: Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth are married at Westminster

April 1, 1923 (Sunday)

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  • The romantic comedy film Safety Last!, starring Harold Lloyd and Mildred Davis, premiered at the Strand Theater in New York. This film features one of the most famous scenes of the silent movie era: Lloyd clutching the hands of a large clock while dangling from the outside of a skyscraper.[1] A reviewer for The New York Times wrote, "Harold Lloyd's latest effort is filled with laughs and gasps... Although laughter follows quickly on the heels of each thrill, the thrill lasts long enough for a man to feel that dizzy feeling when looking down from a height of twelve stories."[2]
  • Great Britain began the numbering of the nation's highways and published a list of those for which signs would be placed.[3]
  • France reduced the length of compulsory military service from two years to 18 months.[citation needed]
  • Four directors of the Krupp works were arrested by French authorities and charged with inciting their workers in the altercation of the previous day.[4]
  • A woman at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City broke the existing record for longest marathon dance, stopping at 9:57 in the evening after having danced continuously for 27 consecutive hours. Alma Stappenback Cummings, 32, of San Antonio, Texas, went through six different partners, each of whom quit from exhaustion. After breaking Victor Hindmarch's record of 25 hours set in March, Ms. Cummings went two hours more before quitting, and won the prize by the sponsors.[5] The record would be surpassed two weeks later.
  • Died: Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa of Japan, 35, was killed in an auto accident while in France, as he drove through the Paris suburb of Perriers-la-Campagne.[6]

April 2, 1923 (Monday)

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  • Paterson F.C. of Paterson, New Jersey won the U.S Football Association title, emblematic of the American national soccer football championship. The victory came, not on the field, but "at the office of Thomas Cahill, secretary of the U. S. F. A., 126 Nassau Street" in New York City the day after Paterson and the defending champions, St. Louis Scullin Steel F.C. had played to a 2 to 2 draw in the National Challenge Cup Final.[7] "Late in the afternoon," The New York Times noted, "the announcement was made that the Scullins, champions for 1922, forfeited their right to the championship and yielded the title to the Paterson football club," [7] following deliberations in person and by telegram between four members of a committee of officials. The day before, Paterson had overcome a 0 to 2 deficit with two goals in the final 25 minutes, the tying score coming in the 84th minute of play, "six minutes from full-time", when John "Rabbit" Hemingsley got the ball past St. Louis goalkeeper Harry "Dutch" Oellerman. After two extra periods, the game had been called because of darkness and a replay ordered for April 8 in Harrison.[8] With four stars of St. Louis being professional baseball players as well (including Oellerman), and three other players injured, Manager A. J. Brady announced that the team would surrender its title.[9]
  • The day after the arrest by the French Army of four directors of Germany's Krupp arms factory, 50,000 employees threatened to go on strike if the men were not released.[10]
  • Born:
  • Died: Osman Agca, 39, Turkish politician and former adviser to Turkish leader Kemal Ataturk, was killed along with 12 of his followers during an attempt to arrest him for the March 27 murder of parliamentary deputy Ali Chukri Bey.[11]

April 3, 1923 (Tuesday)

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April 4, 1923 (Wednesday)

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Albert, Jack, Harry and Sam Warner, founders of Warner Bros.

April 5, 1923 (Thursday)

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  • The trial of William Z. Foster, leader of the Communist Party of the United States, ended in a hung jury. The 12 members were deadlocked 6 to 6 after 31 hours of deliberation, and Judge Charles E. White declared a mistrial. "The verdict is for the best", Foster told the media. "It is a victory for the jury, I think, in that they had the courage to stand that way. There must have been a mountain of prejudice against these ideas."[18] Judge White announced that the trial of C. E. Ruthenberg, another of the 32 persons arrested along with Foster in August, would begin on April 16.
  • Hjalmar Branting, the Prime Minister of Sweden, lost a vote of confidence in parliament, 76 to 60, prompting him and his cabinet to resign. Crown Prince Gustaf, acting as regent during the absence of his father on a vacation in France, asked Branting to continue until King Gustaf V could return to appoint a successor.[19]
  • Born:
  • Died: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, 56, English aristocrat who had financed the expedition to find the tomb of Tutankamun, died of blood poisoning arising from an infected mosquito bite a few days before March 19 at Aswan, and a razor blade cut.[20] His death, two months after the opening of the tomb, gave rise to the legend of the "curse of the pharaohs".[21] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of the Sherlock Holmes mystery series, suggested to reporters that an evil spirit, or "elemental", might have induced the death of Lord Carnarvon. "The Egyptians had powers we know nothing of", he explained. "They easily may have used these powers, occult and otherwise, to defend their graves. They always opposed digging up the mummies."[22]

April 6, 1923 (Friday)

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Arthur Conan Doyle
  • Sir Arthur Conan Doyle gave a lecture at Carnegie Hall in New York City in which he displayed a series of "spirit photographs", including a pair taken at the Cenotaph in London at the time of the two-minute silence to England's war dead. One picture showed a faint luminous patch which Doyle described as "ectoplasm", and another showed what appeared to be ghostly faces floating above the crowd.[23][24]
  • The second Herrin Massacre trial ended in Marion, Illinois as the jury acquitted six defendants after almost seven hours of deliberation.[25]
  • Former Supreme Court Justice John Hessin Clarke said that only American entry into the League of Nations could keep Britain and France from going to war against each other in the future. "France and Britain have been enemies oftener than friends during the last 200 years", he explained. "It is plain truth to say that there has not been a time in modern history when two nations controlling the destiny of the world stood so much in need of an impartial counselor, guide, and friend to compose inevitable differences as they arise as Britain and France stand in need of each a one today."[26]
  • Louis Armstrong made his recording debut, with King Oliver's Creole Band on "Chimes Blues".[27]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Chwa II Kabalega, 69, the former Omukama of Bunyoro who led resistance against the British Empire in what is now Uganda, died while on his way home after 24 years of exile. King Kabalega had led the Bantu monarchy of Bunyoro until being deposed in 1899 and deported to the Seychelles in the South Indian Ocean. Recently given permission to return home to his former palace at Hoima, he reached the city of Jinja, Uganda, 170 miles (270 km) from home, before dying.
    • Vice Admiral Harry Knapp, 66, retired U.S. Navy officer and former U.S. Military Governor of Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) from 1917 to 1918 during the U.S. administration of the island republic.

April 7, 1923 (Saturday)

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  • Nine Irish Republicans were reported killed when government troops surrounded a house where they were meeting in Glencar, County Kerry.[28]
  • Land mines blew up a bridge in Dublin; two bridges over the River Fane were also blown up.[28]
  • The Soviet Union issued a statement distancing itself from the William Z. Foster affair, saying it took "no responsibility" for the actions of American communists because "the Russian government does not direct the affairs, plans or theories of the international communist contingent."[29]
  • Born: Mumtaz Begum, Indian character actress in Bollywood films; in Bombay.

April 8, 1923 (Sunday)

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April 9, 1923 (Monday)

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April 10, 1923 (Tuesday)

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Liam Lynch
  • General Liam Lynch, the Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army, was fatally wounded in an ambush by the Irish Free State Army at the Knockmealdown Mountains in County Tipperary, a pivotal moment that would bring an end to the Irish Civil War.[34] Lynch and six IRA officials had learned that a unit of the National Army had discovered the location of his headquarters, and fled to prevent important papers from falling into the hands of the Free State. As the seven IRA members were avoiding the first unit, they ran into another Free State Army of 50 members approaching from the opposite direction. Lynch was struck by a rifle shot and ordered his men, including his aides Frank Aiken and Moss Twomey, to leave him behind and to get the documents to the rest of the IRA leadership. When the Free State party arrived to arrest him, Lynch was dying and asked to see a priest and a doctor. Wounded early in the morning, Lynch died at 8:45 in the evening.[35][36]
  • The Conservative government of British Prime Minister Bonar Law was defeated on a snap vote in the House of Commons, taken with many members absent following a dull debate on civil service estimates. With 283 present in the 615-member body, a Labour Party motion of confidence in the Law government was made; 138 members voted in favor of Law, and 145 against.[37] Labour members gleefully called on the government to resign, but few took the vote seriously.[38]
  • The government of Turkey approved a concession to give the U.S. exclusive rights to develop oil fields and railway lines, after negotiations by a syndicate led by retired U.S. Navy Admiral Colby Mitchell Chester.[citation needed] Because of an estimate that the concession would require $300 million U.S. dollars to develop the concession, the U.S. Senate declined to ratify the treaty and Turkey rescinded the offer.
  • The first ban on marathon dancing was issued in Sunderland, England when the mayor invoked an existing local regulation. The magistrate called the fad "an idiotic idea, verging on lunacy."[39][40]
  • Born:
  • Died: Stuyvesant Fish, 71, American railway entrepreneur and president of the Illinois Central Railroad[41]

April 11, 1923 (Wednesday)

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April 12, 1923 (Thursday)

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April 13, 1923 (Friday)

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April 14, 1923 (Saturday)

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Paul Askonas, the first Dracula on film

April 15, 1923 (Sunday)

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  • Nihon Shōgakkō fire: 10 Japanese-American children were killed in a racially motivated arson attack on a Japanese Buddhist mission boarding school in Sacramento, California, by an itinerant Mexican-American serial arsonist.[55]
  • The "Phonofilm", Lee de Forest's revolutionary sound-on-film technique, was introduced to the public with three short movies at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City. While many of the spectators expected "that Mr. de Forest's invention showing a film synchronized with voices would also be the object of their attention", what was shown was people dancing to music. Although "the time of the music with the dancing was perfect", a reporter for The New York Times noted, "the music itself was not keenly interesting inasmuch as it sounded just about the same as that from the average phonograph record."[56] The first picture was The Gavotte, which "showed a man and woman dancing to old-time music", and "while one could hear the instruments being played for the dancers, one could not hear the slightest sound of a footfall." The second feature, "The Serenade" showed four musicians playing wind, percussion and string instruments, and the final one was "an Egyptian dancer, the tones from the phonofilm keeping perfect time with the graceful movements of the dancing girl on the screen."[56] The Phonofilm demonstration was followed by the feature attraction for the moviegoers, Bella Donna, starring Pola Negri.[57]
  • The government of the Republic of Turkey issued the "Law of Abandoned Properties", authorizing the transfer to the government of any properties whose owners were not present, regardless of the reason, by a court-appointed person given power of attorney to sign on the absent owner's behalf.[58]
  • Insulin first became widely available for diabetes patients in North America.[59]
  • Several popular drama films of the year were released on the same day, with Enemies of Women, starring Lionel Barrymore and Alma Rubens; The West~Bound Limited with Ralph Lewis, Claire McDowell, Johnny Harron, and Ella Hall; and The Trail of the Lonesome Pine.[citation needed]
  • Born: Anthony F. C. Wallace, Canadian-born American anthropologist who postulated the theory of the revitalization movement describing cultural change; in Toronto (d. 2015)

April 16, 1923 (Monday)

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  • The Armenian State Committee of Cinema was founded by decree of the Soviet Union's State Committee for Cinematography, Goskino, to finance the filming and distribution of Armenian language films.[citation needed] Its studio, Armenfilm, would produce its first film, the documentary Soviet Armenia, the following year, followed by its first dramatic work, Namus.
  • Eleven housing officials in Moscow were condemned to death for taking bribes.[60]
  • The government of British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin presented its budget for the year. Revenues were higher than forecast so taxes on income and beer sales were cut.[61][62]

April 17, 1923 (Tuesday)

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  • Irish troops captured Dan Breen and a number of other Irish Republicans without resistance at the Glen of Aherlow.[63]
  • The record for the a dance marathon was broken for the fourth time in a week. On April 14, six couples in Baltimore went for 53 hours before being stopped by police. The next day, Magdalene Williams was the winner of a marathon in Houston after 65 hours and 30 minutes [64] Two days later, Madeline Gottschick danced for 65 hours and 54 minutes in Cleveland, ending at 8:54 a.m.[65] Meanwhile, an unusual traveling dance marathon, conducted in a truck that traveled through New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, moving each time that police arrived to enforce state law, ended with Vera Sheppard dancing for an even 69 hours.[66] Records had been reported since March 6 with the first marathon in Sunderland in England.[67]
  • Voters in a referendum approved the incorporation of the new city of Riverdale, New Jersey.
  • Born: Muhammad Atta-ullah Faizani, Afghan Islamic scholar and political activist; in Herat (disappeared 1979, presumed dead)
  • Died: William John Murphy, 83, American real estate magnate known for creating the Phoenix suburb of Glendale, Arizona in 1891, initially as a haven for persons opposed to the sale of alcohol.

April 18, 1923 (Wednesday)

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  • Yankee Stadium opened its doors in New York City. Babe Ruth hit the first home run in the ballpark's history as the New York Yankees downed the Boston Red Sox, 4 to 1.[68] A crowd of 74,200 fans packed the stadium, setting a new single-game attendance record for a major league baseball game.[69]
  • Died: Savina Petrilli, 71, Italian founder of the Sisters of the Poor of Saint Catherine of Siena

April 19, 1923 (Thursday)

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  • King Fouad I of Egypt promulgated the nation's first constitution, providing for a bicameral national parliament made up of a 214-member Chamber of Deputies and a Senate, along with a Prime Minister and cabinet of ministers who were accountable to the parliament and the King.[70]
  • Five people were killed and at least 40 wounded in fighting in the German city of Mülheim, where a mob had blockaded the Rathaus, Mulheim's city hall.[71] By the time the siege was ended the next day, nine people were dead, 70 injured, and 40 rebels had been arrested.[72]
  • Clarence H. DeMar won his second consecutive Boston Marathon, and his third overall.[73][74]

April 20, 1923 (Friday)

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  • Frank Aiken became the new Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army to succeed Liam Lynch, who had been killed in an ambush 10 days earlier. Aiken, who had survived the attack by the Irish Free State National Army, urged the 12-member Executive Board to halt further action in the Irish Civil War, concluding that the anti-treaty IRA could not win a prolonged fight with the Free State. Aiken's resolution to make peace with the Irish Free State passed by a 9 to 2 vote.[citation needed]
  • A bill in the House of Commons to prohibit the manufacture, importation or sale of liquor in the United Kingdom failed overwhelmingly, with only 14 votes in favor and 236 against.[75] The proposal had been introduced by Edwin Scrymgeour, the only member of the Scottish Prohibition Party to win a seat in Parliament. Scrymgeour had defeated Winston Churchill in the 1922 election to capture the seat for Dundee.
  • The first issue of the weekly pro-Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer ("The Stormer") was published by Julius Streicher.[76]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Schuyler Wheeler, 63, American electrical engineer and inventor (in 1882) of the first practical electric fan.[77]
    • Robert S. Munger, 78, American entrepreneur and philanthropist who co-invented the "Munger System Ginning Outfit", an improvement on the existing cotton gin, that allowed large scale operations in textile production

April 21, 1923 (Saturday)

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  • Italy celebrated the Founding of Rome as a holiday for the first time as 50,000 Fascists in black shirts marched in military formation through the streets of Rome "winding their way through the streets past the Roman Forum, the Colisseum, the Baths of Caracalla and through the Triumphal Arch of Titus" to reach a large open field. According to tradition, the city of Rome had been founded in 753 BC and the 2,676th anniversary was made by decree to be the official labor day holiday.[78] Benito Mussolini had May Day festivities replaced with this holiday instead, suppressing International Workers' Day.[79]

April 22, 1923 (Sunday)

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April 23, 1923 (Monday)

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  • Cannabis, the active ingredient in marijuana was added to the list of prohibited narcotics in Canada, without debate, when Canadian Minister of Health Henri Beland added "Cannabis indica (Indian hemp) or hasheesh" to the language of "An Act to Prohibit the Improper Use of Opium and other Drugs", along with heroin and codeine. Previously, the schedule of illegal narcotics had been limited to opium, morphine, cocaine and eucaine. The move received virtually no attention because little was known in Canada about the drug at the time.[82] The legislation passed the House and was subsequently approved by the Senate of Canada.
  • A group of merchants and social advocates in Korea organized Hyeongpyeongsa, with a mission to abolish the traditional caste system in the Asian nation and to end discrimination against people labeled as Baekjeong, the "untouchable" minority.[83]
  • The Port of Gdynia, constructed by Poland after the republic's labor problems with workers in the Free City of Danzig, was inaugurated in a ceremony.[citation needed] Initially, what had been the Prussian seaside resort of Gdingen, had a small harbor excavated to accommodate ships and a long pier.
  • France blocked an Anglo-Swedish attempt to set up an inquiry into the administration of the Saar Basin after complaints were received from the population there of censorship. French delegate Gabriel Hanotaux said the measures were "temporary".[84]
  • At a meeting at the Istanbul suburb of Şehzadebaşı, the Turkish Football Federation (Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu), governing body for soccer football in Turkey, was founded as Futbol Hey'et-i Müttehidesi, with Yusuf Ziya Öniş of Galatasaray S.K. as its first president.[citation needed]
  • The New Symphony Orchestra made its debut at Massey Hall in Toronto with 58 musicians conducted by Luigi von Kunits, after the original Toronto Symphony Orchestra had been disbanded in 1918.[85] It revived the Toronto Symphony Orchestra name in 1927.
  • Turkish Muslim actresses were featured in film for the first time, with the premiere of the silent film Ateşten Gömlek (The Ordeal) at the Palas Sinema in Istanbul's Beyoğlu district.[citation needed]
  • Kodak unveiled their new film size called 16mm film.[citation needed]
  • Born:
  • Died:

April 24, 1923 (Tuesday)

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  • Thirty-one of the 237 people on the Portuguese steamer Mossamedes died when the ship capsized off the shore of Cabo Frio in South-West Africa (now Namibia. Seven drowned before they could evacuate the ship, and another 24 died when their lifeboat overturned. The 206 survivors were picked up by the French gunboat Cassiopee, the Portuguese gunboat Salvador Correia and by fishing vessels from Porto Alexandre in Angola.[86][87][88]
  • The Fascist Grand Council approved Benito Mussolini's motion to embody all the Fascists into a national militia, giving the country a reserve army of 500,000 members, without additional expenditures as they were considered volunteers.[89]
  • The city of Beverly Hills, California voted 507 to 337 to remain independent and not be annexed to Los Angeles.[90]
  • Born:

April 25, 1923 (Wednesday)

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April 26, 1923 (Thursday)

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April 27, 1923 (Friday)

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April 28, 1923 (Saturday)

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The crowd surging onto the field at Wembley

April 29, 1923 (Sunday)

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April 30, 1923 (Monday)

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Frank Aiken in 1944
  • The Irish Republican Army's new Chief of Staff, Frank Aiken, announced a ceasefire and called on all IRA volunteers to relinquish their weapons on May 24. The ceasefire was endorsed by Irish Republican leader Éamon de Valera, bringing a halt to the Irish Civil War at 12:00 noon.[103]
  • By a 7–2 decision in Cunard Steamship Co., Ltd. v. Mellon, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that American ships could sell and serve liquor on the "high seas" more than three miles beyond U.S. territory, but upheld a ban on foreign vessels from bringing liquor into American ports.[104]
  • Born:
  • Died: Emerson Hough, 65, popular American novelist of Westerns

References

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  1. ^ "How Harold Lloyd filmed the Safety Last! finale (at three places)". Silent Locations. June 20, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  2. ^ "A Jazz Jester. Safety Last", The New York Times, April 2, 1923, p. 22
  3. ^ "In Depth – Road Numbers – How it happened". Letter to editor of Encyclopædia Britannica from Ministry of Transport. 1941-03-06. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  4. ^ Williams, Paul (April 2, 1923). "French Arrest 4 Krupp Chiefs for Ruhr Riot". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
  5. ^ "Girl Dances 27 Hours in Ballroom Here; Wins World's Record, Wilting Six Partners", The New York Times, April 2, 1923, p. 1
  6. ^ "Japanese Emperor's Brother-in-law Killed When Car Skids Into Tree on French Road", The New York Times, April 2, 1923, p. 1
  7. ^ a b "Paterson Eleven Gets Soccer Title— St. Louis Team, Unable to Remain Here for Replay, Forfeits National Trophy", The New York Times, April 3, 1923, p. 19
  8. ^ "Paterson Rallies to Tie Scullins— Jersey Team Evens Score, 2-2, Just Before Full Time in National Soccer Final", The New York Times, April 2, 1923, p. 20
  9. ^ "Biggest US Open Cup controversies of last 100 years, Part 1", by Chuck Nolan, Jr., TheCup.US, September 20, 2013
  10. ^ Clayton, John (April 3, 1923). "Strike of 50,000 in Krupp Plant is Threatened". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
  11. ^ "Kemal's Troops Kill Osman, His Lieutenant— 12 of Osman's Followers Shot Down With Him for Murder of Chukri Bey", The New York Times, April 4, 1923, p. 2
  12. ^ Seldes, George (April 4, 1923). "Rome Prelate Shot". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  13. ^ Myron E. Weiner and Ergun Özbudun, Competitive Elections in Developing Countries (Duke University Press, 1987) p337
  14. ^ Cass Warner Sperling and Cork Millner, with Jack Warner Jr., Hollywood be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story (University Press of Kentucky, 1998) p. 77
  15. ^ Thrum, Thos. G. (1923). "N. W. Pacific Exploration". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1924. Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 91–94.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ "Hittler Ready for War on Reds in All Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 5, 1923. p. 7.
  17. ^ Kinsley, Philip (April 6, 1923). "Trial of Foster Fails; Jury, 6-6, is Discharged". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 12.
  18. ^ "Swedish Cabinet Defeated; Upper Chamber Rejects Branting Policy on Doles — Cabinet to Resign", The New York Times, April 6, 1923, p. 10
  19. ^ "Carnarvon Is Dead of an Insect's Bite at Pharaoh's Tomb; Blood Poisoning and Ensuing Pneumonia Conquer Tut-ankh-Amen Discoverer in Egypt", The New York Times, April 5, 1923, p. 1
  20. ^ "See 'Curse of Pharaoh' on Carnarvon". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 5, 1923. p. 1.
  21. ^ "Tut May Have Sent Spirit to Kill His Finder, Doyle Says". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 6, 1923. p. 3.
  22. ^ "Doyle's 'Spirit' Photos of War Heroes Thrill". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 7, 1923. p. 1.
  23. ^ "Ada Emma Deane's Armistice Day Series". Museum of Hoaxes. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  24. ^ "Six Defendants Held Innocent of Massacre". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 7, 1923. p. 1.
  25. ^ "French-British War Seen Unless U.S. is in League". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 7, 1923. p. 5.
  26. ^ Smitha, Frank E. (2013). "1923". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  27. ^ a b "9 Irish Rebels Slain in Battle; Dublin Bombed". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 8, 1923. p. 18.
  28. ^ Seldes, George (April 8, 1923). "Russia Denies Giving Help to Michigan Reds". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
  29. ^ "Doyle Says He Had Recent Talk with W.T. Stead". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 9, 1923. p. 1.
  30. ^ "Bronze, Hale, and Rested, President Is Back at Desk". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 9, 1923. p. 3.
  31. ^ "Race or Creed no Bar, Harvard Overseers Rule". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 10, 1923. p. 2.
  32. ^ "Secretary of State H. A. Black Killed at Wells River", Burlington (VT) Daily Free Press, April 10, 1923, p. 1
  33. ^ "Irish Rebel Chief Dies After Fight; Liam Lynch Captured, Succumbs to Wounds — De Valera and Others Escape", The New York Times, April 11, 1923, p. 1
  34. ^ Meda Ryan, Liam Lynch: The Real Chief (Mercier Press, 1986) p. 164
  35. ^ Florence O'Donoghue, No Other Law: The Story of Liam Lynch and the Irish Republican Army, 1916–1923 (Irish Press, 1954) p. 305
  36. ^ "Government Upset in British Commons", The New York Times, April 11, 1923, p. 1
  37. ^ Steele, John (April 11, 1923). "Bonar Law Will Retain Office Despite Defeat". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
  38. ^ a b Martin, Carol J. (1994). Dance Marathons: Performing American Culture of the 1920s, and 1930s. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-60473-768-4.
  39. ^ Calabria, Frank M. (1993). Dance of the Sleepwalkers: The Dance Marathon Fad. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-570-9.
  40. ^ "Stuyvesant Fish Drops Dead in Bank; Stricken With Heart Attack on Threshold of National Park Directors' Room", The New York Times, April 11, 1923, p. 10
  41. ^ "Paraguayan Congress Elects New President— Dr. Eligro Ayala, the New Executive, Is a Prominent Educator", Philadelphia Inquirer, April 12, 1923, p.5
  42. ^ "Hoover Opens Fight of Administration for World Court", The New York Times, April 12, 1923, p. 1
  43. ^ "'Tom' Smith Killed by Taxi in Front of Tammany Hall; Secretary of Democratic Organization Struck by Cab While Crossing Street", The New York Times, April 12, 1923, p. 1
  44. ^ "Japan Sets Prince's Wedding Date", San Francisco Journal, April 13, 1923, p.1
  45. ^ Slide, Anthony (1998). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Oxon and New York: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-135-92554-3.
  46. ^ Felton, R. Todd (2010). A Journey Into Ireland's Literary Revival. ReadHowYouWant. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4587-8545-9.
  47. ^ "400 Koreans Missing After Big Tidal Wave— Heavy Loss of Life Feared Among Fishermen Along the East Coast", The New York Times, April 15, 1923, p. 1
  48. ^ "Comments for the Tsunami Event KAMCHATKA". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  49. ^ Seldes, George (April 14, 1923). "Flood Menaces Moscow; Curse, Peasants Cry". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 11.
  50. ^ Broué, Pierre (2004). The German Revolution, 1917–1923. Brill Academic. p. 691. ISBN 978-90-04-13940-4.
  51. ^ "Formally Cancel Ishii Agreement— Hughes and Japanese Ambassador Exchange Notes Confirming New Policy", The New York Times, April 16, 1923, p. 3
  52. ^ "Drakula halála (1921):The Cinema's First Dracula", by Gary D. Rhodes, Horror Studies (January 1, 2010) p.29
  53. ^ Webber, Kate (April 15, 1923). "Women Voters Refuse O.K. for World League". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  54. ^ "Fire Fiend Unmasked". Los Angeles Times. August 17, 1923. p. I1. ProQuest 161579022.
  55. ^ a b "Phonofilm Shown in Rivoli Theatre; Dr. Lee de Forest's Invention Synchronizes Music With the Pictures", The New York Times, April 16, 1923, p. 20
  56. ^ Advertisement, Daily News (New York), April 15, 1923, p. 34
  57. ^ "Legislative Provisions of the Ottoman/Turkish Governments Regarding Minorities and Their Properties", by Anastasia Lekka, Mediterranean Quarterly (Winter 2007) pp. 135–154
  58. ^ "April 15, 1923: Insulin goes mainstream". Daily Dose. April 15, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  59. ^ "11 Grafting City Officials Facing Death in Russia". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 17, 1923. p. 3.
  60. ^ Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  61. ^ Jeremy, Wormell (2000). The Management of the National Debt of the United Kingdom 1900–1932. Routledge. p. 442. ISBN 978-1-134-60407-4.
  62. ^ Ryan, Thomas (April 18, 1923). "Irish Capture Ex-Chicagoan Who Led Rebels". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9.
  63. ^ "Well, Here's Another! Texas Beauty Is Champion Marathon Dancer— Puts in 65 Hours and 30 Minutes on Houston Floor", Cincinnati Enquirer, April 16, 1923, p. 1
  64. ^ "Marathon Dance Record Held by Cleveland Girl", AP report in Olean (NY) Times Herald, April 17, 1923, p. 9
  65. ^ "Village Folk Gaze in Wonder as Dancing Record Is Broken; Police Dodged For 69 Hours", Cincinnati Enquirer, April 16, 1923, p. 5
  66. ^ "Where'll It End?", Cincinnati Enquirer, April 16, 1923, p. 1
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  68. ^ "Baseball Fans Break Records". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 19, 1923. p. 1.
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  71. ^ "End Mulheim Siege; Reds Loot Suburbs", The New York Times, April 21, 1923, p. 3
  72. ^ "Third Marathon Win for De Mar; Melrose Wonder Runs Michelson Into Ground After 20 Miles, Breaks Tape in 2h 23m 47 2/5 s", Boston Daily Globe, April 20, 1923, p. 1
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