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Arcabuco Formation

The Arcabuco Formation (Spanish: Formación Arcabuco, Jar, JKa) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of thick beds of light-coloured quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with occasional shales and dates to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods; Tithonian to Berriasian epochs. Dinosaur footprints have been found in the Arcabuco Formation near the Iguaque anticlinal outside Chíquiza, Boyacá.

Arcabuco Formation
Stratigraphic range: Tithonian-Berriasian
~145–142 Ma
↓
Arcabuco Formation at the Sáchica rock shelter
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesRosablanca Fm., Cumbre Fm.
OverliesGirón Formation
Thickness500–800 m (1,600–2,600 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
OtherShale
Location
Coordinates5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W / 5.63639; -73.51139
RegionAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forArcabuco
Named byScheibe
LocationArcabuco (original)
Villa de Leyva (redefined)
Year defined1938, 1985
Coordinates5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W / 5.63639; -73.51139
RegionBoyacá
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
150 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology

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The formation was first defined by Scheibe in 1938 and named after Arcabuco, Boyacá.[1] The type section of the Arcabuco Formation was redefined in 1985 by Galvis and Rubiano around Villa de Leyva.[2]

Description

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Lithologies

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The Arcabuco Formation is characterised by a sequence of light- to pink-coloured fine quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with red shales up to 50 metres (160 ft) in thickness intercalated.[1][3] In the Arcabuco Formation, in the Iguaque Anticlinal, dinosaur tracks have been found.[4] The overhanging rock shelter of Sáchica in Sáchica, Boyacá, consists of the sandstones of the Arcabuco Formation.

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

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The 500 to 800 metres (1,600 to 2,600 ft) thick Arcabuco Formation unconformably overlies the Girón Formation and is overlain by the Rosablanca and Cumbre Formations.[5] The age has been estimated to be Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Guavio and La Naveta Formations of the eastern and southern Altiplano respectively.[1][6] The Arcabuco Formation has been deposited in a rift basin setting.[7]

Outcrops

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Redefined type locality of the Arcabuco Formation on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Arcabuco Formation is found apart from its original type locality near Arcabuco, in the anticlinal of Lake Iguaque between Villa de Leyva, Sáchica and Chíquiza, where the formation has been redefined in the Arcabuco Anticlinal.[4][8]

Regional correlations

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Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
 
 Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
 
 Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [9][10][11][12]
2.6 Pliocene
 
 Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [11][13]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [12][14]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [13][12]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
 
 Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [10][13]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [10][13][15]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [15]
35 Late Eocene
 
 Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [12][16]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
 
 Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [12][16]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [9][10][13][12][17]
65 Maastrichtian
 
 KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [9][12]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [12][18]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [9][12][19]
93 Cenomanian
 
 Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [13][19]
113 Aptian
 
 Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [10][12][20]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [9]
129 Hauterivian
 
 Rift 1 Tibú-
Mercedes		 Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [9]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [10][21]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [13][22]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
 
 Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [23]
201 Late Triassic
 
 Mucuchachi Payandé [13]
235 Early Triassic
 
 Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
 
300 Late Carboniferous
 
 Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [24]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
 
 Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [21][25][26][27][28]
390 Early Devonian
 
 High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
 
 Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()		 [29][30][31]
488 Late Cambrian
 
 Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [32][33]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [31][34]
542 Ediacaran
 
 Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [35][36]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [32]
800
 
 Snowball Earth [37]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
 
 Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [38][39][40][41]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [42]
1400
 
 pre-Bucaramanga [43]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [44]
1800
 
 Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [42][44]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [42]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
 
 Carajas-Imataca orogeny [42]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


See also

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  List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur tracks
  Geology of the Eastern Hills
  Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
  Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes

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  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[45], García González et al. (2009),[46] and geological report of Villavicencio[47]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[45] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[48]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.17
  2. ^ Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.15
  3. ^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.28
  4. ^ a b Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
  5. ^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.29
  6. ^ Villamil, 2012, p.168
  7. ^ Villamil, 2012, p.163
  8. ^ Plancha 191, 1998
  9. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  10. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  11. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  14. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  15. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  16. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  17. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  18. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  19. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  20. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  21. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  22. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  23. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  24. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  25. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  26. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  27. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  28. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  29. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  30. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  31. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  32. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  33. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  34. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  35. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  36. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  37. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  38. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  39. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  40. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  41. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  42. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  43. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  44. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  45. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  46. ^ García González et al., 2009
  47. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  48. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

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  • Galvis Arenas, Beatriz Elena; Valencia Escobar, José Leonardo (2009), Contribución en la determinación de los posibles paleoambientes de las rocas Cretáceas Tempranas sobre la vía Tunja-Villa de Leyva (entre Alto del Arrayán - Peaje Sáchica) y sectores aledaños, departamento de Boyacá, Universidad de Caldas, pp. 1–127
  • Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Gómez Tapias, Jorge (2012), "Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia)", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 33: _, retrieved 2017-05-02
  • Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José; Solano Silva, Orlando (2000), Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–120
  • Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216

Maps

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