The bottom quark, beauty quark, or b quark, is an elementary particle of the third generation. It is a heavy quark with a charge of −1/3 e.
| Composition | elementary particle |
|---|---|
| Statistics | fermionic |
| Family | quark |
| Generation | third |
| Interactions | strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravity |
| Symbol | b |
| Antiparticle | bottom antiquark ( b ) |
| Theorized | Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa (1973)[1] |
| Discovered | Leon M. Lederman et al. (1977)[2] |
| Mass | 4.18+0.04 −0.03 GeV/c2 (MS scheme)[3] 4.65+0.03 −0.03 GeV/c2 (1S scheme)[4] |
| Decays into | charm quark or up quark |
| Electric charge | −1/3 e |
| Color charge | yes |
| Spin | 1/2 ħ |
| Weak isospin | LH: −+1/2, RH: 0 |
| Weak hypercharge | LH: 1/3, RH: −+2/3 |
All quarks are described in a similar way by electroweak interaction and quantum chromodynamics, but the bottom quark has exceptionally low rates of transition to lower-mass quarks. The bottom quark is also notable because it is a product in almost all top quark decays, and is a frequent decay product of the Higgs boson.
Name and history
editThe bottom quark was first described theoretically in 1973 by physicists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa to explain CP violation.[1] The name "bottom" was introduced in 1975 by Haim Harari.[5][6]
The evidence for the bottom quark was first obtained in 1977 by the Fermilab E288 experiment team led by Leon M. Lederman, when proton-nucleon collisions produced bottomonium decaying to pairs of muons.[2][7][8] The discovery was confirmed about a year later by the PLUTO and DASP2 Collaborations at the electron-positron collider DORIS at DESY.[9][10] It was reported at the time that DESY scientists were in favor of the name "beauty", while the American scientists tended towards "bottom".[10]
Kobayashi and Maskawa won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for their explanation of CP-violation.[11][12]
While the name "beauty" is sometimes used, "bottom" became the predominant usage by analogy of "top" and "bottom" to "up" and "down".[citation needed]
Distinct character
editThe bottom quark's "bare" mass is around 4.18 GeV/c2[3] – a bit more than four times the mass of a proton, and many orders of magnitude larger than common "light" quarks.
Although it almost exclusively transitions from or to a top quark, the bottom quark can decay into either an up quark or charm quark via the weak interaction. CKM matrix elements Vub and Vcb specify the rates, where both these decays are suppressed, making lifetimes of most bottom particles (~10−12 s) somewhat longer than those of charmed particles (~10−13 s), but shorter than those of strange particles (from ~10−10 to ~10−8 s).[13]
The combination of high mass and low transition rate gives experimental collision byproducts containing a bottom quark a distinctive signature that makes them relatively easy to identify using a technique called "B-tagging". For that reason, mesons containing the bottom quark are exceptionally long-lived for their mass, and are the easiest particles to use to investigate CP violation. Such experiments are being performed at the BaBar, Belle and LHCb experiments.
Hadrons containing bottom quarks
editSome of the hadrons containing bottom quarks include:
- B mesons contain a bottom quark (or its antiparticle) and an up or down quark.
B
c and
B
s mesons contain a bottom quark along with a charm quark or strange quark respectively.- There are many bottomonium states, for example the
ϒ
meson and χb(3P), the first particle discovered in LHC. These consist of a bottom quark and its antiparticle. - Bottom baryons have been observed, and are named in analogy with strange baryons (e.g.
Λ0
b).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kobayashi, M.; Maskawa, T. (1973). "CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 49 (2): 652–657. Bibcode:1973PThPh..49..652K. doi:10.1143/PTP.49.652. hdl:2433/66179.
- ^ a b "Discoveries at Fermilab – Discovery of the Bottom Quark" (Press release). Fermilab. 7 August 1977. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
- ^ a b M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D. 98 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2018PhRvD..98c0001T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001. hdl:10044/1/68623.
- ^ J. Beringer (Particle Data Group); et al. (2012). "PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'" (PDF). Particle Data Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ Harari, H. (1975). "A new quark model for hadrons". Physics Letters B. 57 (3): 265–269. Bibcode:1975PhLB...57..265H. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(75)90072-6.
- ^ Staley, K. W. (2004). The Evidence for the Top Quark. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-0-521-82710-2.
- ^ Lederman, L. M. (2005). "Logbook: Bottom Quark". Symmetry Magazine. 2 (8). Archived from the original on 4 October 2006.
- ^ Herb, S. W.; Hom, D.; Lederman, L.; Sens, J.; Snyder, H.; Yoh, J.; Appel, J.; Brown, B.; Brown, C.; Innes, W.; Ueno, K.; Yamanouchi, T.; Ito, A.; Jöstlein, H.; Kaplan, D.; Kephart, R.; et al. (1977). "Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions". Physical Review Letters. 39 (5): 252. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39..252H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252. OSTI 1155396.
- ^ G. Flügge (1978). "Particle Spectroscopy". Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on High Energy Physics (Tokyo): 793–810.
- ^ a b Arthur L. Robinson (1978). "Particle Physics: New Evidence from Germany for Fifth Quark". Science. 200 (4345): 1033–1034. Bibcode:1978Sci...200.1033R. doi:10.1126/science.200.4345.1033.
- ^ 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Makoto Kobayashi
- ^ 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Toshihide Maskawa
- ^ Nave, C.R. (ed.). "Transformation of Quark Flavors by the Weak Interaction". Department of Physics and Astronomy. HyperPhysics. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University.
Further reading
edit- L. Lederman (1978). "The Upsilon Particle". Scientific American. 239 (4): 72–81. Bibcode:1978SciAm.239d..72L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-72.
- R. Nave. "Quarks". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
- A. Pickering (1984). Constructing Quarks. University of Chicago Press. pp. 114–125. ISBN 978-0-226-66799-7.
- J. Yoh (1997). The Discovery of the b Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story (PDF). Proceedings of Twenty Beautiful Years of Bottom Physics. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 424. pp. 29–42. Bibcode:1998AIPC..424...29Y. doi:10.1063/1.55114.
- Stone, Sheldon (1994). B Decays (2nd ed.). Syracuse University: World Scientific. doi:10.1142/1441. ISBN 978-981-02-0708-3. OCLC 636743000.
External links
edit- History of the discovery of the bottom quark / Upsilon meson Archived 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine