Babiacetus is an extinct genus of early cetacean that lived during the late Lutetian middle Eocene of India (47.8 to 40.4 million years ago).[1][2] It was named after its type locality, the Harudi Formation[3] in the Babia Hills (23°30′N 68°48′E / 23.5°N 68.8°E: paleocoordinates 5°54′N 61°48′E / 5.9°N 61.8°E), Kutch District, Gujarat, India.[2]
| Babiacetus Temporal range: Middle Eocene,
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| lower jaw of Babiacetus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Infraorder: | Cetacea |
| Family: | †Protocetidae |
| Subfamily: | †Georgiacetinae |
| Genus: | †Babiacetus Trivedy & Satsangi 1984 |
| Species | |
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Babiacetus was named by Trivedy & Satsangi 1984 in an abstract based on the specimen's type (GSI 19647, left and right dentaries with cheek teeth).[4] Gingerich and colleagues found a skull (GSP-UM 3005, much of a skull and lower jaws)[4] while collecting a skeleton of a new species of Protosiren (Protosiren sattaensis)[5] in the Drazinda Formation (30°48′N 70°30′E / 30.8°N 70.5°E, paleocoordinates 16°54′N 67°06′E / 16.9°N 67.1°E)[6] in the Sulaiman Range of Punjab, Pakistan. Gingerich et al. 1995 described both the original find and their new specimen.[7] Bajpai & Thewissen 1998 described B. mishrai from the specimen (RUSB 2512, a partial skull)[4] collected in the Harudi Formation.[7][8]
Babiacetus is one of the larger protocetids weighing about 830 kilograms (1,830 lb).[9][10] Its hydrodynamic skull and pointed, anteroposteriorly (front-back) oriented incisors are typical of archaeocetes. A densely ossified auditory bulla and large mandibular canal indicate it was adapted for hearing in water.[11] Babiacetus differs from pakicetids and ambulocetids (more primitive families) by the large mandibular foramen and a medially concave ascending ramus; distinct from remingtonocetids and basilosaurids (more derived families) by the single-cusped trigonid and talonid on the lower molars.[7] Its long synostotic (fused) mandibular symphysis, which reaches as far back as P2, distinguishes it from Pappocetus and Georgiacetus (other protocetids). Its auditory bulla is more narrow than Rodhocetus'. Babiacetus lacks the prominent molar protocone present in Indocetus.[12] The anterior premolars are large.[9]
Its large size as well as robust teeth suggest that it fed on larger fishes or aquatic vertebrates, or both. To date, only cranial remains have been found, hence nothing is known of Babicetus' mode of locomotion or degree of aquatic adaptation.[11]
The mandible is longer in B. indicus than in B. mishrai, and P1 is single-rooted in the former but double-rooted in the latter. The diastemata between P1 and P4 in B. indicus is absent in B. mishrai. B. indicus has larger cheek teeth and a larger M3.[12]
Notes
edit- ^ Babiacetus in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved March 2013.
- ^ a b Babia Hills in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved April 2013.
- ^ Harudi in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved April 2013.
- ^ a b c "Babiacetus". Palaeocritti. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ Gingerich et al. 1995, Introduction, p. 332
- ^ Bari Nadi 2 in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved April 2013.
- ^ a b c Bajpai & Thewissen 1998, pp. 226–8
- ^ Babiacetus mishrai in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved March 2013.
- ^ a b Gingerich et al. 1995, pp. 348–53
- ^ Gingerich, Philip D.; Arif, M.; Bhatti, M. Akram; Anwar, M.; Sanders, William J. (1997). "Basilosaurus drazindai and Basiloterus hussaini, New Archaeoceti (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene Drazinda Formation, with a Revised Interpretation of Ages of Whale-Bearing Strata in the Kirthar Group of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan)" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 30 (2): 55–81.
- ^ a b Gingerich et al. 1995, pp. 354–5
- ^ a b Williams 1998, pp. 12–13
References
edit- Bajpai, S.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (1998). "Middle Eocene Cetaceans from the Harudi and Subathu Formations of India". In Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed.). The Emergence of Whales. Advances in vertebrate paleobiology. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 213–233. ISBN 9780306458538. OCLC 300450327. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- Gingerich, Philip D.; Arif, Muhammad; Bhatti, M. Akram; Raza, Hilal A.; Raza, S. Mahmood (1995). "Protosiren and Babiacetus (Mammalia, Sirenia and Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene Drazinda Formation, Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan)". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 29 (12): 331–57. hdl:2027.42/48651. OCLC 742731921.
- Trivedy, A. N.; Satsangi, P. P. (1984). "A new archaeocete (whale) from the Eocene of India". Abstracts of 27th International Geological Congress, Moscow. 1: 322–23.
- Williams, Ellen M. (1998). "Synopsis of the Earliest Cetaceans". In Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed.). The Emergence of Whales. Advances in vertebrate paleobiology. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 9780306458538. OCLC 300450327.