Balti (Nastaʿlīq script: بلتی, Tibetan script: སྦལ་ཏི།, Wylie: sbal ti) is a Tibetic language natively spoken by the ethnic Balti people in the Baltistan region of Gilgit-Baltistan,Nubra Valley of the Leh district and in the Kargil district of Ladakh, India.[2] The language differs from Standard Tibetan; many sounds of Old Tibetan that were lost in Standard Tibetan are retained in the Balti language. It also has a simple pitch accent system only in multi-syllabic words[3] while Standard Tibetan has a complex and distinct pitch system that includes tone contour. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian languages, Balti, like other regional languages of Pakistan, is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loanwords.[4]
| Balti | |
|---|---|
| بلتی སྦལ་འཐུས་ | |
 | |
| Native to | Pakistan, India |
| Region | Baltistan, Ladakh |
| Ethnicity | Balti |
Native speakers | 425,000 in Pakistan (2018) Total users in all countries: 438,800 (2018)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bft |
| Glottolog | balt1258 |
| ELP | Balti |
 Balti language speaking areas | |
Demographics and distribution
editBalti is spoken in most parts of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan and Kargil and Nubra Ladakh in India. According to the Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts, the language is mostly found in the Skardu, Shigar, Ghanche, Roundu, and Kharmang parts of Gilgit-Baltistan.[5] In the twin districts of Ladakh region (Kargil and Leh), it is spoken in Kargil city and its surrounding villages like Hardass, Lato, Karkitchhoo, and Balti Bazar, as well as in Turtuk, Bogdang, and Tyakshi, including Leh city and nearby villages. Balti is also spoken by immigrants in Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Islamabad, Quetta, and other cities of Pakistan. In India, it is found in Dehradun, Nainital, Ambari, Shimla, Vikasnagar, and other northern cities among speakers who migrated from Baltistan, Kargil, and Nubra before the partition of India and Pakistan.[6]
Classification and dialects
editHistorically, Buddhists in Leh have referred to all Muslims in Ladakh as Balti.
The Balti language has four variants or dialects. Despite differences in pronunciation of vocabulary, they are mutually intelligible. For example, to keep is yuq in other varieties, but juq in the southern dialect of Kharmang and Kargil. Similarly, milk is oma in the eastern Chorbat-Nubra, the central Khaplu, and the southern Kharmang-Kargil varieties, but ona in the western dialect of Skardu, Shigar, and Rondu valley. The four variants or dialects of Balti are:
- Eastern dialect of Chorbat and Nubra valley
- Central dialect of Khaplu valley
- Western dialect of Skardu, Shigar and Rondu.
- Southern dialect of Upper Kharmang and Kargil
| English | Eastern Nubra/Chorbat dialect | Central Khaplu dialect | Western Skardu dialect | Southern Kharmang dialect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk | Oma | Oma | Ona | Oma |
| Keep | Yuq | Yuq | Yuq | Juq |
| Girl | Bono | Bono | Bono | Bomo |
| You | yan | yan | yang | yan |
| Mountain | Braq | Braq | Blaq | Braq |
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | q | |||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | |||||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ɢ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||
| aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | |||||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | (ʂ) | ʃ | χ | h | |||
| voiced | z | ʒ | ʁ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | (ɽ) | |||||||
| Lateral | plain | l | (ɭ) | ||||||
| murmured | (lʱ) | ||||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||||
- Allophones of /l/ include [lʱ], [ɭ] and [ɫ̥].
- /ɖ/ can be realized as a flap [ɽ].
- /s/ can also be retroflex [ʂ].[9]
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | ɑ | ||
Orthographies
editThe predominant writing system currently in use for Balti is the Perso-Arabic script, although there have been attempts to revive the Tibetan script, which was used between the 8th and the 16th centuries.[11] Additionally, there are two, nowadays possibly extinct, indigenous writing systems[12] and there have been proposals for the adoption of Latin script-[13] as well as Devanagari-based orthographies[14] that were adjusted for writing Balti by the Central Institute of Indian Languages in the 1970s.[15]
In 1985, Yusuf Hussain Abadi added four new letters to the Tibetan script and seven new letters to the Perso-Arabic script to adapt both of them to the needs of the Balti language. Two of the four added letters now stand included in the Tibetan Unicode block.
Balti was written with a version of the Tibetan script from 727 AD, when Baltistan was conquered by Tibetans, until the last quarter of the 14th century, when the Baltis converted to Islam.[15] Subsequently, the Perso-Arabic script replaced the Tibetan script, but the former had no letters for seven Balti sounds and was in vogue despite being defective. Adding the seven new letters has now made it a complete script for Balti.
Recently, a number of Balti scholars and social activists have attempted to promote the use of the Tibetan Balti or "Yige" alphabet[15] with the aim of helping to preserve indigenous Balti and Ladakhi culture and ethnic identity. Following a request from this community, the September 2006 Tokyo meeting of ISO/IEC 10646 WG2 agreed to encode two characters invented by Abadi (U+0F6B TIBETAN LETTER KKA and TIBETAN U+0F6C LETTER RRA) in the ISO 10646 and Unicode standards in order to support rendering Urdu loanwords present in modern Balti using the Yige alphabet.
Perso-Arabic alphabet
edit| Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ا | ā, a, (e), o, - | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| ب | b | /b/ |
| پ | p | /p/ |
| ت | t | /t/ |
| ٹ | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
| ث | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| ڃ | ž | /ʒ/ |
| چ | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ڇ | č̣ | /ʈ͡ʂ/ |
| ح | (h) | /h/ |
| خ | x | /x/ |
| د | d | /d/ |
| ڈ | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
| ذ | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | r | /ɾ/ |
| ڑ | ṛ | /ɽ/ |
| ز | z | /z/ |
| ڗ | đ/dz | /d͡z/ |
| ژ | c/ts | /t͡s/ |
| س | s | /s/ |
| ش | š | /ʃ/ |
| ݜ | ṣ | /ʂ/ |
| ص | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | (z) | /z/ |
| ط | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| غ | ǧ | /ʁ~ɢ/ |
| ف | f | /pʰ~f/ |
| ق | q | /q/ |
| ک | k | /k/ |
| کٔ | ǩ/ṡ | /ɕ/ |
| گ | g | /ɡ/ |
| ل | l | /l/, (/ɭ/), (/ɫ/) |
| م | m | /m/ |
| ن | n | /n/ |
| ݨ | ŋ/ng | /ŋ/ |
| ݩ | ň/ny | /ɲ/ |
| و | w, u | /w/, /u/ |
| ہ | h | /h/ |
| ھ | _h | /◌ʰ/, /◌ʱ/ |
| ی | y, i | /j/, /i/ |
| ے | e/ay | /e/ |
Yige alphabet
edit| Additional Balti Yige Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ཫ | q | /q/ |
| ཬ | ɽ | /ɽ/ |
| ཁ༹ | x | /χ/ |
| ག༹ | ɣ | /ʁ/ |
Basic letters
edit| Unaspirated high |
Aspirated medium |
Voiced low |
Nasal low | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | |
| Guttural | ཀ | /ka/ | ཁ | /kʰa/ | ག | /ɡa/ | ང | /ŋa/ |
| Palatal | ཅ | /tʃa/ | ཆ | /tʃʰa/ | ཇ | /dʒa/ | ཉ | /ɲa/ |
| Dental | ཏ | /ta/ | ཐ | /tʰa/ | ད | /da/ | ན | /na/ |
| ཙ | /tsa/ | ཚ | /tsʰa/ | ཛ | /dza/ | ཝ | /wa/ | |
| Labial | པ | /pa/ | ཕ | /pʰa/ | བ | /ba/ | མ | /ma/ |
| low | ཞ | /ʒa/ | ཟ | /za/ | འ | /a/ ⟨ʼa⟩ | ཡ | /ja/ |
| medium | ར | /ra/ | ལ | /la/ | ཤ | /ʃa/ | ས | /sa/ |
| high | ཧ | /ha/ | ཨ | /a/ ⟨ꞏa⟩ | ||||
Evolution
editSince Pakistan gained control of the region in 1948, Urdu words have been introduced into local dialects and languages, including Balti. In modern times, Balti has no native names or vocabulary for dozens of newly invented and introduced things; instead, Urdu and English words are being used in Balti.
Balti has retained many honorific words that are characteristic of Tibetan dialects and many other languages.
Below are a few examples:
| Ordinary Balti | Text Writing | Honorific | Ladakhi | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ata | اتا | Bawa/buwa/Baba | Aba | Father |
| kho | کھو | kho | kho | he |
| gashay | گشے | liakhmo | liakhmo | Beautiful |
| paynay | پینے | khumul | paynay | Money |
| bila | بلا | Bila | bila | Cat |
| su | سُو | su | su | Who |
| Ano/Amo | انو/امو | Zizi | Ama | Mother |
| Kaka | ککا | Kacho | Acho | Brother (elder) |
| Bustring | بُسترنگ | Zung | Nama | Woman / Wife |
| Momo | مومو | Jangmocho | Ajang | Maternal uncle |
| Nene | نےنے | Nenecho | Anay | Aunt |
| Bu | بُو | Bucho | butsha | Son |
| Fru | فُرو | Nono | thugu | Boy |
| Apo | اپو | Apocho | Meme | Grandfather |
| Api | اپی | Apicho | Abi | Grandmother |
| Ashe | اشے | Ashcho | achay | Sister (elder) |
| Zo | زو | bjes | Zo | Eat |
| Thung | تُھونگ | bjes | Thung | Drink |
| Ong | اونگ | Shokhs | Yong | Come |
| Song | سونگ | Shokhs | Song | Go |
| Zair | زیر | Kasal-byung | Zer | Speak/Say |
| Ngid tong | نِت تونگ | ghzim tong | Ngid tong | Sleep (go to) |
| Lagpa | لقپا | Phyaq-laq/g | Lagpa | Hand/Arm |
| Khyang | کھیانگ | Yang/Yari-phyaqpo | Khyorang | You |
| Kangma | کنگما | gzok-po | kangba | Leg |
Literature
editOther than proverb collections, no prose literature has been found written in Balti.[citation needed] Some epics and sagas appear in oral literature such as the Epic of King Gesar and the stories of rgya lu cho lo bzang and rgya lu sras bu. All other literature is in verse. Balti literature has adopted numerous Persian styles of verse and vocables which amplify the beauty and melody of its poetry.[16]
Nearly all the languages and dialects of the mountain region in the north of Pakistan such as Pashto, Khowar and Shina are Indo-Aryan or Iranic languages, but Balti is one of the Sino-Tibetan languages. As such, it has nothing in common with neighboring languages except some loanwords absorbed as a result of linguistic contact. Balti and Ladakhi are closely related.
The major issue facing Balti literature is its centuries-long isolation from Tibet and even from its immediate neighbor, Ladakh, due to political divisions and strong religious differences. Separated from its linguistic kin, Balti is under pressure from more dominant languages such as Urdu. This is compounded by the lack of a suitable means of transcription following the abandonment of its original Tibetan script. The Baltis do not have the awareness to revive their original script and there is no institution that could restore it and persuade the people to use it again.[citation needed] Even if the script were revived, it would need modification to express certain Urdu phonemes that occur in common loanwords within Balti.
Example of poetry:
- Youq fangsay thalang paqzi na mandoq na mabour na
- Na drolbi laming yani si soq fangse chi thobtook
- Nasir Karimi
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Balti at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
- ^ Census of India, 1961: Jammu and Kashmir. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1961. p. 357.
- ^ Sprigg, R. K. (1966). "Lepcha and Balti Tibetan: Tonal or Non-Tonal Languages?". Asia Major. 12: 185–201.
- ^ Shams, Shammim Ara (2020). "The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina". Pakistan Social Sciences Review. 4 (III): 1092–1106. doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79.
- ^ "Archived copy". www.gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "The Curious Case Of The Baltis Of Dehradun". 4 June 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ "Balti: Protecting the language". 29 January 2021.
- ^ Team, Editorial. "Politicisation of Balti Language in Kargil - Skardu.pk". Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- ^ a b Sharma, D. D. (2004). Balti. Tribal Languages of Ladakh Part III: A descriptive Grammar of Purki and Balti: New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. pp. 141–243.
- ^ Rangan, K. (1975). Balti Phonetic Reader. Central Institute of Indian Languages.
- ^ Bashir 2016, pp. 808–09.
- ^ Pandey 2010.
- ^ Bashir 2016, p. 808.
- ^ Pandey 2010, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Füstumum, Michael Peter. "Balti". Omniglot: The online encyclopedia of writing systems and languages. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Bano, Nuzhat; Mir, Abdul Rehman; Issa, Muhammad (4 January 2024). "The Extinction of Words from Use: A Critical Aspect of Balti Language Endangerment". Annals of Human and Social Sciences. 5 (1): 182–195. doi:10.35484/ahss.2024(5-I)17. ISSN 2790-6809.
Bibliography
edit- Bashir, Elena L. (2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages". In Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (eds.). The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803–9. ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8.
- Pandey, Anshuman (2010). Introducing Another Script for Writing Balti (PDF) (Report).
- Rangan, K (1975). Balti Phonetic Reader. Central institute of Indian languages.
- Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Baltistan per aik Nazar'. 1984.
- Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf. Balti Zaban. 1990.
- Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, 'Tareekh-e-Adbiat;.
- Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, Baltistan Tehzeebo Saqafat.
- Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Tareekh-e-Baltistan'. 2003.
- Engineer Wazir Qalbi Ali, 'Qadam Qadam Baltistan'. 2006.
- "A Short Sketch of Balti English Grammar" by Ghulam Hassan Lobsang, 1995.
- Everson, Michael. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS Archived 5 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 2005-09-05
- Read, A.F.C. Balti grammar.London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.
- Sprigg, Richard Keith. Balti-English English-Balti dictionary. Richmond: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.
- Backstrom, Peter C. Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2), 1992. 417 pp. ISBN 969-8023-12-7.
External links
edit
- Balti Language Textbook for Class4
- Unicode
- Koshur: The Balti Language
- Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan
- Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS Archived 5 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Andrew West, Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti
- Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
- Northern Areas Development Gateway
- Pakistan's Northern Areas
- A Bibliography of Tibetan Linguistics
- Balti