Wikipedia

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

(Redirected from Axokine)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF gene.[5][6][7]

CNTF
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCNTF, Hciliary neurotrophic factor
External IDsOMIM: 118945; MGI: 88439; HomoloGene: 8288; GeneCards: CNTF; OMA:CNTF - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1270

12803

Ensembl

ENSG00000242689

ENSMUSG00000079415

UniProt

P26441

P51642

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000614

NM_053007
NM_170786

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000605

NP_740756

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 58.62 – 58.63 MbChr 19: 12.74 – 12.74 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The protein encoded by this gene is a polypeptide hormone and neurotrophic factor whose actions have mainly been studied in the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neural populations including astrocytes. It is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. In addition to the predominant monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, the gene is also cotranscribed with the upstream ZFP91 gene. Cotranscription from the two loci results in a transcript that contains a complete coding region for the zinc finger protein but lacks a complete coding region for ciliary neurotrophic factor.[7]

CNTF has also been shown to be expressed by cells on the bone surface, and to reduce the activity of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts).[8]

Therapeutic applications

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Satiety effects

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In 2001, it was reported that in a human study examining the usefulness of CNTF for treatment of motor neuron disease, CNTF produced an unexpected and substantial weight loss in the study subjects. Further investigation revealed that CNTF could reduce food intake without causing hunger or stress, making it a candidate for weight control in leptin-resistant subjects, as CNTF is believed to operate like leptin, but by a non-leptin pathway.[9]

Recombinant human CNTF (Axokine)

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A recombinant version of human CNTF (rhCNTF), trade name Axokine, is a modified version with a 15 amino acid truncation of the C-terminus and two amino acid substitutions. It is three to five times more potent than CNTF in in vitro and in vivo assays and has improved stability properties.[10] Like CNTF it is a neurotrophic factor, and may stimulate nerve cells to survive. It was tested in the 1990s as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It did not improve muscle control as much as expected, but trial participants did report a loss of appetite.

Phase III clinical trials for the drug against obesity were conducted in 2003 by Axokine's maker, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, demonstrating a small positive effect in some patients, but the drug was not commercialized. A major problem with the treatment was that in nearly 70% of the subjects tested, antibodies against Axokine were produced after approximately three months of treatment.[11] In the minority of subjects who did not develop the antibodies, weight loss averaged 12.5 pounds in one year, versus 4.5 pounds for placebo-treated subjects. In order to obtain this benefit, subjects needed to receive daily subcutaneous injections of one microgram Axokine per kilogram body weight.

Xencor patent application raises the disturbing idea that subjects producing antibodies against CNTF analogues may eventually suffer severe adverse effects, as these antibodies could potentially interfere with the neuroprotective functions of endogenous CNTF.[12] The application claims methods of designing CNTF analogues with lower immunogenicity than Axokine based on analysis of affinity of each modified epitope for each of 52 class II MHC alleles, and provides specific examples of such modifications. No such analogues are currently listed in Xencor's product pipeline.[13]

NT-501

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NT-501 is a product being developed by Neurotech that consists of encapsulated human cells genetically modified to secrete ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). In a clinical trial, NT-501 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of photoreceptor degradation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.[14][15]

Interactions

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Human ciliary neurotrophic factor has been shown to interact with the Interleukin 6 receptor.[16][17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000242689 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079415 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Lam A, Fuller F, Miller J, Kloss J, Manthorpe M, Varon S, Cordell B (Sep 1991). "Sequence and structural organization of the human gene encoding ciliary neurotrophic factor". Gene. 102 (2): 271–6. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90089-T. PMID 1840538.
  6. ^ Bazan JF (Sep 1991). "Neuropoietic cytokines in the hematopoietic fold". Neuron. 7 (2): 197–208. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90258-2. PMID 1714745. S2CID 24161982.
  7. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor".
  8. ^ McGregor NE, Poulton IJ, Walker EC, Pompolo S, Quinn JM, Martin TJ, Sims NA (Mar 2010). "Ciliary neurotrophic factor inhibits bone formation and plays a sex-specific role in bone growth and remodeling". Calcified Tissue International. 86 (3): 261–70. doi:10.1007/s00223-010-9337-4. PMID 20157807. S2CID 23699865.
  9. ^ Lambert PD, Anderson KD, Sleeman MW, Wong V, Tan J, Hijarunguru A, Corcoran TL, Murray JD, Thabet KE, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ (2001). "Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates leptin-like pathways and reduces body fat, without cachexia or rebound weight gain, even in leptin-resistant obesity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (8): 4652–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.061034298. PMC 31889. PMID 11259650.
  10. ^ Peterson WM, Wang Q, Tzekova R, Wiegand SJ (June 2000). "Ciliary neurotrophic factor and stress stimuli activate the Jak-STAT pathway in retinal neurons and glia". J. Neurosci. 20 (11): 4081–90. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-11-04081.2000. PMC 6772642. PMID 10818143.
  11. ^ "Axokine from Regeneron (REGN): Unexpected Antibodies and Modest Efficacy in Phase III Study". Press Release. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. 2003-03-31. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  12. ^ US application 2005064555, Marshall S, Barbosa M, "Ciliary neurotrophic factor variants", published 2005-03-24 
  13. ^ "Product Pipeline". Xencor. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  14. ^ Talcott KE, Ratnam K, Sundquist SM, Lucero AS, Lujan BJ, Tao W, Porco TC, Roorda A, Duncan JL (April 2011). "Longitudinal study of cone photoreceptors during retinal degeneration and in response to ciliary neurotrophic factor treatment". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (5): 2219–26. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6479. PMC 3080173. PMID 21087953.
  15. ^ "Neurotech's NT-501 Implant Demonstrates Statistically Significant Photoreceptor Preservation in Patients with Retinal Degenerative Disease". Business Wire. 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  16. ^ Schuster B, Kovaleva M, Sun Y, Regenhard P, Matthews V, Grötzinger J, Rose-John S, Kallen KJ (March 2003). "Signaling of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) revisited. The interleukin-6 receptor can serve as an alpha-receptor for CTNF". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (11): 9528–35. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210044200. PMID 12643274.
  17. ^ Schooltink H, Stoyan T, Roeb E, Heinrich PC, Rose-John S (December 1992). "Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces acute-phase protein expression in hepatocytes". FEBS Lett. 314 (3): 280–4. Bibcode:1992FEBSL.314..280S. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)81489-9. PMID 1281789. S2CID 39538295.

Further reading

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