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Bishnupur (West Bengal)

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For other towns of same name, see Bishnupur.

Bishnupur (/bɪʃnʊˌpʊər/; Bengali: [biʃnupur]; alternatively spelled as Vishnupur) is a city and a municipality and in the district of Bankura in the state of West Bengal, India. It is famous for its terracotta temples built by the Malla rulers, historic Radha Krishna temples built during 1600–1800 CE and the Baluchari sarees. Since 1997, the temples of Bishnupur is on the UNESCO World Heritage Site's Tentative list.[2]

Bishnupur
বিষ্ণুপুর
The City of Temples
City
Bishnupur Town
Dalmadal Canon
Maharaj Bir Hambir Flyover
Bishnupur Gate
Nickname: 
City of Temples
Bishnupur is located in West Bengal
Bishnupur
Bishnupur
Location in West Bengal, India
Bishnupur is located in India
Bishnupur
Bishnupur
Bishnupur (India)
Coordinates: 23°04′30″N 87°19′01″E / 23.075°N 87.317°E / 23.075; 87.317
Country India
State West Bengal
DistrictBankura
Foundation of Bishnupurest. 997 A.D.
Founded byJagat Malla
Named forGod Vishnu
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyBishnupur Municipality
Area
[1]
 • Total
22 km2 (8 sq mi)
Elevation
70 m (230 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total
75,000
 • Density3,400/km2 (8,800/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Bishnupurbashi, Bishnupurians
Languages
 • OfficialBengali, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
722122
Telephone code+91 3244
ISO 3166 codeIN-WB
Vehicle registrationWB-88
Lok Sabha constituencyBishnupur
Vidhan Sabha constituencyBishnupur
Websitebishnupurmunicipality.com, bankura.gov.in/tourist-place/bishnupur/

History

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Bishnupur was ruled under the Gupta period by local Hindu kings who paid tribute to Samudra Gupta.[3][4] Following a long period of obscurity, where the land oscillated between being a minor independent principality and a vassal state. The land is also called Mallabhum after the Malla rulers of this place. The Malla rulers were Vaishnavites and built the famous terracotta temples during the 17th and 18th centuries at this place. The legends of Bipodtarini Devi are associated with the Malla Kings of Bishnupur.[5]

For almost a thousand years it was the capital of the Malla kings of Mallabhum, of which Bankura was a part, till their power waned during the times when the Mughal Empire weakened under the last monarchs of the dynasty.

The patronage of Malla king Veer Hambir and his successors Raja Raghunath Singha Dev and Bir Singha Dev made Bishnupur one of the principal centres of culture in Bengal. Most of the terracotta temples, for which the town is known, were built during this period.

Mrinmoyee temple of kings is treated as a valuable historic place.

 
Recreational boat on Lalbandh, Bishnupur
 
Lalbandh in a summer evening

Royal patronage also gave rise to Bishnupur Gharana (school) of Hindustani classical music in late 18th-century[6] and the Bishnupur school of painting.

Geography

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8km
5miles
River
Dwarakeswar
Damodar River
Madanmohanpur
T
Patit Dommahal
T
Maynapur
T
Hadal Narayanpur
T
Gumut
T
Gokulnagar
T
Dwadashbari
T
Balsi
Purbapara
T
Baital
T
Akui
T
Dihar
T
Dharapat
T
Kotulpur
CT
Sonamukhi
M
Bishnupur
M
Joykrishnapur
R
Laugram
R
Ajodhya
R
Radhanagar
R
Patrasayer
R
Jayrambati
R
Joypur
R
Indas
R
Chatra
R
Bhara
R
Places in Bishnupur district in WestBengal
M: Municipal town,And District Town CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: ancient/ temple centre
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

Bishnupur is located at 23°05′N 87°19′E / 23.08°N 87.32°E / 23.08; 87.32.[7] It has an average elevation of 59 metres (194 feet).

This area has fertile, low -lying alluvial plains.[8] It is a predominantly rural area with 90.06% of the population living in rural areas and only 8.94% living in the urban areas.[9] It was a part of the core area of Mallabhum.[10]

Demographics

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As of 2001 India census,[11] Bishnupur had a population of 61,943. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Bishnupur has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 77% and female literacy of 61%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.[citation needed]

 
Jor Bangla temple of 16 century in Bankura
 
Stone chariot of Bankura
 
Terracotta relief in temple of Bankura
 
Terracotta motif

Civic administration

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CD block HQ

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The headquarters of Bishnupur CD block are located at Bishnupur.[12]

Police station

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Bishnupur police station has jurisdiction over Bishnupur municipality and Bishnupur CD Block. The area covered is 365.73 km2 with a population of 138,786.[13][14]

Language

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Bishnupur is a region where Bengali has gained importance. Bengali is the primary dialect and main language of this region. More than 90% of the people of Bishnupur are Bengali.[citation needed]

Education

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There are a number of well-known schools and colleges in Bishnupur. For higher education, there is a college named Ramananda College under Bankura University. There is also a music college named Ramsharan College of Music.[citation needed] The names of the schools are:

  • Bishnupur Heritage School-CBSE
  • Bishnupur High School (Bankura)
  • Bishnupur Mahakuma Madhyamik Vidyalaya
  • Bishnupur Krittibas Mukherjee High School.
  • Sibdas Central Girls' High School.
  • Bishnupur Parimal Debi Girls' High School.
  • Kusumbani Jamundas Khemka High School.
  • Bishnupur Mission High School.
  • Nikhil Banga Sikshan Mahavidyalaya, Govt. B.Ed and B.P.Ed College
  • Bishnupur Public School-High, a co-educational, English-medium (recognised by West Bengal Board of Secondary Education as a Listed English School Under School Education Department Govt. of West Bengal)
  • Bishnupur Public Primary Teachers' Training Institute, A D.El.Ed. College (recognised by N.C.T.E. & Affiliated to West Bengal Board of Primary Education)
  • Bishnupur Public Institute of Education, A D.El.Ed. College (recognised by N.C.T.E. & Affiliated to West Bengal Board of Primary Education)
  • Bishnupur Public-Private I.T.I., An Industrial Training Institute (Affiliated to DGE&T / N.C.V.T. Govt. of India, New Delhi & Accredited by Quality Council of India and Approved by Directorate of Industrial Training Govt. of West Bengal)
  • Bishnupur Public Institute of Engineering, A Polytechnic College (approved by A.I.C.T.E. and affiliated with W.B.S.C.T. & V.E. & S.D)

Post-compulsory

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K.G. Engineering Institute(KGEI) is a government polytechnic college; there are also Mallabhum Institute of Technology(MIT) is a private b.tech college affiliated to MAKAUT University and two private polytechnic colleges named Mallabhum Institute of Polytechnic (MIP).[citation needed]

Healthcare

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Bishnupur has a 250-bedded District hospital and One Superspeciality Hospital with ICU Dep. at Rasikganja .[15] There are two private hospital hospital providing services 24×7 and there are many private nursing homes.

Transport

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Road

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National Highway 14 crossing Bishnupur

Bishnupur is reasonably well connected via roads. Due to its importance as a tourism destination, it is connected to almost all major places of Bengal.

 
Bishnupur Bus stand building
 
Bus in Bishnupur Bus stand

Long-distance buses connect Bishnupur to places like Tarakeswar, Durgapur, Asansol, Kolkata, Medinipur etc via National Highway 14 & State Highway 2. There are regular and frequent bus services available between Bishnupur and Kolkata, Bankura, Tarakeswar, Bardhaman, Khatra, and Medinipur. The Kolkata-bound buses usually leave Kolkata from the Esplanade bus stand. The journey takes about 4 hours and 45 minutes.[16]

Rail

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Bishnupur Station West entrance

Bishnupur is served by Bishnupur Railway Station (South Eastern Railway) which is well-connected by rail to the rest of the country via Kharagpur and Adra via Kharagpur-Adra line. Express and mail trains ply between Kolkata and Bishnupur on a regular basis. The Rupashi Bangla Express, Aranyak Express and the Purulia Express are the most convenient trains to reach Bishnupur from Kolkata; these trains come via Kharagpur (Midnapur) and take approx 3:30 to 4:15 hours to reach Bishnupur from Kolkata.[17] Bishnupur is now a junction, it connects Tarakeswar (Eastern Railway) through Arambag[18] via Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line.

Within City

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Within the city of Bishnupur, private auto-rickshaws and e-rickshaws(Toto) are the most convenient modes of communication. CNG autos have been plying through various parts of the town. These vehicles are environment-friendly, non-polluting, convenient, less time-consuming, and cheap modes of travel.

 
Bishnupur Flyover (Maharaja Bir Hambir Setu)

Air

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Nearest International Airport is at Dumdum, Kolkata (Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport) which is 140 km away; a smaller private airstrip at Panagarh belonging to the Indian Air Force is rarely used. A new airport in Andal (Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport), has come up (90 km from Bishnupur).[19] Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport is situated at a distance of 15 km from the city center of Durgapur.

Culture

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The Bishnupur Mela is held every year around the last week of December, in Raj Darbar. Later on Bishnupur High School Ground and K.G. Engineering institute ground.

 
Bishnupur Mela jadubhatta Mancha

In 2018, the Bishnupur Mela was temporarily shifted to the temple complex of Bishnupur. It was an innovative idea to keep Bishnupur Terracotta Temples at the backdrop of the main stage. Later on the Bishnupur fair shifted back to the previous place. The Bishnupur Mela was inaugurated with the Gharana Music sung by some renowned persons from Bishnupur Gharana.

 
Baluchari saree

In this year 2018, a fashion show with Baluchari Saree is introduced to promote Baluchari Saree at an international platform. Besides artisans got a huge income by selling crafts from the stalls of Mela. A recent addition is Bishnupur Utsab, held after the Mela. It is a classical music and dance festival in recognition of the 'Bishnupur Gharana' in music.[20] It was stopped after 2012 but It started again on and from 2/2/2018 at Rashmancha.

Temples and other places

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Main article: Temples of Bishnupur
 
Garh Darwaja (Small Gateway of Bishnupur), Bankura, West Bengal, India
 
The inner part of Rasmancha, Bishnupur, Bankura, West Bengal, India
 
The Raschakra of the Syamaraya temple or Pancharatna Temple, established in 1643.
 
Hawa mahal

There are many such temples that stand testimony to the exquisite craftsmanship of the artisans of the region. The temples were crafted from the local laterite and brick. The temples are covered with terracotta tiles depicting scenes from the epic Mahabharata. The temples are located in Bishnupur and across many other small villages in the Bankura district.

  • Rasmancha (oldest brick temple with an elongated pyramidal tower Surrounded by hut-shaped turrets)
  • Pancha Ratna Temple of Shyam Rai
  • Jorebangla Temple of Keshta Rai
  • Radha Madhab Temple
  • Madanmohan Temple
  • Dalmadal Kaman
  • Lalgarh
  • Lalbandh
  • Acharya Jogesh Chandra Pura Kirti Bhavan(museum)[21]
  • Bangiya Sahitya Parishad - Bishnupur Branch[21]
  • Gumgarh
  • Pathar Darwaja (main gateway of Bishnupur)
  • Garh Darwaja (small gateway of Bishnupur)
  • Stone Chariot
  • Nutan Mahal
  • Bishnupur hawa mahal
  • Memorial of Shrinibas Acharya
  • Gour-Nitai Temple (Tejpal)
  • KeshabRai Temple (Patpur)

Music

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A school of music, called the Bishnupur Gharana, was established here in 1370 A.D and flourished under the patronage of the Malla kings. The school hit its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries. This style of music is rooted in the Dhrupad style and is still being kept alive in local academies of music. Pakhwaj, Sitar, Esraj comprise the main instruments. Bengali Ragpradhan is one of the Classical items of this gharana.

Products

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Terracotta is characteristic of Bishnupur. Apart from the temples, terracotta pottery, artefacts and even jewelry made in this very traditional material are famous. The most famous of the terracotta products are the handmade jars, and disks and the more famous of them are the terracotta horses, elephants, Ganesha, and Nataraj. But nowadays skilled artists and potters are not present and also they make different products like faces, men, wall hangings and also the mini-sized Dal Madal Kaman (cannon). The potters here derive their inspiration from the glorious history of kings, soldiers, and wars.

Bishnupur is famous for Baluchari Sari.[22] Woven on Jacquard punch-card looms, these sarees often have mythological scenes woven into the border and pallu.

 
Das Avatar taash Bishnupur

The Dashavatar Tash are a kind of playing cards that depict the ten avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu. They are traditionally round and are hand-painted on a backing made of layers of fabric glued together.[23] They are made only by members of the Foujdar family of Bishnupur.

Brass and bell-metal craft is still practiced in Bishnupur. Previously a unique alloy called 'bharan' was also used in Bishnupur, but it is no longer used.[24]

 
Bishnupur traditional lantern

Lanterns made of recycled materials are another local craft.[25]

Terracotta horses

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Bishnupur Terracotta horse

Bankura horses are terracotta horses that are used for religious purposes[3] and also as decorative items. This art originated in the Bankura district.[26] These horses are known for their symmetrical shape and rounded curves. The Bankura or Panchmura horse gained popularity among art lovers since it was depicted in paintings by M. F. Hussein.[27]

Festivals and fairs

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Bishnupur Mela Nagordola (Ferris wheel)

There is a snake festival in August, Ultorath and the Bishnupur fair in December. Also, durga puja and kali puja or diwali is celebrated with pomp here. The Rajbari Durga Puja (also popular as Mrinmoyee Maa er pujo) was started on 994 AD, which makes it the oldest Durga Puja in the entire Bengal region including today's Bangladesh, Odisha and Tripura.[4]

Municipality

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Main article: Bishnupur Municipality

During the period 1990–2010, the 175-year-old Bishnupur Municipality[28] was controlled by INC. From 2010 it is controlled by TMC. Present Municipality chairman is Mr. Gautam Goswami.

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  •  
    Jor Mandir Complex, Bishnupur
  •  
    Chinnamasta Temple, Bishnupur
  •  
    Dalmadal Kaman, Bishnupur
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    Jor Mandir (c. 1726)
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    Radhamadhab Temple (c. 1737)
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    Kalachand Temple (c. 1656)
  •  
    Jor-Bangla Temple or Keshta Roy Temple (c. 1655)
  •  
    Jor Mandir complex (c. 1726)
  •  
    Madan Mohan Temple (c. 1694)
  •  
    Radha-Gobinda Temple (c. 1729)
  •  
    Shyam Ray Temple (c. 1643)
  •  
    Bishnpur fort gate
  •  
    Panchchura temple
  •  
    The gate of Rashmancha
  •  
    Stone chariot of Bishnupur
  •  
    HISTORICAL LALBANDH Bishnupur West Bengal
  •  
    Bishnupur skyline

References

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  1. ^ a b "Bishnupur City". Archived from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  2. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b Singha, Maniklal (1977). Paschim rarh tatha Bankura sanskriti. Bisnupur: Chittaranjan Dasgupta.
  4. ^ a b Chandra, Manoranjan (2002). Mallabhum Bishnupur.
  5. ^ Östör, Ákos (2004). Play of the Gods: Locality, Ideology, Structure, And Time in the Festivals of a Bengali Town. Orient Blackswan. p. 43. ISBN 81-8028-013-6.
  6. ^ Samira Dasgupta; Rabiranjan Biswas; Gautam Kumar Mallik (2009). Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur. Mittal Publications. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-81-8324-294-3. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  7. ^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bishnupur, India". Falling Rain. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  8. ^ "District Census Handbook Bankura" (PDF). pages 13-17. Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  9. ^ "District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura". Table 2.4b. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 23 April 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, Bankura, Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 21–46, 1995 reprint, first published 1908, Government of West Bengal
  11. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  12. ^ "District Census Handbook: Bankura" (PDF). Map of Bankura with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  13. ^ "District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura". Tables 2.1, 2.2. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Bishnupur PS". Bankura District Police. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  15. ^ "Status of Health and FW Services in Bankura District". Chief Medical Officer of Health, Bankura. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  16. ^ "SBSTC". sbstc.co.in. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  17. ^ "Bishnupur | Bankura District, Government of West Bengal | India". Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  18. ^ "Request Rejected". er.indianrailways.gov.in. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  19. ^ "Domestic Serving Airports in West Bengal | KNI Airport, Durgapur". 7 April 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  20. ^ "westbengaltourism". westbengaltourism.gov.in. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015.
  21. ^ a b Chakrabarty, Rakhi (20 June 2015). "Relic Hunter". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  22. ^ Baluchari, Sarees. "Baluchari Silk Sarees". sareesofbengal.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  23. ^ Mukherjee, Tarun Tapas. "Lost Game: Dashabatar Taas of Bishnupur". Chitrolekha: Journal on Art and Design. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  24. ^ McGill, Chelsea. "Notes from the Field: Lost Arts of Bishnupur". Immersive Trails. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  25. ^ Singh, Gurvinder. "Lanterns of Bishnupur fading into darkness". Village Square. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  26. ^ Dasgupta, Chittaranjan (2015). Collection of Essays on Terracotta Temples of Bishnupur (in Bengali). pp. 1–160. ISBN 9789385663109.
  27. ^ "Famous Bankura horse of West Bengal may become history". oneindia.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  28. ^ "Chairman – Bishnupur Municipality". Retrieved 25 August 2022.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bishnupur (West Bengal).
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