Birhor (or Birhul) are a tribal/Adivasi forest people, traditionally nomadic, living primarily in the Indian state of Jharkhand. They speak the Birhor language, which belongs to the Munda group of languages of the Austroasiatic language family.[2][3]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 17,044[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 India | |
| Jharkhand | 10,726 |
| Chhattisgarh | 3,104 |
| West Bengal | 2,241 |
| Odisha | 596 |
| Bihar | 377 |
| Languages | |
| Hindi • Birhor | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional beliefs • Hinduism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Munda • Hos • Kols • Bhumijs • Santhals | |
Etymology
editBirhor means 'jungle people' - bir means 'jungle', hor means 'men'.[4]
Ethnology
editThe Birhors are of short stature, long head, wavy hair and broad nose. They claim they have descended from the Sun and believe that the Kharwars, who also trace their descent from the Sun, are their brothers. Ethnologically, they are akin to the Santals, Mundas, and Hos.[4][5]
Distribution
editBirhors are found mainly in the area covered by the old Hazaribagh, Ranchi and Singhbhum districts before these were broken down into numerous smaller units, in Jharkhand. Some of them are also found in Orissa, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.[6] They are one of the smaller of the thirty scheduled tribes inhabiting Jharkhand.[7]
Population
editBirhors number around 10,000.[3] According to some sources, their numbers could be fewer than this.[8]
Language
editMost speak Hindi, while some speak the critically endangered Birhor language, which belongs to the Munda group of languages of the Austroasiatic language family. Their language has similarities with Santali, Mundari and Ho languages. Birhors have a positive language attitude. They freely use the languages prevalent in the areas they move around and use Sadri, Santali, Ho, Mundari. Literacy rate in the first language was as low as 0.02 percent in 1971, but around 10 per cent were literate in Hindi.[3]
Socio-economic scenario
editThe “primitive subsistence economy” of the Birhors has been based on nomadic gathering and hunting, particularly for monkeys. They also trap rabbits and titirs[what language is this?] (a small bird), and collect and sell honey. They make ropes out of the fibres of a particular species of vine, which they sell in the markets of the nearby agricultural people. Partly forced by circumstances, partly encouraged by government officials, some of them have settled into stable agriculture, but others continue their nomadic life, but even when they settle down in a village, their tendency is to lead a nomadic life. According to the socio-economic standing the Birhors are classified into two groups. While the wandering Birhors are called Uthlus, the settled Birhors are called Janghis.[3][4][5][8][9]
Traditional religious beliefs
editThe traditional magico-religious beliefs of Birhors are akin to those of the Hos. Mundari deities such as Sing Bonga (Sun God[a]) and Hapram (ancestral spirits) rank high in esteem.[4][10]
Hinduism and Pentecostal Christianity are making significant inroads into their society.[9]
Settlement
editThe temporary Birhor settlements are known as tandas or bands. These consist of at least half a dozen huts of conical shape, erected with leaves and branches. The household possessions traditionally consisted of earthen utensils, some digging implements, implements for hunting and trapping, rope making implements, baskets and so on. In recent times aluminium and steel have found their way into Birhor huts.[5]
Attempted integration
editAfter Indian independence in 1947, the government has attempted to settle the Birhors by giving them land, bullocks for cultivation, agricultural implements and seeds. Schools for children, rope making centres and honey collection training centres were started. However, these efforts have borne little fruit as most of the Birhors have reverted to nomadic life.[5]
Footnotes
edit- ^ Although sing literally means 'sun' and bonga literally means 'spirit, deity,' the actual conceptualization of Sing Bonga is not as a 'sun god.' Sing Bonga is rather the creator of the universe, including humans, animals, plants, rocks, the Moon, and the Sun. Therefore, the word sing in Sing Bonga is sometimes interpreted as an adjective, like 'luminous' or 'brilliant'.
References
edit- ^ "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
- ^ "Peaceful Societies Alternatives to Violence and War". Birhor. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ a b c d "Birhor – A Language of India". Ethnologue. SIL International. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ a b c d Soan, Kamal Kishore. "The Birhors". Retrieved 2008-03-17. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d "The Birhor". A Global Network of Jharkhand. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ "Peaceful Societies Alternatives to Violence and War". Birhor. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ "Jharkhand: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ^ a b "Peaceful Societies Alternatives to Violence and War". Has the Birhor vanished. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ a b "Peaceful Societies Alternatives to Violence and War". Have the Birhor been roped into social changes?. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ Adhikary, Ashim Kumar. "Primal Elements: The Oral Tradition". The Birhor Universe. Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
External links
edit- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AE-4@view Birhor language in RWAAI Digital Archive