On the 5 and 6 July 1809, north of Vienna, took place one of the most important confrontations in human history until then, the Battle of Wagram. It opposed an Austrian army led by generalissimus Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen to a Franco-Italo-German army under the command of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.
Below are presented the military units which participated at this battle. On this page are listed only the troops who were close enough to the hostilities to be able to intervene. The Austrian V Corps, left behind as a strategic reserve, and the "Army of Inner Austria", whose elements from the vanguard arrived close to the battlefield only in the afternoon of the 6th, too late to intervene, have been omitted from the article. Similarly, the French VIII Corps left outside the theater of hostilities; the Franco-Allied garrison and the batteries on the island of Lobau; the squadrons and the French regiments left on the right bank of the Danube to protect the lines of communication, and most part of the Center Corps belonging to the Franco-Italian army, located in Pressburg, have also been omitted from this article because they played no part in the battle.
The Austrian army was not reinforced during the second day. Archduke Charles commanded about 140,000-150,000 men, including 15,000 cavalrymen and over 400 artillery pieces.
During the first day of the fighting, Napoleon's army numbered about 155,000-160,000 men and around the noon of the second day it was reinforced up to 165,000-180,000 men, out of whom 27,000 were cavalrymen, and more than 400 cannons. This figure remains approximate, as it does not take into consideration the losses suffered during the first day of the battle, which are difficult to estimate. The losses of the army are only a global estimation, including the hostilities on both the 5th and the 6th of July. In addition, on the 6th, Napoleon basically could not rely on the Saxon infantry from the Saxon IX Corps, which was completely disorganised and unfit for combat following the hard fighting during the first day. The French and Allied forces included two armies: the "Grand Army of Germany", which had taken part in the previous campaign in Southern Germany and Austria (the main theater of the War of the Fifth Coalition), and the "Army of Italy", of smaller dimensions, which arrived on the battlefield in stages and only with a part of its effectives, during the two days. The order of battle of the French Army was profoundly reorganised during June, and it was modified even during the battle, with some units being attached to different commanders, according to circumstances.
Abbreviations of military ranks and dignities
edit| French and Italian army | German army | Austrian army |
|---|---|---|
| MdE = Maréchal d'Empire (Marshal of the Empire)* | - | FM = Feldmarschall (Field Marshal) |
| - | - | FZM = Feldzeugmeister GdK = General der Kavallerie (Cavalry General) |
| GD = Général de Division (Divisional General) | GL = General-Leutnant (Lieutenant General) | FML = Feldmarschallleutnant (Lieutenant Field Marshal) |
| GB = Général de Brigade (Brigadier General) | GM = General-Major (Major General) | GM = General-Major |
| Col = Colonel | Ob = Oberst | Ob = Oberst |
| CdB = Chef de Bataillon (Commandant) | Oblt = Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) | Oblt = Oberstleutnant |
| Maj = Major | Maj = Major | Maj = Major |
| Cap = Capitaine (Captain) | Hauptmann | Hauptmann |
Comments
* Maréchal d'Empire, or Marshal, was not a "rank" within the French army, but a personal title granted to distinguished generals of division, along with higher pay and privileges. The highest "rank" in Napoleon's army was actually Général de Division.[1]
Opposing armies
editKaiserlich-königliche Armee
editThe Austrian army, called Kaiserlich-königliche Armee (Imperial-Royal Army), was composed of multinational troops from across the Empire, including proper Austrians, Bohemians, Moravians, Hungarians, Romanians, Croatians, Poles and other ethnic groups, with regiments speaking various languages.[2] Another facet that showed the diverse nature of this army was that Landwehr (Militias) units, some of which were quite poorly trained, were brigaded together with regular troops.[3]
Following the Battle of Aspern-Essling, Charles massed whatever forces he could spare, recalling two-thirds of III Korps from Linz, but, with war raging on secondary theatres, he was unable or unwilling to recall any additional forces. Archduke Charles did plan for the small "Army of Inner Austria" under Archduke John of Austria to march out from Pressburg, some 40 kilometers away, and participate in the battle, reckoning that the timely arrival of this force would reinforce his weak left.[3] Excluding the "Army of Inner Austria", the forces that Charles had available for the two days of battle were about 138,000 men, with 414 artillery pieces.[4]
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Archduke Charles, aged 37 at the time of the battle, had under his direct command the Kaiserlich-königliche Hauptarmee, the main Austrian army.[4] He was seconded by 39-year-old Maximilian von Wimpffen, the army's Quartermaster General (Chief of Staff), a pugnacious and assertive character, who was well respected in the Austrian army for his knowledge of military strategy.[5] The Austrian army was divided into several Korps, as follows:
- Advance Guard: 14,000 men, 48 guns, under the command of 49-year-old Feldmarschall-Leutnant Armand von Nordmann, a French émigré and a competent general;
- I Korps: 23,000 men, 68 guns, under the command of 53-year-old General der Kavallerie Heinrich von Bellegarde, who had served under Archduke Charles several times in the past and was a sound, albeit unenterprising commander;
- II Korps: 27,000 men, 68 guns, under the command of 52-year-old Feldmarschalleutnant Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, a Rhineland Prince and a commander with an impeccable reputation;
- III Korps: 18,000 men, 58 guns under 61-year-old Feldzeugmeister Johann Karl von Kollowrat-Krakowsky, a Bohemian noble with a long-standing military record;
- IV Korps: 19,000 men, 60 guns, under the command of 47-year-old Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Seraph of Rosenberg-Orsini, a descendant of a great German noble family of Italian descent, who had fought against the French during the French Revolutionary Wars and in 1805;
- VI Korps: 18,000 men, 64 guns, under the command of 51-year-old Feldmarschalleutnant Johann von Klenau, another Bohemian noble and a general who had won quite a remarkable reputation during the French Revolutionary Wars;
- I Reserve Korps: 18,000 men, 48 guns, under the command of 49-year-old General der Kavallerie Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein, an Austrian Prince, competent commander and a personal friend of Archduke Charles.[4][6][7][8]
Although in the vicinity of the battlefield, the V Korps (12,000 men, 50 guns)[4] under Feldmarschalleutnant Prince Heinrich XV Reuss of Plauen had been left behind on the Bisamberg heights as a strategic reserve, a position which meant that it was too far away to take part to any fighting on or around the Marchfeld, and were thus not a part of Charles' effective fighting force. This was due to Charles's desire to protect his communication lines towards Bohemia and Moravia.[9]
Grande Armée
editAs opposed to his Austrian counterpart, Napoleon managed to muster two secondary armies for the upcoming battle. The first, called the Army of Italy, had marched from northern Italy to the main theatre of operations north of Vienna and was led by Napoleon's stepson, the Viceroy of Italy, Prince Eugène de Beauharnais. The second was the XI Corps, which formed the Army of Dalmatia, under General of Division Auguste de Marmont. However, the Army of Dalmatia, as well as a part of the Army of Italy only arrived on the battlefield towards midday on 6 July, at about the same time as an additional force, a Bavarian division under general Karl Philipp von Wrede.[10]
All these forces considered, Napoleon could muster an army of around 166,000 men, with 433 guns.[10] He was seconded by Major Général (Chief of Staff), 56-year-old Maréchal d'Empire Louis-Alexandre Berthier, a seasoned officer, who had been serving as Napoleon's Chief of Staff since 1796.[11] The army was organised in the usual French Corps system and the main army, Armée d'Allemagne ("Army of Germany") was divided as follows:
- The Imperial Guard: 10,500 men, 60 guns, under the direct command of Napoleon;
- II Corps: 27,000 men, 64 guns, under the command of 42-year-old Général de division Nicolas-Charles Oudinot, a fearless commander, who had a reputation for leading from the front;
- III Corps: 38,000 men, 120 guns, under the command of 39-year-old Maréchal d'Empire Louis-Nicolas Davout, a stern disciplinarian and one of the best commanders in the French army;
- IV Corps: 28,000 men, 86 guns, under the command of 51-year-old Maréchal d'Empire André Masséna, a general who had fought against the Austrians many times in the past and who had a reputation for exceptional military talent and cunning;
- VII Corps: only one Bavarian division (6,600 men, 24 guns) was present, under 42-year-old General von Wrede;
- IX Corps: 17,000 Saxons, 38 guns, under 46-year-old Maréchal d'Empire Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, a commander who had acquired some fame during the Wars of the Revolution, but who often had strained relations with Napoleon;
- XI Corps ("Army of Dalmatia"): 10,000 men, 28 guns, under 34-year-old Général de division Auguste de Marmont, an up-and-coming commander and personal friend of the Emperor;
- The Reserve Cavalry Corps (three heavy cavalry divisions): 8,000 men, 24 guns, under the command of 40-year-old Maréchal d'Empire Jean-Baptiste Bessières, a skilled cavalry commander and loyal supporter of the Emperor.[10][12]
The "Army of Italy", under the command of 27-year-old Prince Eugène, the Viceroy of Italy and Napoleon's stepson. Eugène's army had a total of 44 guns and was made up of:
- the small Italian Royal Guard (1,700 men) under 33-year-old Général de division Achille Fontanelli;
- V Corps: 7,000 men, under 43-year-old Général de division Jacques MacDonald, who had acquired considerable fame as a general of the Revolution but who had subsequently fallen out with Napoleon and was only just coming back into grace;
- VI Corps: 12,000 men, under 41-year-old Général de division Paul Grenier, a seasoned commander.[10][12][13]
Napoleon also massed additional artillery on the island of Lobau – 28 18-pounders, 24 12-pounders, 17 28-centimetre heavy mortars, 10 howitzers and a number of small calibre guns (4 and 6-pounders). Also stationed on the island of Lobau during the battle were one regiment and 5 battalions defending the crucial communications with Vienna.[14] These troops would not see action at Wagram, although the batteries would open an artillery barrage when Austrians from Klenau's VI Corps came within range, on the second day of the battle.[15] All the forces that remained on this island were placed under the command of general Aubry, later under the command of general Jean-Louis Reynier.[14]
Finally, the VIII Corps, under General of Division Dominique Vandamme was left out of the battle and was left behind to cover Vienna and the southern bank of the Danube upstream from the Austrian capital.[16]
Franco-Allied Forces
editCommander: Emperor Napoleon I
Grand Army of Germany
editCommander: Emperor Napoleon I
| Aides-de-camp to the Emperor | Military Household of the Emperor |
|---|---|
| GD Lauriston | Grand Marshal GD Duroc |
| GB Savary | First Squire GD Nansouty |
| GB Lebrun | Maréchal des Logis du Palais GD de Ségur |
| GD Mouton | |
| GD Rapp (absent) | |
| GB Reille | |
| GD Le Marois (absent) | |
| GD Caffarelli (absent) | |
| GD Bertrand |
Army Staff
edit- Chief of Staff: MdE Berthier
- Vice Chief of Staff: GD Dumas
- Deputy to the Vice Chief of Staff: GB Bailly de Monthion
- Vice Chief of Staff: GD Dumas
- Artillery commander: GD Lariboisière
- Deputy artillery commander: GD Foucher
- Chief of military engineers: GD Bertrand
- Deputy chief of military engineers: Col Blein
French Imperial Guard
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial Guard | Napoleon I* | 12,625 | ||
| 1st Division (Young Guard) | GD Curial | 4,668 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GB Dumoustier | 2,088 | ||
| Fusilier-Chasseurs Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Lanabère | 1,029 | ||
| Fusilier-Grenadiers Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Bodelin | 1,059 | ||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Roguet | 2,484 | ||
| Tirailleurs Chasseurs Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Rosey | 1,294 | ||
| Tirailleurs Grenadiers Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Laurède | 1,190 | ||
| 2nd Division (Old Guard) | GD Dorsenne | 2,656 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GB Gros | 2,656 | ||
| 1st Foot Chasseurs Regiment (2 bat.) | GD Curial** | 1,392 | ||
| 1st Foot Grenadiers Regiment (2 bat.) | GB Michel | 1,264 | ||
| 3rd Division (Cavalry) | GD Walther | 3,871 | ||
| Horse Grenadiers Regiment (4 sq.) | GB Thiry*** | 994 | ||
| Empress' Dragoons Regiment | GB Letort | 995 | ||
| Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | GB Guyot | 1,024 | ||
| Polish 1st Light Cavalry Regiment (4 sq.) | GB Krasiński | 966 | ||
| Élite Gendarmes Legion (2 sq.) | GB Savary | 309 | ||
| Artillery (10 batteries) | GD Lauriston | 2,397/60 pieces | 6 officers; 115 men | 13 officers; 342 men |
| Foot artillery (4 batteries) | Col Drouot | 24 12-pounders | ||
| Foot artillery (one howitzer battery) | Maj Pommereul | 4 24-pound howitzers | ||
| Horse artillery (4 batteries) | Maj d'Aboville | 24 6-pounders | ||
| Horse artillery (2 batteries) | Maj Boulart | 12 8-pounders | ||
| Marines | Cap Baste | 113 | ||
| Engineers | CdB Boissonet |
Comments
* Some authors (Naulet, Hourtoulle) cite GD Walther as being the commander of the entire Guard. General Walther had indeed commanded the Guard during the marches of this campaign. Rothenberg considers that Emperor Napoleon was the direct commander of the Guard, because he kept this unit under very strict control and it acted only at his command. Furthermore, Walther, although one of the most experienced generals on the battlefield, had previously commanded only cavalry. Thanks to his prestige among the ranks of this unit and the fact that he often commanded the Guard cavalry, MdE Bessières was naturally considered to have the authority to command this unit, although in this battle he was granted only the command of the Cavalry Reserve.
** GB Curial had been promoted to the rank of GD after the battle of Aspern-Essling and had been granted the command of the 1st Young Guard Division, but he nominally kept the command of the 1st Foot Chasseurs Regiment from the Old Guard as their deputy major general. The major general of the Foot Chasseurs (honorary appointment), MdE Soult, was in Spain.
*** Pigeard (La Garde Imperiale) cites GD Walther as being the direct commander of the Horse Grenadiers. It is certain that this general spent much of the 6th of July by directly commanding this unit, as it was his favourite one.
II Corps (Oudinot)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Losses |
|---|---|---|---|
| II Corps | GD Oudinot* | 30,469 men | 277 officers; 8,669 men |
| 1st Division** | GD Tharreau | 8,579 | |
| 1st Brigade | GB Conroux | ||
| 6th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 9th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 24th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 25th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 27th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| Corsican Tirailleurs (1 bat.) | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Albert | ||
| 8th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | CdB Mariveaux | ||
| 24th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 45th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 94th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 95th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 96th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 3rd Brigade | GB Jarry | ||
| 4th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 18th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | CdB Guigard | ||
| 54th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 63rd Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | CdB Mouchon | ||
| 2nd Division** | GD Frère*** | 8,834 | |
| 1st Brigade | GB Coehorn | ||
| 16th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 17th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | CdB Boulon | ||
| 21st Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 26th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 28th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| Tirailleurs du Po (1 bat.) | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Razout | ||
| 27th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 39th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 59th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 69th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 76th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 3rd Brigade | GB Ficatier | ||
| 40th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 64th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 88th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 100th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 103rd Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | |||
| 3rd Division | GD Grandjean**** | 7,861 | |
| 1st Brigade | GB Marion | ||
| 10th Light Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Berthezène | ||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Lorencez | ||
| 3rd Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Schobert | ||
| 57th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Charrière | ||
| 3rd Brigade | GB Brun | ||
| 72nd Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Lafitte | ||
| 105th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Blanmont | ||
| Portuguese Legion | GB Lobo | 1,651 | |
| 13th Demi-brigade (3 bat.) | GB Lobo | ||
| Provisional Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (2 sq.) | Col Aguiar | ||
| Light cavalry brigade | GB Colbert | 1,650 men | |
| 9th Hussar Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Gauthrin | ||
| 7th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Bohn | ||
| 20th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Castex | ||
| Artillery (8 batteries) and engineers | GB Navelet | 1,932 men/48 pieces (36 regimental pieces) |
Comments
* GD Oudinot replaced MdE Lannes, mortally wounded at the battle of Aspern-Essling, at the head of the II Corps.
** The 1st and 2nd divisions of this Corps were formed only from the 4th battalion of several regiments, some present at Wagram in the composition of other Corps, others being in Spain with their other 3 battalions and their colonel. The 4th battalion of these regiments was usually made up from young recruits without experience, divided, according to the new French system, in 4 "center" companies. To fill up the ranks, according to the regulations, 2 more "élite" companies were added (one of grenadiers and one of voltigeurs for the line regiments, and one of foot carabiniers and one of voltigeurs for the light regiments), generally consisting of veterans.
*** After the battle of Aspern-Essling GD Frère replaced GD Claparède at the head of the 2nd Division.
**** After the battle of Aspern-Essling GD Grandjean replaced GD Saint-Hilaire, mortally wounded on the 22nd of May, at the head of the 3rd Division.
III Corps (Davout)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| III Corps | MdE Davout | 42,541 | 22 officers; 732 men | 207 officers; 5,104 men |
| 1st Division | GD Morand | 8,643 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GB Poncet | |||
| 13th Light Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Guyardet | |||
| 17th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Oudet | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Hoff | |||
| 30th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Joubert | |||
| 61st Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Bouge | |||
| 2nd Division | GD Friant | 9,730 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GB Gilly | |||
| 15th Light Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Noos | |||
| 33rd Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Pouchelon | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Barbanègre | |||
| 48th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Groisne | |||
| 3rd Brigade | GB Grandeau | |||
| 108th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Rottembourg | |||
| 111th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Husson | |||
| 3rd Division | GD Gudin | 10,508 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GB Boyer | |||
| 7th Light Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Lamaire | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Leclerc des Essarts | |||
| 12th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Thoulouse | |||
| 21st Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Decouz | |||
| 3rd Brigade | GB Duppelin | |||
| 25th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Dunesme | |||
| 85th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Piat | |||
| 4th Division | GD Puthod | 4,734 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GB Girard | |||
| 17th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 30th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 33rd Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 61st Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 65th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Desailly | |||
| 7th Light Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 12th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 25th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 85th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| 111th Line Regiment (1 bat., 4th) | ||||
| Light cavalry division | GD Montbrun | 1,219 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GB Jacquinot | |||
| 1st Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Méda | |||
| 2nd Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Mathis | |||
| 7th Hussar Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Domon | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Pajol | |||
| 5th Hussar Regiment (4 sq.) | Col d'Héry | |||
| 11th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Désirat | |||
| 12th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | Lt-Col Ghigny (?) | |||
| 1st Dragoon Division (detached from the Army of Italy) | GD Pully | 1,182 | ||
| 23rd Dragoon Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Thierry | |||
| 28th Dragoon Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Montmarie | |||
| 29th Dragoon Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Avice | |||
| 2nd Dragoon Division (detached from the Army of Italy) | GD Grouchy | 2,300 | ||
| 7th Dragoon Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Séron | |||
| 30th Dragoon Regiment (4 sq.) | ||||
| Italian attached Dragoni Regina Regiment (4 sq.) | ||||
| 1st Cacciatori a Cavallo Regiment (1 sq.) | ||||
| Artillery (8 batteries) and engineers | 1,393 men/51 pieces; 36 regimental pieces |
IV Corps (Masséna)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded | Prisoners |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV Corps | MdE Masséna | 29,391 men | 1,084 | 6,018 | 1,213 |
| 1st Division | GD Legrand | 5,083 | 400 | 1,545 | 49 |
| 1st Brigade | GB Ledru des Essarts | ||||
| 26th Light Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Campi | ||||
| 18th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Ravier | ||||
| 2nd Brigade (Baden) | Ob von Neuenstein | 95 | 275 | ||
| Light Regiment (Jäger) (1 bat.) | Maj von Brandt | ||||
| 1st Guard Regiment (Leibregiment) (2 bat.) | |||||
| 2nd Infantry Regiment (Erbgrossherzog) (2 bat.) | Crown Prince Charles | ||||
| 3rd Infantry Regiment (1 bat.) | Maj von Hochberg | ||||
| 2nd Division | GD Carra Saint-Cyr | 8,411 | 326 | 2,817 | 891 |
| 1st Brigade | GB Cosson | ||||
| 24th Light Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Pourailly | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Dalesme | ||||
| 4th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Boyeldieu | ||||
| 46th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Baudinot | ||||
| 3rd Brigade (Hesse-Darmstadt) | GB Schiner and GM von Nagel | 127 | 453 | ||
| Guard Infantry Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob von Lehrbach | ||||
| Line Regiment (2 bat.) | |||||
| Guard Light Regiment (1 bat.) | Oblt von Beck | ||||
| 3rd Division | GD Molitor | 5,685 | 199 | 766 | 8 |
| 1st Brigade | GB Leguay | ||||
| 2nd Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Delga | ||||
| 16th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Marin | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Viviès | ||||
| 37th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Gauthier † | ||||
| 67th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Petit | ||||
| 4th Division | GD Boudet | 4,584 | 39 | 280 | 95 |
| 1st Brigade | GB Fririon | ||||
| 3rd Light Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Lamarque d'Arrouzat | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Valory | ||||
| 93rd Line Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Grillot | ||||
| 56th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Gengoult | ||||
| Light cavalry brigade | GB Marulaz | 1,464 | 82 | 250 | 80 |
| 3rd Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Saint-Mars | ||||
| 14th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Lion | ||||
| 19th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Leduc | ||||
| 23rd Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Lambert | ||||
| Baden Dragoon Regiment (1 sq.) | Col Freystedt | ||||
| Hesse Chevau-léger Regiment (2 sq.) | Col Chamot and Maj von Munchingen | ||||
| 4th light cavalry division (detached from the Cavalry Reserve) | GD Lasalle † | 1,843 | 38 | 360 | 90 |
| 1st Brigade | GB Bruyères | ||||
| 13th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Demengeot | ||||
| 24th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Ameil | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Piré | ||||
| 8th Hussar Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Laborde † | ||||
| 16th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Maupoint | ||||
| Artillery (10 batteries) and engineers | 2,321 men/61 pieces |
VII Corps (von Wrede's Bavarian division)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VII Corps | MdE Lefebvre (absent) | |||
| 1st Division (Bavaria) | GL von Wrede | 6,866 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Minucci | |||
| 6th Light Infantry Bat. | ||||
| 3rd Line Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob Berchem | |||
| 13th Line Regiment (2 bat.) | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GM von Beckers | |||
| 6th Line Regiment (2 bat.) | ||||
| 7th Line Regiment (2 bat.) | ||||
| 3rd Brigade | GM von Preysing | |||
| 2nd Chevau-léger Regiment (4 sq.) | ||||
| 3rd Chevau-léger Regiment (4 sq.) | ||||
| Artillery (2 batteries) and engineers | 460 men/16 pieces |
IX Corps (Bernadotte)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IX Corps | MdE Bernadotte | 18,272 men | 61 officers; 887 men | 133 officers; 4,131 men |
| 1st Division (Saxony) | GL von Zerschwitz | |||
| 1st Brigade | GM Hartitzsch † | |||
| Guard Grenadier Bat. (Leibgrenadiergarde) | ||||
| Bose's Grenadier Bat. | ||||
| Hach's Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GM von Zeschau | |||
| King's Regiment (2 bat.) | ||||
| Niesemenschel's Bat. | ||||
| Klengel's Bat. | ||||
| 3rd Brigade (cavalry) | GM Gutschmitz | |||
| Leibgarde Regiment (2 sq.) | ||||
| Carabinier Regiment (2 sq.) | ||||
| Prince Clement Chevau-léger Regiment (2 sq.) | ||||
| Duke Albert Chevau-léger Regiment (1 sq.) | ||||
| Hussar Regiment (3 esc.) | ||||
| 2nd Division (Saxony) | GL von Polenz | |||
| 1st Brigade | GM Lecoq | |||
| Prince Clement's Bat. | ||||
| Low's Bat. | ||||
| Cerini's Bat. | ||||
| Egidy's Tirailleur Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | Col Steindel | |||
| Prince Maximilian's Bat. | ||||
| Prince Frederick's Bat. | ||||
| Prince Anton's Bat. | ||||
| 3rd Brigade (cavalry) | GM Feititzsch | |||
| Guard Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | ||||
| Prince John Chevau-léger Regiment (4 sq.) | ||||
| 3rd Division | GD Dupas | 22 officers; 512 men | 39 officers; 1,946 men | |
| 1st Brigade | GB Gency | |||
| 5th Light Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Dubreton | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Veaux | |||
| 19th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Aubry | |||
| Radelof's Bat. | ||||
| Winkelmann's Bat. | ||||
| Metzsch's Tirailleur Bat. | ||||
| Artillery (8 batteries) and engineers | 938 men/41 pieces |
XI Corps or the Army of Dalmatia (Marmont)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| XI Corps (Army of Dalmatia) | GD Marmont | 10,070 men | ||
| 1st Division | GD Claparède | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Soyez | |||
| 5th Line Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Roussille | |||
| 3rd Brigade | GB Bertrand de Sivray | |||
| 79th Line Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Godart | |||
| 81st Line Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Bonté | |||
| 2nd Division | GD Clauzel | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Delzons | |||
| 8th Light Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Bellair | |||
| 23rd Line Regiment (2 bat.) | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Bachelu | |||
| 11th Line Regiment (2 bat.) | ||||
| Light cavalry brigade | 270 men | |||
| 3rd Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (1 sq.) | ||||
| 24th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (1 sq.) | ||||
| Artillery (2 batteries) and engineers | 515 men and 19 pieces |
Cavalry Reserve (Bessières)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cavalry Reserve | MdE Bessières | 8,696 men | 16 officers; 171 troopers | 66 officers; 693 troopers |
| 1st Division (heavy cavalry) | GD Nansouty | 4,039 men | 12 officers; 105 troopers | 37 officers; 415 troopers |
| 1st Brigade | GB Defrance | |||
| 1st Carabinier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Laroche | |||
| 2nd Carabinier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Blancard | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Doumerc | |||
| 2nd Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Chouard | |||
| 9th Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Paultre de Lamotte | |||
| 3rd Brigade | GB Saint-Germain | |||
| 3rd Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Richter | |||
| 12th Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Dornes | |||
| 2nd Division (heavy cavalry) | GD Saint-Sulpice | 1,994 men | 2 officers; 27 troopers | 5 officers; 66 troopers |
| 1st Brigade | GB Fiteau | |||
| 1st Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Berckheim | |||
| 5th Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Quinette | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Guiton | |||
| 10th Cuirassier Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Lhéritier | |||
| 11th Cuirassier Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Duclaux | |||
| 3rd Division (heavy cavalry) | GD Arrighi | 1,931 men | 2 officers; 39 troopers | 24 officers; 212 troopers |
| 1st Brigade | GB Reynaud | |||
| 4th Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col prince Borghese | |||
| 6th Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col d'Haugéranville | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Bordesoulle | |||
| 7th Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Dubois | |||
| 8th Cuirassier Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Grandjean | |||
| Artillery (one battery) and engineers | 732 men/10 pieces |
Army of Italy (Eugène)
editUnder the overall command of Emperor Napoleon I, king of Italy
Commander: Prince Eugène
- First Adjutant: GB Charles Nicolas d'Anthouard de Vraincourt
| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Army of Italy | Prince Eugène | 16,659 men | ||
| V Corps | GD MacDonald | |||
| 1st Division | GD Lamarque | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Huard | |||
| 18th Light Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Christiani | |||
| 13th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Huin | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Alméras | |||
| 23rd Line Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Minal | |||
| 29th Line Regiment (4 bat.) | Col Billard | |||
| 2nd Division | GD Broussier | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Quétard | |||
| 9th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Gallet | |||
| 84th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Gambin | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Dessaix | |||
| 92nd Line Regiment (4 bat.) | Col Nagle | |||
| VI Corps | GD Grenier | |||
| 1st Division | GD Seras | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Moreau | |||
| 35th Line Regiment (1 bat.) | CdB Figié | |||
| 53rd Line Regiment (4 bat.) | Col Grosbon | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Roussel | |||
| 42nd Line Regiment (1 bat.) | CdB Juge | |||
| 106th Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Bertrand | |||
| 2nd Division | GD Durutte | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Valentin | |||
| 23rd Light Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Horiot † ; from the 6th of July Col Delacambre | |||
| 62nd Line Regiment (4 bat.) | Col Bruny | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Pastol (?) / GB Bruce (?) | |||
| 60th Line Regiment (2 bat.) | Maj Grobon | |||
| 102nd Line Regiment (3 bat.) | Col Sibra | |||
| 3rd Division | GD Pacthod | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Abbé | |||
| 8th Light Regiment (2 bat.) | Col Bellair | |||
| 1st Line Regiment (4 bat.) | Col Saint-Martin | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Teste | |||
| 52nd Line Regiment (4 bat.) | Col Grenier J.G. | |||
| Light cavalry division | GD Sahuc, wounded on the 5th of July, replaced by GB Gérard | |||
| 6th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Ledard | |||
| 8th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (4 sq.) | Col Curto | |||
| 9th Chasseur à Cheval Regiment (3 sq.) | Col Delacroix | |||
| Guardia Reale | GD Fontanelli | |||
| 1st Brigade | GB Guérin | |||
| Guardia del Onore (1 sq.) | ||||
| Dragoni dei Regina (2 sq.) | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GB Lechi | |||
| Granatieri (1 bat.) | ||||
| Cacciatori (1 bat.) | ||||
| Veliti (1 bat.) | ||||
| Artillery (6 batteries) | GD Sorbier | 1,055 men/36 pieces |
Austrian army
editCommander: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
- Chief of Staff: GM Maximilian von Wimpffen
Vanguard (von Nordmann)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vanguard (Light "Division") | FML von Nordmann † | 14,365 men | ||
| 1st Vanguard Brigade | GM Vécsey † | |||
| 12th Hussar Regiment Palatin (6 sq.) | Ob von Illesy | |||
| 1st Jäger Bat. | Oblt Lutz | |||
| 58th Beaulieu Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob von Frohauf | |||
| 3rd Meinharts-Berg Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Vanguard Brigade | GM von Frölich | |||
| 7th Jäger Bat. | Maj von Steinmetz | |||
| 10th Hussar Regiment Stipsicz (8 sq.) | Ob Starhemberg | |||
| 13th Grenzer Regiment Wallachia-Illyria (2 bat.) | ||||
| 1st Infantry Brigade | GM von Riese | |||
| 44th Bellegarde Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Studnitz | |||
| 46th Chasteler Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Kirchberg | |||
| 1st Vienna Woods Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Vienna Woods Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Infantry Brigade | GM von Mayer | |||
| 4th Deutschmeister Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Klopstein | |||
| 49th Kerpen Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Langenau | |||
| 5th Vienna Woods Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 6th Vienna Woods Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| Cavalry Brigade | GM von Schneller | |||
| 4th Hussar Regiment Hessen-Homburg (8 sq.) | Ob Prince Gustav zu Hessen-Homburg | |||
| Artillery (4-6 batteries) and engineers | 26 (?) pieces |
I Corps (von Bellegarde)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I Corps | GdK von Bellegarde | 21,693 men | ||
| 1st Division | FML von Dedovich | 11,850 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Henneberg | |||
| 17th Reuss-Plauen Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Oberdorf | |||
| 36th Kollowrat Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob Klenau | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GM de Wacquant | |||
| 11th Archduke Rainer Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Fabre | |||
| 47th Vogelsang Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob Bentheim-Steinfurt | |||
| 2nd Division | FML Fresnel | 9,843 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Clary | |||
| 10th Mitrowsky Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob von Lowenwarth | |||
| 42nd Erbach Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob von Brixen | |||
| Hradischer Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GM von Motzen | |||
| 35th Argenteau Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Giessenburg | |||
| 4th Archduke Charles' Legion Bat. | ||||
| Vanguard Brigade | GM von Stutterheim | |||
| 2nd Jäger Bat. | Maj von Arno | |||
| 5th Chevau-léger Regiment Klenau (8 sq.) | Ob von Spiegel | |||
| Artillery (9-10 batteries) and engineers | 62-70 pieces |
II Corps (von Hohenzollern)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| II Corps | GdK von Hohenzollern | 25,951 men | ||
| 1st Division | FML von Brady | 13,403 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Paar | |||
| 54th Froon Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Andrassy | |||
| 25th Zedwitz Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Quallenburg | |||
| 3rd Hradischer Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Znaimer Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Brigade | GM Buress | |||
| 57th Joseph Colloredo Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob Ellger | |||
| 15th Zach Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob von Carpenstein | |||
| 1st Brünner Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 3rd Brünner Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Division | FML von Ulm* | 12,547 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Allstern | |||
| 21st Rohan Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Krause | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GM von Wied-Runkel | |||
| 18th d'Aspre Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Riesenburg | |||
| 28th Fröhlich Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Mecsery | |||
| Vanguard Brigade | GM von Hardegg | 2,126 | ||
| 2nd Archduke Charles' Legion Bat. | ||||
| 8th Jäger Bat. | Oblt Mumb | |||
| 4th Chevau-léger Regiment Vincent (6 sq.) | Ob Fierland | |||
| Artillery (10 batteries) and engineers | 68 pieces |
Comments
* Some sources state FML Ulm's division was commanded by FML von Siegenthal.
III Corps (Kollowrat)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| III Corps | FZM Kollowrat | 16,596 | ||
| 1st Division | FML Saint-Julien | 8,363 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Lilienberg | |||
| 23rd Würzburg Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob von Sterndahl | |||
| 1st Kaiser Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg | |||
| 12th Manfredini Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Winzian | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GM von Bieber | |||
| 20th Kaunitz Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Sternau | |||
| 38th Württemberg Regiment (2 bat.) | Ob de Lompret | |||
| 2nd Division | FML von Vukassovich † | 8,233 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Grill | |||
| 56th Wenzel Colloredo Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Giffing | |||
| 7th Karl Schröder Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Heldensfeld | |||
| 2nd Brigade | GM Wratislaw | |||
| Prager Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 1st Berauner Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| Vanguard Brigade | GM von Schneller* | |||
| 2nd Berauner Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| Lobkowitz Jäger Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Uhlan Regiment Schwarzenberg (6 sq.) | Ob Schmuttermayer | |||
| Artillery (8-10 batteries) and engineers | 54-70 pieces |
Comments
* Some sources state GM Schneller's brigade was commanded by Ob Schmuttermayer.
IV Corps (von Rosenberg)
edit| Unit | Commander | Strength | Dead | Wounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV Corps | FML von Rosenberg | 18,024 | ||
| 1st Division | FML Prince zu Hohenlohe-Bartenstein | 4,479 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM Prince Philipp zu Hessen-Homburg | |||
| 2nd Hiller Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Torri | |||
| 33rd Sztarry Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von König | |||
| 2nd Division | FML de Rohan | 5,368 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM von Swinburne | |||
| 8th Archduke Louis Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Fürstenwarther | |||
| 22nd Koburg Regiment (3 bat.) | Ob von Watzel | |||
| 1st Iglauer Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 1st Znaimer Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 3rd Division | FML Radetzky | 8,177 | ||
| 1st Brigade | GM Weiss von Finkenau | |||
| 50th Stain Regiment (3 bat.) | ||||
| 3rd Archduke Charles Regiment (3 bat.) | ||||
| 4th Vienna Woods Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Schönborn Landwehr Bat. | ||||
| Vanguard Brigade | GM de Provèncheres | |||
| Waltrich Jäger Bat. | ||||
| 2nd Mahrish Volunteer Bat. | ||||
| 3rd Hussar Regiment Archduke Ferdinand (8 sq.) | Ob Prince zu Sachsen-Coburg | |||
| Carneville Free Corps (1 sq. + 1/3 bat.) | ||||
| Artillery (9 batteries) and engineers | 60 pieces |
Strength: 13 742
1 st Division FML Vincent - Strength 3 750
1. Brigade GM Wallmoden Grenzer Regiment B (1/2 Bat.) Husaren-Regiment 7 Liechtenstein (8 Esc.) 2. Brigade GM Mariassy Bat. 1 Volunt. Vienna Bat. 2 Volunt. Vienna Bat. Landwehr Colloredo 3. Brigade GM Vecsey † Bat. Grenzer Saint-Georg Husaren - Regiment 8 Kienmayer
2 nd Division FML Hohenfeld - Strength 6 331
1. Brigade GM Adler Regiment 14 Ob Klebek (2 Bat.) Regiment 59 Ob Jordis (2 Bat.) Bat. 3 Landwehr din Mähren Bat. 1 Landwehr Bat. 3 Leg. Erzherzog Karl Carl 2. Brigade GM Hofmeister Regiment 60 Ob Giulay (3 Bat.) Regiment 36 Ob Kollowrat (3 Bat.)
3 rd Division FML Kottulinsky - Strength 3 661
1. Brigade GM Spleny Regiment 51 Ob Spleny (3 Bat.) Regiment 31 Ob Benjowsky (2 Bat.) Bat. 3 Volunteer Vienna Bat. 4 Volunteer Vienna Bat. 1 Volunteer Mähren
Reservekorps (Liechtenstein)
editStrength: 17 954
1st Grenadier-Division FML d'Aspré † - Strength 3 960
1. Brigade GM Merville Bat. Grenad. Ob Scharlach Bat. de Grenad. Scovaud Bat. de Grenad. Ob Buteany Bat. de Grenad Ob Brzezinsky 2. Brigade GM Hammer Bat. Grenad Ob Kirchenbetter Bat. Grenad. Ob Bissingen Bat. Grenad. Ob Oklopsia Bat. Grenad. Ob Locher
2nd Grenadier-Division FML Prochaska - Strength 5 940
1. Brigade GM Murray Bat. Grenad Ob Frisch Bat. Grenad Ob Georgy Bat. Grenad Ob Portner Bat. Grenad Ob Leiningen 2.Brigade GM Steyrer Bat. Grenad Ob Hahn Bat. Grenad Ob Hromada Bat. Grenad Ob Legrand Bat. Grenad Ob Dumontant Bat. Grenad Ob Berger
1 st Cavalry- Division FML Hessen-Homburg - Strength 3 134
1st Brigade GM Roussel Kürass.-Regiment 3 Albert (6 Esc.) Kürass.Regiment 2 Erzherzog Franz(6 Esc.) 2 nd Brigade GM Lederer Kürass. Regiment 4 Erzherzog Ferdinand (6 Esc.) Kürass.Regiment 8 Hohenzollern (6 esc.) 3. Brigade GM Kroyher Kürassier Regiment 1 (4 Esc.) Kürass.Regimentul 6 Liechtenstein (6 Esc.)
2 nd Cavalry –Division FML Schwarzenberg - Strength 1 800
1 st Brigade GM Teimern Regiment 6 Chevaulegers Rosenberg (8 Esc.) Dragoner-Regiment 3 Ob.Knesevitch (6 Esc.) 2. Brigade GM Kerekes Husaren-Regimen ob Neutrauer (6 Esc.)
3 rd Cavalry Division FML Nostitz - Strength 3 120 1 st Brigade 1 GM Wartensleben Regiment 3 Chevaulegers Ob. O'Reilly (6 Esc.) Husaren Regiment 6 Ob. Blankenstein (10 Esc.) 2.nd Brigade GM Rothkirch Dragoner-Regiment 1 Erzherzog Johann (6 Esc.) Regiment 6 Dragon. Ob Riesch (6 Esc.)
References
edit- ^ Elting, John R.: "Swords Around A Throne", page 124. Da Capo Press, 1997.
- ^ Rothenberg 51.
- ^ a b Rothenberg 146-148.
- ^ a b c d Rothenberg 254–259.
- ^ Hollins 54.
- ^ Castle 20-21.
- ^ Castle 9.
- ^ Castle 11.
- ^ Rothenberg 148.
- ^ a b c d Rothenberg 246–254.
- ^ Castle 13.
- ^ a b Castle 12-14.
- ^ Castle 22-23.
- ^ a b Rothenberg 137.
- ^ Rothenberg 142.
- ^ Rothenberg 139.