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Bata Corporation

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The Bata Corporation (known as Bata, and in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, known as Baťa, IPA: [ˈbaca]) is a multinational footwear, apparel and fashion accessories manufacturer and retailer of Moravian (Czech) origin, headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Bata Corporation
Company typePrivate
IndustryShoemaking, retail
Founded21 September 1894; 130 years ago (1894-09-21) in Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic)
Founder
HeadquartersLausanne, Switzerland[1]
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
ProductsFootwear and accessories
OwnerBata family
Website

The corporation is one of the world's leading shoemakers by volume with 150 million pairs of shoes sold annually.[5] It has a retail presence of over 5,300 shops in more than 70 countries across five continents and 21 production facilities in 18 countries. Bata is an employer to over 32,000 people globally.

A family-owned business for over 125 years, the company is organized into three business units: Bata, Bata Industrials (safety shoes) and AW Lab (sports style). Bata is a portfolio company with more than 20 brands and labels, such as Bata, North Star, Power, Bubblegummers, sprint, Weinbrenner, Sandak, and Toughees.

Origins and history

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Foundation

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The T. & A. Baťa Shoe Company was founded on 21 September 1894[6] in the Moravian town of Zlín, Austria-Hungary (today in the Czech Republic), by Tomáš Baťa, his brother Antonín and his sister Anna, whose family had been cobblers for generations.[1] The company employed 10 full-time employees with a fixed work schedule and a regular weekly wage.

 
Tomáš, Antonín, and Anna Baťa

In the summer of 1895, Tomáš was facing financial difficulties.[7] To overcome these setbacks, he decided to sew shoes from canvas instead of leather. This type of shoe became very popular and helped the company grow to 50 employees.[8] Four years later, Baťa installed its first steam-driven machines, beginning a period of rapid modernisation. In 1904, Tomáš read a newspaper article about machines being made in the United States such as Jan Ernst Matzeliger's automatic laster. Therefore, he took three workers and journeyed to Lynn, a city outside Boston that was then the center of the world footwear industry, in order to study and understand the American system of mass production. After six months he returned to Zlín and he introduced mechanized production techniques that allowed the Baťa Shoe Company to become one of the first mass producers of shoes in Europe. Its first mass product, the "Baťovky," was a leather and textile shoe for working people that was notable for its simplicity, style, light weight and affordable price. Its success helped fuel the company's growth, and after Antonín's death in 1908, Tomáš brought two of his younger brothers, Jan and Bohuš, into the business. Initial export sales and the first ever sales agencies began in Germany in 1909, followed by the Balkans and the Middle East. Baťa shoes were considered to be excellent quality, and were available in more styles than had ever been offered before. By 1912, Baťa was employing 1500 full-time workers, plus another several hundred who worked out of their homes in neighbouring villages.[9]

World War I

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In 1914, with the outbreak of World War I, the company had a significant development due to military orders. From 1914 to 1918 the number of Baťa's employees increased ten times. The company opened its own stores in Zlín, Prague, Liberec, Vienna and Plzeň, among other towns.

In the global economic slump that followed World War I, the newly created country of Czechoslovakia was particularly hard hit. With its currency devalued by 75%, demand for products dropped, production was cut back, and unemployment was at an all-time high. Tomáš Baťa responded to the crisis by cutting the price of Bata shoes in half.[1] The company's workers agreed to a temporary 40 percent reduction in wages; in turn, Baťa provided food, clothing, and other necessities at half-price.[1] He also introduced one of the first profit-sharing initiatives, transforming all employees into associates with a shared interest in the company's success (today's equivalent of performance-based incentives and stock options).[1]

Shoemaker to the world

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Consumer response to the price drop was dramatic. While most competitors were forced to close because of the crisis in demand between 1923 and 1925, Baťa was expanding as demand for the inexpensive shoes grew rapidly.[1] The Baťa Shoe Company increased production and hired more workers. Zlín became a veritable factory town, a "Baťaville" covering several hectares. On the site were grouped tanneries, a brickyard, a chemical factory, a mechanical equipment plant and repair shop, workshops for the production of rubber, a paper pulp and cardboard factory (for production of packaging), a fabric factory (for lining for shoes and socks), a shoe-shine factory, a power plant and farming activities to cover food and energy needs. Workers, "Baťamen", and their families had at their disposal all the necessary everyday life services, including housing, shops, schools, and hospital.[10]

Baťa combined the automated efficiency of the factory with social welfare; the early experiments in collectivism and profit-sharing laid the groundwork for a reinvention of industrial management. Not only did the company build employee housing, schools, shops and a hospital, but it also offered recreational amenities — everything from a cinema, library, department store, dance halls, and espresso bars to a swimming pool and airfield, all courtesy of Bata Shoes.[11][10] In Baťa's own words, "I have only found that a large plant can best be built when an entrepreneur aims to serve customers and employees, because that is the only way to ensure that customers and employees serve him and his ideas." (from the book "Reflections and speeches", page 208).[12]

The T. & A. Baťa Shoe Company
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    Baťa's Skyscraper
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    Baťovka shoe
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    Baťa in Zlín
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    Baťa employee housing
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    1922 advertising (drahota - costliness)
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    Baťa store in the 1920s
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    Baťa store in the 1920s

Diversification and foreign growth

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Tomáš Baťa
 
Lockheed 10 Electra executive aircraft operated before the Second World War by Baťa in Europe

Baťa also began to build towns and factories outside of Czechoslovakia (Poland, Latvia, Romania, Switzerland, France) and to diversify into such industries as tanning (1915),[7] the energy industry (1917), agriculture (1917),[7] forestry (1918),[7] newspaper publishing (1918),[7] brick manufacturing (1918), wood processing (1919),[7] the rubber industry (1923), the construction industry (1924),[7] railway and air transport (1924), book publishing (1926),[7] the film industry (1927),[7] food processing (1927),[7] chemical production (1928),[7] tyre manufacturing (1930),[7] insurance (1930),[7] textile production (1931),[7] motor transport (1932),[7] sea transport (1932),[7] and coal mining (1932),[7] airplane manufacturing (1934),[7] synthetic fibre production (1935),[7] and river transport (1938).[7] In 1923 the company boasted 112 branches.

In 1924, Tomáš Baťa displayed his business acumen by calculating how much turnover he needed to make with his annual plan, weekly plans and daily plans. Baťa utilized four types of wages – fixed rate, individual order based rate, collective task rate and profit contribution rate. He also set what became known as Baťa prices: numbers ending with a nine rather than with a whole number. His business skyrocketed. Soon Baťa found himself the fourth richest person in Czechoslovakia. From 1926 to 1928 the business blossomed as productivity rose 75 percent and the number of employees increased by 35 percent. In 1927 production lines were installed, and the company had its own hospital.[10] By the end of 1928, the company's head factory was composed of 30 buildings. Bat'a then created educational organizations such as the Baťa School of Work and introduced the five-day work week.[13][7] In 1930 he established a shoe museum that maps shoe production from the earliest times to the contemporary age throughout the world. By 1931 there were factories in Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Poland and in other countries.

In 1932, at the age of 56, Tomáš Baťa died in a plane crash during take off under bad weather conditions at Zlín Airport[1] Control of the company was passed to his half-brother, Jan Antonín Baťa, and his son, Thomas John Baťa, who would go on to lead the company for much of the twentieth century guided by the founder's moral testament: the Baťa Shoe company was to be treated not as a source of private wealth, but as a public trust, a means of improving living standards within the community and providing customers with good value for their money. Promise was made to pursue the entrepreneurial, social and humanitarian ideals of their father.[citation needed]

The Baťa company was apparently the first big enterprise to systematically utilise aircraft for company purposes, including rapid transport of personnel on businesslike delivery of maintenance men and spares to a location where needed, originating the practice of business flying.[14]

Jan Antonín Baťa and international expansion

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Main article: Jan Antonín Baťa

At the time of Tomáš's death, the Baťa company employed 16,560 people, maintained 1,645 shops and 25 enterprises. Jan Antonín Baťa, following the plans laid down by Tomáš Baťa before his death, expanded the company more than six times its original size throughout Czechoslovakia and the world. Plants in Britain, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Brazil, Kenya, Canada and the United States followed in the decade. In India, Batanagar was settled near Calcutta and accounted from the late 1930s nearly 7500 Baťamen. The Baťa model fitted anywhere, creating, for example, canteens for vegetarians in India. In exchange, the demands on workers were the same as in Europe: "Be courageous. The best in the world is not good enough for us. Loyalty gives us prosperity & happiness. Work is a moral necessity!" Bata India was incorporated as Bata Shoe Company Pvt. Ltd in 1931[15] and went on to become Bata India Ltd. in 1973. The Batanagar factory was the first Indian shoe manufacturing unit to receive the ISO 9001 certification in 1993.[16]

As of 1934, the firm owned 300 stores in North America (after World War II, many of theses stores were rebranded with the "Barrett Shoes" trademark), a thousand in Asia, more than 4,000 in Europe. In 1938, the Group employed just over 65,000 people worldwide, including 36% outside Czechoslovakia and had stakes in the tanning, agriculture, newspaper publishing, railway and air transport, textile production, coal mining and aviation realms.[17]

Bata-villes

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Company policy initiated under Tomáš Baťa was to set up villages around the factories for the workers and to supply schools and welfare. These villages include Batadorp in the Netherlands, Baťovany (present-day Partizánske) and Svit in Slovakia, Baťov (now Bahňák, part of Otrokovice) in the Czech Republic, Borovo-Bata (now Borovo Naselje, part of Vukovar in Croatia then in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Bata Park in Möhlin, Switzerland, Bataville in Lorraine, France, Batawa (Ontario) in Canada, Batatuba (São Paulo), Batayporã and Bataguassu (Mato Grosso do Sul) in Brazil, East Tilbury[18] in Essex, England, Batapur in Pakistan and Batanagar and Bataganj in India. There was also a factory in Belcamp, Maryland, USA, northeast of Baltimore on U.S. Route 40 in Harford County.[19]

The British "Bata-ville" in East Tilbury inspired the documentary film Bata-ville: We Are Not Afraid of the Future.[20]

World War II

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Just before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Baťa helped re-post his Jewish employees to branches of his firm all over the world.[21][22] Germany occupied the remaining part of pre-war Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939; Jan Antonín Baťa then spent a short time in jail but was then able to leave the country with his family. Jan Antonín Baťa stayed in the United States from 1939–1940, but when the USA entered the war, he felt it would be safer for his co-workers and their families back in occupied Czechoslovakia if he left the United States. He was put on British and US black lists for doing business with the Axis powers, and in 1941 he emigrated to Brazil. After the war ended, the Czechoslovak authorities tried Baťa as a traitor, saying he had failed to support the anti-Nazi resistance. In 1947 he was sentenced in absentia to 15 years in prison. The company's Czechoslovak assets were also seized by the state – several months before the communists came to power. He tried to save as much as possible of the business, submitting to the plans of Germany as well as financially supporting the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile led by Edvard Beneš.

In occupied Europe, a Bata shoe factory was connected to the concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau.[23] The first slave labour efforts in Auschwitz involved the Bata shoe factory.[24] In 1942 a small camp was established to support the former Bata shoe factory (now under German administration and renamed "Schlesische Schuh-Werke Ottmuth, A.G") at Chełmek with Jewish slave labourers.[25] The prisoners, mostly from France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, were tasked to clean the ponds from which the plant drew the water it needed.[26] Also slave workers from the ghetto of Radom were forced to work at the Bata factory for a soup a day.[27]

The Baťa factory was bombed by the 15th AF, 455th BG at 1235 hrs using 254 x 500 RDX bombs (63.50 tons). The Strikes fell south in the workers dwellings and carried across eastern half of plant layout. Numerous strikes in this section including warehouses, machine shops and footwear production buildings.[28]

Post-war: rebuilding

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The now-demolished Bata International Centre was the global headquarters during its entire existence (1965–2004).

Tomáš's son Thomas J. Bata, manager of the buying department of the British Bata Company, was unable to return until after the war. He was sent to Canada by his uncle Jan, to become the Vice President of the Bata Import and Export Company of Canada, which was founded in a company town named Batawa, opened in 1939. Foreign subsidiaries were separated from the parent company, and ownership of plants in Bohemia and Moravia was transferred to another member of the family.

After World War II, governments in Czechoslovakia,[1] East Germany, Poland and Yugoslavia confiscated and nationalized Bata factories, stripping Bata of its Eastern European assets.

In 1945, the decision was taken that Bata Development Limited in Great Britain would become the service headquarters of the Bata Shoe Organisation. Now based in the West, Thomas J. Bata, along with many Czechoslovakian expatriates, began to rebuild the business.[1]

From its new base, the company gradually rebuilt itself, expanding into new markets throughout Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Africa and Latin America. Rather than organizing these new operations in a highly centralized structure, Bata established a confederation of autonomous units that could be more responsive to new markets in developing countries.

Between 1946 and 1960, 25 new factories were built and 1,700 company shops were opened. In 1962, the company had production and sales activities in 79 countries.

In 1964, Bata moved their headquarters to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 1965 they were moved again, into an ultra-modern building, the Bata International Centre. The building, located on Wynford Drive, in suburban North York, Ontario, Canada, was designed by architect John B. Parkin.

In 1979, the Bata family established the Bata Shoe Museum Foundation to operate an international centre for footwear research and house of a collection that was started by Sonja Bata, Thomas' wife, in the 1940s. As she travelled the world on business with her husband, she gradually built up a collection of traditional footwear from the areas she was visiting. The Bata Shoe Museum is in Toronto.[29]

In 1980, Bata-sponsored Eliseo Salazar won the Aurora Formula One Championship.[30] Bata was one of the official sponsors of the 1986 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico,[31] and Bata Power shoes were the official footwear for the 1987 ICC Cricket World Cup.[32] Bata also sponsored 2014 Electronic Sports World Cup.[33]

Czechoslovakia after 1989

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Thomas J. Baťa returned in December 1989, soon after the Velvet Revolution in November. The Czechoslovak government offered him the opportunity to invest in the ailing government-owned Svit shoe company. Since companies nationalised before 1948 were not returned to their original owners, the state continued to own Svit and privatised it during voucher privatisation in Czechoslovakia. Svit's failure to compete in the free market led to its decline, and in 2000 Svit went bankrupt.[34]

Present

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Photo of modern Bata store in Bangladesh

After the global economic changes of the 1990s, the company closed a number of its factories in developed countries and focused on expanding retail business. Bata moved out of Canada in several steps. In 2000, it closed its Batawa factory, then in 2001, it closed its Bata retail stores, retaining its "Athletes World" retail chain.

In 2004, the Bata headquarters were moved to Lausanne, Switzerland and leadership was transferred to Thomas (Tomáš) G. Bata, grandson of the founder. The notable Bata headquarters building in Toronto was vacated and eventually demolished to much controversy. In 2007, the Athletes World chain was sold, ending Bata retail operations in Canada.[35] Bata maintains the headquarters for its "Power" brand of footwear in Toronto. The Bata Shoe Museum, founded by Sonja Bata, and operated by a charitable foundation, is also located in Toronto.

Although no longer chairman of the company, the elder Bata remained active in its operations and carried business cards listing his title as "chief shoe salesman." On 1 September 2008 Thomas John Bata (Thomáš Jan Baťa) died at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto at the age of 93.[citation needed]

Bata estimates that it serves more than 1 million customers per day, employing over 32,000 people,[36] operates more than 5,300 shops, manages 21 production facilities and a retail presence in over 70 countries across the five continents. Bata has a strong presence in countries including India where it has been present since 1931.

Bata India has four factories. The Batanagar Industrial Township in Kolkata (1930) is the largest shoe-maker in Asia.[37]

The business is organised in five regions: Africa (with regional office based in Limuru, Kenya), APAC (with regional office based in Singapore), Latin America (with regional office based in Santiago de Chile, Chile), India (with regional office based in New Delhi) and Europe (with regional office based in Padua, Italy).

Bata brands

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Bata shop on Wenceslas Square in Prague, built in 1927–1929
  • Bata/Baťa
  • North Star (urban shoes)
  • Weinbrenner (outdoor shoes)
  • Bubblegummers (children's shoes)
  • Power (athletic shoes)
  • Sparx (athletic shoes)
  • Bata Industrials (work & safety)
  • Toughees (school shoes)
  • Verlon (school shoes)
  • Teener (school shoes)
  • B-First (school shoes)
  • Footin (school shoes)
  • Patapata (flip flops)
  • Marie Claire (women's shoes)
  • Leena (women's shoes)
  • Tomy Takkies (urban shoes)

Bata brand extensions

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  • Ambassador (classic men's shoes)
  • Bata 3D (urban sneakers)
  • Bata Comfit (comfort shoes)
  • Bata Flexible (comfort shoes)
  • Bata Red Label (trendy shoes)

Selected factories

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Czechia

Slovakia

Europe

Brazil

Other

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dinger, Ed (2006). International Directory of Company Histories. Gale. Retrieved 28 August 2018. Bata began to reorganize the company, essentially running the business out of Switzerland.
  2. ^ "Thomas G. Bata | The IMD Global Family Business Award". globalfamilybusinessaward.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  3. ^ Female (Malaysia) (1 September 2017). "WHO: Thomas George Bata, Chairman, who's the third generation Bata family member to lead the company". Retrieved 28 August 2018 – via PressReader.
  4. ^ "Sandeep Kataria has been elevated as the Global CEO of Bata". 15 May 2021.
  5. ^ s.r.o, Minion Interactive. "Love living in Batas". Bata Corporation. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  6. ^ s.r.o, Minion Interactive. "Bata Corporation". Bata Corporation. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u www.knowlimits.cz, KNOWLIMITS Group- (20 July 2020). "Baťa v datech - Nadace Baťa" (in Czech). Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  8. ^ www.knowlimits.cz, KNOWLIMITS Group- (20 July 2020). "Baťa v datech - Nadace Baťa" (in Czech). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  9. ^ Kudzbel, Marek (2001). Baťa - hospodársky zázrak (1. vyd ed.). Marianka: Marada Capital Services. ISBN 80-968458-1-0. OCLC 249435665.
  10. ^ a b c Tomaštík, Marek (2007). Tomáš Baťa - doba a společnost : sborník příspěvků ze stejnojmenné zlínské konference, pořádané ve dnech 30. listopadu - 1. prosince 2006 [Tomáš Baťa - time and society: collection of contributions from the conference of the same name in Zlín, held on November 30 - December 1, 2006] (in Czech). Nadace Tomáše Bati, Ústav pro soudobé dějiny (Vyd. 1 ed.). Brno: Pro nadaci Tomáše Bati vydalo nakl. Viribus Unitis. ISBN 978-80-903948-0-3. OCLC 228597622.
  11. ^ "Bata-Ville: A Shoe Company's Quest for Global Utopia". Azure Magazine. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  12. ^ "Tomáš Baťa citát: "Zjistil jsem toliko, že veliký závod vybudovat lze nejlépe, když podnikatel vytkne si za cíl sloužit zákazníkům a zaměstnancům, protože jen tak lze dosíci, aby zákazníci a zaměstnanci sloužili jemu, tj. jeho věci, jeho myšlence." (Úvahy a projevy, str. 208)" | Citáty slavných osobností". Vyznam Emoji (in Czech). Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  13. ^ Rybka, Zdeněk (1999). Základní zásady Baťova systému pro podnikatele a vedoucí pracovníky : (studie). Praha: Toko A/S. ISBN 80-902411-3-1. OCLC 42604870.
  14. ^ Fact263 (23 September 2019). "HISTORY OF BATA COMPANY". Mysite. Retrieved 14 November 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "Bata India - Buy Shoes Online For Men, Women & Kids. Footwear From Leading Brands, Power, Hush Puppies etc". bata.in.
  16. ^ "Categories". bata.in. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  17. ^ "Remembering the life of Thomas Bata 1914 - 2008". nationalpost.remembering.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  18. ^ "batamemories". Archived from the original on 19 November 2002. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  19. ^ "Bata Shoe Factory Belcamp Maryland". Kilduffs.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  20. ^ "Entertainment | Road film follows shoe empire". BBC News. 28 August 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  21. ^ [1] Archived 6 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Stephen Moss (22 June 2002). "Profile: Tom Stoppard | Film". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  23. ^ Dwork, Deborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Holocaust: A History, W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., 2002. ISBN 9780393051889
  24. ^ Engle Schafft, Gretchen, From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich, University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 0-252-02930-5
  25. ^ Dwork, Deborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present, New York: W.W. Norton and Company Inc. ISBN 0-393-03933-1
  26. ^ "Auschwitz sub-camps- Chelmek". Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  27. ^ "Jewish Workers of the Bata Shoe Company in Radom, Poland". Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  28. ^ Air Force Historical CD C0111, 304th Bomb Wing bombing plots Page 1082
  29. ^ "About Our Founder – Bata Shoe Museum". Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  30. ^ Eliseo Salazar - Formula 1 Aurora, Triunfo en el Grand Prix Thruxton 1980, 18 February 2012, retrieved 19 July 2022
  31. ^ "pe2xosdys58tlyzajyb7-pdf.pdf" (PDF).
  32. ^ "Pin on Power Vintage". Pinterest. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  33. ^ "Bata Announces Sponsorship Deal with eSports Team". bata.com. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  34. ^ "[PDF] Jan Antonín Baťa - Free Download PDF". nanopdf.com. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  35. ^ Strauss, Marina (18 May 2007). "Mogul snaps up Athletes World". The Globe and Mail. p. B3.
  36. ^ About Bata Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine bata.com, 5 March 2013.
  37. ^ "Bata India - C o r p o r a t e P r o f i l e - the world at your feet". Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  38. ^ "Historie města" [Town history]. otrokovice.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  39. ^ "Historie města Třebíč v datech" [Třebíč town history in dates]. trebic.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  40. ^ "Historie města" [Town history]. mesto-zruc.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  41. ^ "Sezimovo Ústí". sezimovo-usti.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  42. ^ "História mesta Partizánske" [History of the town of Partizánske]. partizanske.sk (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  43. ^ "Bata's World – Belgium". world.tomasbata.org. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  44. ^ "Osnovna škola Borovo" [Elementary school Borovo]. os-borovo.skole.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  45. ^ a b c d "Bata's World – Brazil". world.tomasbata.org. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  46. ^ "Lahore Situationer (11/20/71)". bucksjournal.com. 20 November 1971. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  47. ^ "Bata's World – Indonesia". world.tomasbata.org. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  48. ^ "Dalton". daltonbuild.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h "History". Bata Corporation. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  50. ^ Wilson, Jamie (2 October 2019). "100 Best Trainers Of All Time - Outsons". outsons.com. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  51. ^ Matthew J. Reynolds (8 October 2001). "Review: A Slovak-Arizona journey - The Slovak Spectator". Spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  52. ^ "Bata-ville: We Are Not Afraid of the Future (2005)". IMDb. 1 April 2005.
  53. ^ "Jonathan Meades: The Joy of Essex, BBC Four | The Arts Desk". www.theartsdesk.com. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  54. ^ "BBC Four - Jonathan Meades: The Joy of Essex". BBC. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  55. ^ "Laetitia Castee (Lui Magazine France)". MODELS.com. Retrieved 14 November 2022.

Further reading

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