The Battle of Sinoia, also known as the Battle of Chinhoyi was a small military engagement fought near Sinoia (modern-day Chinhoyi) between a small unit of Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) guerrillas and the Rhodesian police force on 28 April 1966. The skirmish is generally considered the opening engagement of the Rhodesian Bush War (Second Chimurenga)[2] A team of seven ZANLA cadres engaged with British South Africa Police forces near the northern town of Sinoia. The seven guerrillas all eventually died in the battle, the police killing all seven.
| Battle of Sinoia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Rhodesian Bush War | |||||||
  Sinoia Battle of Sinoia (Zimbabwe) | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Rhodesia |
 ZANLA (ZANU) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Frank Barfoot |
Simon Chimbodza † | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
 BSAP[1] RRAF | unknown | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
40 police 4 helicopters | 7[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| None | 7 killed[1] | ||||||
Background
editIn the lead up to UDI the Rhodesian Government took country-wide measures to prevent a general nationalist uprising. The general uprising, which the nationalist leaders hoped would follow UDI failed to happen. However, inflammatory broadcasts from Zambia, Tanzania and Egypt elicited some response and there were many incidents of arson, stonings, crop slashing and mutilation of livestock. Workers particularly in Bulawayo, protested by taking part in industrial action, and at Wankie Colliery sabotage attacks were carried out by a ZAPU action group, whose leader was Mazwi Gumbo.
The conflict intensified after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain on 11 November 1965. Sanctions were implemented by the British government after UDI, and member states of the United Nations endorsed the British embargo. The embargo meant the Rhodesians were hampered by a lack of modern equipment but used other means to receive vital war supplies such as receiving oil, munitions, and arms via the government of apartheid-era South Africa. War material was also obtained through elaborate international smuggling schemes, domestic production, and equipment captured from infiltrating enemy combatants.
An earlier crossing by the guerrillas occurred early in April when another ZANU group of 14 split into three sections. One section of two men headed for the Fort Victoria area and another of five men had orders to sabotage the Beria-Umtali oil pipe-line and attack white farmers. All seven were arrested before they were able to complete their mission. The third section of seven men headed for the Midlands and it is possible that their purpose was to make contact with their President, Sithole, who was under restriction at Sikombela, near Gweru.
Battle
editIn March 1966 four small groups of ZANLA guerillas crossed the Zambezi near Chirundu, the first nationalist incursion following UDI.[3] One group, comprising seven men from Guruve, Hurungwe and Makonde Districts traveled to the Chinhoyi/Sinoia area, but their presence was detected by the British South Africa Police's PATU unit.[4] Throughout the day of 28 April 1966 the two sides skirmished, and all seven ZANLA men were eventually killed, but only after their ammunition ran out.[4] The cadres had initially planned but failed, to cut the Kariba power-line from the Kariba Dam, which was supplying 70 percent of the country's electricity, and then subsequently the cadres planned to attack the blacked-out town centre and police station at Sinoia. A notebook found on one of the bodies showed that the insurgent had been trained at Nanking military college in the previous November and December. The presence of the Rhodesian helicopter which had been effectively used as a gun-ship during the attack was an important factor in the victory over the seven guerillas.
A ZANU spokesmen abroad later claimed that the group had been responsible for killing twenty-five policemen and shooting down two helicopters, although the Rhodesian government disputed this, stating that the security forces had suffered no casualties.
As a result of the inept handling of the situation by the BSAP, the government became convinced that the BSAP were policemen and not soldiers. A shift of emphasis resulted in 1966, and the Rhodesian Security Forces became the government's primary instrument for conducting counterinsurgency operations rather than the BSAP.
The Sinoia incident also marked the official introduction of dedicated insurgent forces into Rhodesia. These insurgents were organized into small groups of 8-15 men operating from bases in Zambia. Throughout this early phase, the insurgents had two objectives: attack European owned farms and destroy the oil and powerline link between Rhodesia and the Portuguese colony of Mozambique. These initial attempts were completely unsuccessful.
Although the battle was a Rhodesian victory, the event became a source of inspiration to the nationalists: Edgar Tekere wrote in his memoirs that when news of the battle reached nationalists detained in Salisbury Maximum Security Prison, they "went wild with joy".[5]
Legacy
editThe battle is celebrated in modern Zimbabwe as the first battle of the Second Chimurenga;[4] its anniversary – also the anniversary of Nehanda Nyakasikana's execution – is marked as Chimurenga Day.[6] The battle site was later developed into the Mashonaland West Provincial Heroes Acre[4] and a site museum built by the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe.[7]
The battle is commemorated in the Bhundu Boys song Viva Chinhoyi, on the album Pamberi.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Sibanda, Eliakim M. (January 2005). The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa Research & Publications. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-59221-276-7.
- ^ Stearns, Peter N., ed. (January 2002). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern – Chronologically Arranged (Sixth ed.). Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. p. 1069. ISBN 978-0-227-67968-5.
- ^ Binda, Alexandre (May 2008). The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-1-920143-07-7.
- ^ a b c d "Chinhoyi battle turns 46". ZBC. 28 April 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ Tekere, Edgar (2007). A Lifetime of Struggle (extract). SAPES books. ISBN 978-1779051462.
- ^ Laurence Raw; Defne Ersin Tutan (2012). The Adaptation of History: Essays on Ways of Telling the Past. McFarland. p. 130.
- ^ "Site Museums". National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ Lazarus, Neil (1999). Nationalism and Cultural Practice in the Postcolonial World. Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
Bibliography
edit- Smith, Ian (June 1997). The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith. London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 1-85782-176-9.
- Binda, Alexandre (May 2008). The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. ISBN 978-1-920143-07-7.
- Geldenhuys, Preller (13 July 2007). Rhodesian Air Force Operations with Air Strike Log. Durban, South Africa: Just Done Productions Publishing. ISBN 978-1-920169-61-9.