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Christian Democratic Union of Germany

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The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands [ˈkʁɪstlɪç demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʔuˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants], CDU German pronunciation: [ˌtseːdeːˈʔuː] ⓘ) is a Christian democratic[6] and conservative[11] political party in Germany. It is the major party of the centre-right[17] in German politics.[20]

Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
AbbreviationCDU
LeaderFriedrich Merz
General SecretaryCarsten Linnemann
Founded26 June 1945; 79 years ago (1945-06-26)
HeadquartersKonrad-Adenauer-Haus, Klingelhöferstraße 8, 10785 Berlin
NewspaperUnion
Youth wingYoung Union[1]
Membership (2023)Decrease 371,986[2]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
National affiliationCDU/CSU
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party Group
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
International Democracy Union
Colours
  •   Turquoise (official)[a]
  •   Black (customary)[b]
  •   Orange
Bundestag
153 / 733
State Parliaments
525 / 1,896
European Parliament
23 / 96
Heads of State Governments
6 / 16
Party flag
Flag of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Website
www.cdu.de Edit this at Wikidata

Friedrich Merz has been federal chairman of the CDU since 31 January 2022.[21] The CDU is the second largest party in the Bundestag, the German federal legislature, with 152 out of 736 seats, having won 18.9% of votes in the 2021 federal election. It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction, also known as the Union, with its Bavarian counterpart, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). The group's parliamentary leader is also Friedrich Merz.

Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party, the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party, with many former members joining the party, including its first leader Konrad Adenauer. The party also included politicians of other backgrounds, including liberals and conservatives.[22] As a result, the party claims to represent "Christian-social, liberal and conservative" elements.[23] The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook.[24][25] Black is the party's customary and historical electoral colour. Other colours include red for the logo, orange for the flag, and black-red-gold for the corporate design.[26]

Since the election defeat in the 2021 federal election, the CDU is in opposition at federal level. It previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969, 1982 to 1998, and 2005 to 2021. Germany's three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU, more specifically: Helmut Kohl (1982–1998), Angela Merkel (2005–2021), and Konrad Adenauer (1949–1963). The party also currently leads the governments of six of Germany's sixteen states.

The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International, the International Democracy Union, and the European People's Party (EPP). It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs. Ursula von der Leyen, the current President of the European Commission, is also a member of the CDU.

History

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Founding period

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1949 election poster of the CDU reading "We cannot do magic — but we can work/do our job. Help us. Vote for CDU. It's about Germany!"
 
1949 election poster of the CDU reading "The Rescue: CDU"

Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany, simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country, each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party. Consequently, the CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year.

The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party, the German Democratic Party, the German National People's Party, and the German People's Party. In the Cold War, years after World War II up to the 1960s (see Vergangenheitsbewältigung), the CDU attracted conservative, anti-communist, former Nazis as well as Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks (like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer but also future CDU chairman and West German chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger). A prominent member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier, who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board (1949–1969).

The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional (Catholic and Protestant alike) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism.[27] The CDU experienced considerable success gaining widespread support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950, at which future West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party.

Adenauer era (1949–1963)

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The election poster of 1957 reading "No experiments" and featuring then Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (This was the only federal election in which the CDU obtained an absolute majority in the Bundestag.)

In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II, but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of the United Kingdom began to lean more toward the CDU and significantly away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), especially due to geopolitical reasons. The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union (USSR), depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican. The Western powers appreciated the CDU's right-ward slant, its commitment to capitalism, and its value as a pivotal oppositional force to the communists, thereby keeping consistent with US/UK foreign policy. In addition, Adenauer was also trusted by the British.[28]

However, the party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmaneuvered some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position. The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party, as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder river were of that faith, as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany.[28]

Therefore, the CDU was the dominant political party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949. The durable alliance that the party had established with the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) as the leading tandem of several federal governments, and, implicitly, the strong partnership between Chancellor Adenauer and President Theodor Heuss enabled West Germany to thoroughly rebuild itself in the wake of World War II. Adenauer remained the party's leader until 1963, when former Minister of Economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him.[29] As the Free Democratic Party (FDP) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy, Erhard was forced to resign. Consequently, a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger.

Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982)

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The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election, forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history. The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandt's "change through rapprochement" policy towards the Eastern bloc (Ostpolitik) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern border. The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations (Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories) who hoped for a return of or in these territories. Seven Bundestag members, including former vice chancellor Erich Mende, defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties, depriving Brandt of his majority, and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU. In April 1972, the CDU saw its chance to return to power, calling a constructive vote of no confidence. CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor. But not all parliamentarians voted as expected (it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi): Brandt won the vote and stayed in office. Thus, the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years. In 1982, the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power.

Kohl era (1982–1998)

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CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election.

 
East German CDU leader Lothar de Maizière (left) with West German CDU leader Helmut Kohl in September 1990

After the collapse of the East German government in 1989, Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification. On 3 October 1990, the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the territory of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany. The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country. Public support for the coalition's work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory. Although Kohl was re-elected, the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west. The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin thanks to an economic recovery.

Kohl served as chairman until the party's electoral defeat in 1998, when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble. In the 1998 federal election, the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote, the lowest result for those parties since 1949; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005.

Merkel era (2000–2018)

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Angela Merkel was the first female leader of the CDU and the third longest serving of the party overall, after Kohl and Adenauer.

Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel, the first woman and the first person from East Germany to lead the federal party. She remained the leader of the CDU for more than eighteen years. In the 2002 federal election, Merkel ceded the position of CDU/CSU's joint candidate for the chancellor's office to the leader of the sister party, Bavarian minister-president Edmund Stoiber. CDU and CSU polled slightly higher (29.5% and 9.0%, respectively), but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government and stayed in opposition.

In 2005, early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow, winning more than ten state elections, most of which were landslide victories. The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties' demand for the chancellorship. After three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts.[30] The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November.[31] Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November.[32] Since her first term in office, from 2005 to 2009, there have been discussions if the CDU was still "sufficiently conservative" or if it was "social-democratising".[33] In March 2009, Merkel answered with the statement "Sometimes I am liberal, sometimes I am conservative, sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU."[34]

Although the CDU/CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections, their "desired partner" the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history, thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition. This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998. CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot, while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck (a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany, who was favoured even by some CDU members) received a number of "faithless" votes from the government camp.

The decisions to suspend conscription (late 2010) and to phase out nuclear energy (shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011) broke with long-term principles of the CDU, moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters. At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a "wage floor", after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years.[35] Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term "asymmetric demobilisation" for the CDU's strategy (practised in the 2009, 2013 and 2017 campaigns)[36] of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals, e.g. regarding social justice (SPD) and ecology (Greens), thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters. Some of the promises in the CDU's 2013 election platform were seen as "overtaking the SPD on the left".[37] While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections, it also raised warnings that the CDU's profile would become "random", the party would lose its "essence"[35] and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated.

President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption, triggering an early presidential election. This time the CDU supported, reluctantly, nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck. The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election, when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990, only a few seats short of an absolute majority. This was partly due to the CDU's expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups (class, age or gender), partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel.[38] After talks with the Greens had failed, the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD.

Despite their long-cherished slogan of "There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU",[39] the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013. The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members. It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administration's handling of the European debt crisis (2009–14) and later the 2015 refugee crisis, lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even "state failure". Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU.[40]

In 2017, the Bundestag voted to legalise same-sex marriage. Merkel had allowed the conscience vote to happen despite her personal objections. While she herself and the majority of the party's representatives voted against the proposal, a number of CDU deputies supported it.[41] In the 2017 election, the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare: With 26.8 percent of party list votes, the CDU received its worst result since 1949, losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag (despite an enlargement of the parliament). After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens, they continued their grand coalition with the SPD. In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December and not seek reelection, but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021.[42]

Post-Merkel (2018–present)

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On 7 December 2018, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU. Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkel's ideological successor, though holding more socially conservative positions, such as opposition to same-sex marriage. Kramp-Karrenbauer's election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling, and her personal popularity was initially high.[43] However, she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election, in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29%. Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally.[44][45]

The CSU's Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European People's Party in the 2019 European Parliament election. However, the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDU's Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission; she was elected in July 2019, becoming the first woman to hold the office.[46]

Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020, in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis. The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany (AfD) to prevent the election of a left-wing government, breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right. Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis, which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left, which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable. While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauer's resignation, she stated the decision had "matured some time ago",[47] and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership.[48]

Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021.[49][50] Originally scheduled for April 2020, it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was ultimately held online. Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes. His main opponent Friedrich Merz, was seen as more right-wing, who won 47.2% of vote; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated. Laschet's election was seen as an affirmation of Merkel's leadership and the CDU's centrist orientation.[51]

On 7 October 2021, Armin Laschet, signaled that he would step down after a disastrous general election result, with the CDU suffering its worst ever general election result.[52] A new leadership election was called in December and Friedrich Merz, of the right-wing faction of the CDU, was elected by a large majority of 62,1% of voters, defeating pro-Merkel candidates Norbert Röttgen and Helge Braun.[53] The Congress of the CDU officially elected Merz as new party Chairman on 22 January 2022, and he assumed office on 31 January 2022.[21][54]

In October 2024, CDU again became proponents of nuclear energy, advocating reactivation of closed reactors and construction of new plants.[55]

Ideology and platform

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In her 2005 campaign, Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values. Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the "dominant culture" imply "tolerance and living together".[28] According to party analyst Stephan Eisel, her avoiding the values issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the party's core constituency.[56]

The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the "Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God". However, CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals. The CDU's policies derive from political Catholicism, Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism. The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohl's term in office as the Chancellor of Germany (1982–1998).

As a conservative party, the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives. In terms of immigrants, the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration. Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases.

In terms of foreign policy, the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States. In the European Union, the party opposes the entry of Turkey, preferring instead a privileged partnership. In addition to citing various human rights violations, the CDU also believes that Turkey's unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another.

The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens. The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany.[57]

CDU officially prohibits any cooperation with the AfD, but does not clearly define what that means. In the eastern federal states, however, there is ongoing tolerance or cooperation of CDU at the local and district level with the right-wing radical AfD.[58][59][60] CDU-head Friedrich Merz polarizes with political approaches to the AfD and called the CDU in 2023 one «Alternative with substance».[61] Political observers from abroad say that the CDU's boundaries to the far-right are eroding.[62][63]

Organisation

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Structure

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Party congress

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28th party conference in 2015

The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU. It meets at least every two years, determines the basic lines of CDU policy, approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU.

The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations, the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen. The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions. The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state. The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress, regardless of their number of members.

Federal committee

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The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress. For this reason it is often called a small party congress.

Federal executive board and presidium

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The CDU federal executive heads the federal party. It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress. The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business. It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany.

Leadership

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Leader of the CDU, 1946–present

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Leader Year
1 Konrad Adenauer 1946–1966
2 Ludwig Erhard 1966–1967
3 Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1967–1971
4 Rainer Barzel 1971–1973
5 Helmut Kohl 1973–1998
6 Wolfgang Schäuble 1998–2000
7 Angela Merkel 2000–2018
8 Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer 2018–2021
9 Armin Laschet 2021–2022
10 Friedrich Merz 2022–present

Leader of the CDU/CSU Group in the Bundestag

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Leader in the Bundestag Year
1 Heinrich von Brentano
(First term) 		1949–1955
2 Heinrich Krone 1955–1961
(1) Heinrich von Brentano
(Second term) 		1961–1964
3 Rainer Barzel 1964–1973
4 Karl Carstens 1973–1976
5 Helmut Kohl 1976–1982
6 Alfred Dregger 1982–1991
7 Wolfgang Schäuble 1991–2000
8 Friedrich Merz
(First term) 		2000–2002
9 Angela Merkel 2002–2005
10 Volker Kauder 2005–2018
11 Ralph Brinkhaus 2018–2022
(8) Friedrich Merz
(Second term) 		2022–present

Membership

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Before 1966, membership totals in the CDU organisation were only estimated. The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year. In 2023, the CDU had 363.101 members.[64]

Special organizations

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Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following:

Konrad Adenauer Foundation

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1978 conference in Rhöndorf with eminent historian Golo Mann (center)

The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU. It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU. The foundation offers political education, conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects, grants scholarships to gifted individuals, researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification, international understanding and development-policy cooperation. Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money.[65]

Relationship with the CSU

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1986 Germany Day of Junge Union in Cologne

Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) originated after World War II, sharing a concern for the Christian worldview. In the Bundestag, the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU. This faction is called CDU/CSU, or informally the Union. Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties.

The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the Junge Union, a common pupil organisation, the Schüler Union Deutschlands [de], a common student organisation, the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation, the Mittelstands- und Wirtschaftsvereinigung [de].

The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict. The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976, when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth. This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria.

The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany, with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian People's Party functioning as the Bavarian variant. [citation needed]

Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU. The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states.[66] The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag, the German government, the Bundesrat, the parliamentary elections of the German President, the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia.

Notable members

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Federal presidents from the CDU

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President of Germany Time in office
Heinrich Lübke 1959–1969
Karl Carstens 1979–1984
Richard von Weizsäcker 1984–1994
Roman Herzog 1994–1999
Horst Köhler 2004–2010
Christian Wulff 2010–2012

German chancellors from the CDU

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Chancellor of Germany Time in office
Konrad Adenauer 1949–1963
Ludwig Erhard 1963–1966
Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1966–1969
Helmut Kohl 1982–1998
Angela Merkel 2005–2021

Vice-chancellors from the CDU

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Vice-Chancellor of Germany Time in office
Ludwig Erhard 1957–1963
Hans-Christoph Seebohm 1966

Election results

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Federal parliament (Bundestag)

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Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats +/– Government
Votes % Votes %
1949 Konrad Adenauer 5,978,636 25.2 (#1)
115 / 402
 CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1953 9,577,659 34.8 (#1) 10,016,594 36.4 (#1)
197 / 509
   82 CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1957 11,975,400 39.7 (#1) 11,875,339 39.7 (#1)
222 / 519
   25 CDU/CSU–DP
1961 11,622,995 36.3 (#2) 11,283,901 35.8 (#2)
201 / 521
   21 CDU/CSU–FDP
1965 12,631,319 38.9 (#2) 12,387,562 38.0 (#2)
202 / 518
   1 CDU/CSU–FDP (1965–66)
CDU/CSU–SPD (1966–69)
1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger 12,137,148 37.1 (#2) 12,079,535 36.6 (#2)
201 / 518
   1 Opposition
1972 Rainer Barzel 13,304,813 35.7 (#2) 13,190,837 35.2 (#2)
186 / 518
   15 Opposition
1976 Helmut Kohl 14,423,157 38.3 (#2) 14,367,302 38.0 (#2)
201 / 518
   15 Opposition
1980 13,467,207 35.6 (#2) 12,989,200 34.2 (#2)
185 / 519
   16 Opposition (1980–82)
CDU/CSU–FDP (1982–83)
1983 15,943,460 41.0 (#1) 14,857,680 38.1 (#2)
202 / 520
   17 CDU/CSU–FDP
1987 14,168,527 37.5 (#2) 13,045,745 34.4 (#2)
185 / 519
   17 CDU/CSU–FDP
1990 17,707,574 38.3 (#1) 17,055,116 36.7 (#1)
268 / 662
   83 CDU/CSU–FDP
1994 17,473,325 37.2 (#2) 16,089,960 34.2 (#2)
244 / 672
   24 CDU/CSU–FDP
1998 15,854,215 32.2 (#2) 14,004,908 28.4 (#2)
198 / 669
   46 Opposition
2002 Angela Merkel 15,336,512 32.1 (#2) 14,167,561 29.5 (#2)
190 / 603
   8 Opposition
2005 15,390,950 32.6 (#2) 13,136,740 27.8 (#2)
180 / 614
   10 CDU/CSU–SPD
2009 13,856,674 32.0 (#1) 11,828,277 27.3 (#1)
194 / 622
   14 CDU/CSU–FDP
2013 16,233,642 37.2 (#1) 14,921,877 34.1 (#1)
254 / 630
   61 CDU/CSU–SPD
2017 14,027,804 30.2 (#1) 12,445,832 26.8 (#1)
200 / 709
   54 CDU/CSU–SPD
2021 Armin Laschet 10,445,571 22.6 (#2) 8,770,980 19.0 (#2)
151 / 735
   49 Opposition

European Parliament

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Election Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1979 10,883,085 39.08 (#2)
33 / 81
 New EPP
1984 9,308,411 37.46 (#1)
32 / 81
   1
1989 8,332,846 29.54 (#2)
24 / 81
   8
1994 11,346,073 32.04 (#2)
39 / 99
   15
1999 10,628,224 39.28 (#1)
43 / 99
   4 EPP-ED
2004 9,412,009 36.51 (#1)
40 / 99
   3
2009 8,071,391 30.65 (#1)
34 / 99
   6 EPP
2014 8,807,500 30.02 (#1)
29 / 96
   5
2019 8,437,093 22.57 (#1)
23 / 96
   6
2024 9,431,567 23.70 (#1)
23 / 96
   0

State parliaments (Länder)

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The CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria.

State parliament Election Votes % Seats +/– Government
Baden-Württemberg 2021 1,168,745 24.1 (#2)
42 / 154
   0 Greens–CDU
Berlin [c] 2023 428,100 28.2 (#1)
52 / 147
   22 CDU–SPD
Brandenburg [d] 2024 181,632 12.10 (#4)
12 / 88
   3 TBD
Bremen 2023 331,380 26.7 (#2)
24 / 84
   0 Opposition
Hamburg 2020 445,631 11.2 (#3)
15 / 123
   5 Opposition
Hesse 2023 972,595 34.6 (#1)
52 / 133
   12 CDU–SPD
Lower Saxony 2022 1,017,276 28.1 (#2)
47 / 146
   3 Opposition
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [e] 2021 121,566 13.3 (#3)
12 / 79
   4 Opposition
North Rhine-Westphalia 2022 2,552,276 35.7 (#1)
76 / 195
   4 CDU–Greens
Rhineland-Palatinate 2021 535,345 27.7 (#2)
31 / 101
   4 Opposition
Saarland 2022 129,156 28.5 (#2)
19 / 51
   5 Opposition
Saxony [f] 2024 749,216 31.9 (#1)
41 / 120
   4 TBD
Saxony-Anhalt [g] 2021 394,810 37.1 (#1)
40 / 97
   10 CDU–SPD–FDP
Schleswig-Holstein 2022 601,943 43.4 (#1)
34 / 69
   9 CDU–Greens
Thuringia [h] 2024 285,141 23.6 (#2)
23 / 88
  2 TBD
Best historic results for state parties
State Seats / Total % Position/Gov. Year Lead Candidate
Baden-Württemberg
71 / 121
 56.7 (#1) CDU absolute majority 1976 Hans Filbinger (Minister‑President 1966–1978)
Berlin
65 / 132
 48.0 (#1) CDU minority
with FDP confidence and supply 		1981 Richard von Weizsäcker (Governing Mayor 1981–1984)
Brandenburg
25 / 89
 26.5 (#2) SPD–CDU 1999 Jörg Schönbohm (Deputy Minister‑President 1999–2009)
Bremen
42 / 100
 37.1 (#2) SPD–CDU 1999 Hartmut Perschau (Deputy Mayor 1997–2004)
Hamburg
63 / 121
 47.2 (#1) CDU absolute majority 2004 Ole von Beust (First Mayor 2001–2010)
Hesse
56 / 110
 48.8 (#1) CDU absolute majority 2003 Roland Koch (Minister‑President 1999–2010)
Lower Saxony
87 / 171
 50.7 (#1) CDU absolute majority 1982 Ernst Albrecht (Minister‑President 1976–1990)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
29 / 66
 38.3 (#1) CDU-FDP 1990 Alfred Gomolka (Minister‑President 1990–1992)
North Rhine-Westphalia
104 / 200
 50.5 (#1) CDU absolute majority 1958 Karl Arnold† (Minister‑President 1947–1956)
Rhineland-Palatinate
57 / 100
 51.9 (#1) CDU absolute majority 1983 Bernhard Vogel (Minister‑President 1976–1988)
Saarland
25 / 50
 49.1 (#1) CDU-FDP/DPS 1975 Franz-Josef Röder (Minister‑President 1959–1979)
Saxony
77 / 120
 58.1 (#1) CDU absolute majority 1994 Kurt Biedenkopf (Minister‑President 1990–2002)
Saxony-Anhalt
48 / 106
 39.0 (#1) CDU-FDP 1990 Gerd Gies (Minister‑President 1990–1991)
Schleswig-Holstein
40 / 73
 51.9 (#1) CDU absolute majority 1971 Gerhard Stoltenberg (Minister‑President 1971–1982)
Thuringia
49 / 88
 51.0 (#1) CDU absolute majority 1999 Bernhard Vogel (Minister‑President 1992–2003)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Philipp Mißfelder (editor): 60 Jahre Junge Union Deutschlands, Berlin 2007 ISBN 978-3-923632-06-0
  2. ^ "Herbe Verluste: SPD und CDU sterben die Parteimitglieder weg". February 2023.
  3. ^ "CDU Corporate Design Manual" (PDF). September 2023.
  4. ^ Bösch (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78.
  5. ^ Lappenküper (2004). Gehler; Kaiser (eds.). Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union in Germany. Vol. 2. Routledge. pp. 21–32.
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  7. ^ Brady, Kate (21 June 2021). "Merkel's conservatives present election manifesto". Deutsche Welle (DW). Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  8. ^ "'New direction': How Berlin is getting its first conservative-led government in decades". The Local Germany. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  9. ^ Rosellini, Jay (March 2020). The German New Right AfD, PEGIDA and the Re-Imagining of National Identity. Hurst. p. 83. ISBN 9781787383524.
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  19. ^ Sarah Elise Wiliarty (2010). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-521-76582-4. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
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  21. ^ a b "Friedrich Merz takes over as leader of Germany's Christian Democrats". The Economist. 22 January 2022. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
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  23. ^ Sven-Uwe Schmitz (2009). Konservatismus. VS Verlag. p. 142.
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  27. ^ Martin Steven (2018). Mark Garnett (ed.). Conservatism in Europe – the political thought of Christian Democracy. Bloomsbury. p. 96. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ^ a b c Paul Gottfried. "The Rise and Fall of Christian Democracy in Europe". Orbis, fall 2007.
  29. ^ "Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967)". BBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
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  33. ^ Melanie Haas (2009). Ralf Thomas Baus (ed.). Die CDU in der großen Koalition zwischen 2005 und 2007. Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 20. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "Mal bin ich liberal, mal bin ich konservativ, mal bin ich christlich-sozial – und das macht die CDU aus". Angela Merkel in the TV Show Anne Will, 22 March 2009. Cited in Andreas Wagner (2014). Wandel und Fortschritt in den Christdemokratien Europas: Christdemokratische Elegien angesichts fragiler volksparteilicher Symmetrien. Springer VS. p. 211.
  35. ^ a b Udo Zolleis (2015). Reimut Zohlnhöfer; Thomas Saalfeld (eds.). Auf die Kanzlerin kommt es an: Die CDU unter Angela Merkel. Springer VS. pp. 81–83. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Christina Holtz-Bacha (2019). Bundestagswahl 2017: Flauer Wahlkampf? Spannende Wahl!. Springer VS. pp. 4–5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  37. ^ Manfred G. Schmidt (2015). Reimut Zohlnhöfer; Thomas Saalfeld (eds.). Die Sozialpolitik der CDU/CSU-FDP-Koalition von 2009 bis 2013. Springer VS. pp. 413–414. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  38. ^ Petra Hemmelmann (2017). Der Kompass der CDU: Analyse der Grundsatz- und Wahlprogramme von Adenauer bis Merkel. Springer VS. p. 162.
  39. ^ Based on a quote by CSU leader and Bavarian minister-president Franz Josef Strauß, 9 August 1987. Quoted in SWR2 Archivradio Archived 19 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 15 October 2018.
  40. ^ "Auch ein Landtagsabgeordneter wechselt AfD zählt 2800 Überläufer". N-tv. 5 May 2013.
  41. ^ "Analysis | Why Angela Merkel, known for embracing liberal values, voted against same-sex marriage". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  42. ^ "Angela Merkel to step down in 2021". BBC News. 29 October 2018.
  43. ^ "ARD-DeutschlandTREND Januar 2019" (PDF). tagesschau. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  44. ^ "Kramp-Karrenbauer so unbeliebt wie nie". tagesschau. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  45. ^ "Union verliert, Zugewinn für Linke". ZDF. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  46. ^ "MEPs back von der Leyen as EU Commission head". BBC News. 16 July 2019.
  47. ^ "Kramp-Karrenbauer: Entscheidung ist seit geraumer Zeit in mir gereift". Handelsblatt.de. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  48. ^ Almut Cieschinger (10 February 2020). "So rutschte die CDU in die Krise". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  49. ^ Mischke, Judith; Weise, Zia (10 February 2020). "Merkel heir Kramp-Karrenbauer to step down as CDU leader". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023.
  50. ^ "Merkel's CDU to decide new leader on April 25". DW. 24 February 2020.
  51. ^ Lotus, Jean (16 January 2020). "Armin Laschet, Merkel ally, elected head of Germany's CDU party". United Press International. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022.
  52. ^ Gehrke, Laurenz (7 October 2021). "Germany's Armin Laschet signals his departure as CDU leader". POLITICO. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  53. ^ "Germany's CDU party elects Friedrich Merz, 66, new leader". Reuters. 17 December 2021.
  54. ^ "Digitale Wahlen". 34. Parteitag der CDU Deutschlands (in German). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  55. ^ Tadhg Nagel (11 October 2024). ""Schnellstmöglich": Union bereitet Rückkehr zur Atomkraft vor" (in German). Frankfurter Rundfunk.
  56. ^ Stefan Eisel: Reale Regierungsopposition gegen gefühlte Oppositionsregierung Die Politische Meinung, Dezember 2005.
  57. ^ "Präsidium und Bundesvorstand der CDU Deutschlands zum Tod von Walter Lübcke". Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands. 24 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  58. ^ Gebhard, David; Hoffhaus, Patricia (20 September 2023). "Abgrenzung zur AfD: So bröckelt die CDU-Brandmauer". ZDFheute (in German). Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  59. ^ Kinkartz, Sabine (3 August 2023). "AfD und CDU: Im Osten viel Zustimmung für Zusammenarbeit". DW (in German). Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  60. ^ Vorreyer, Thomas. "Asylpolitik in Bautzen: Nach dem Tabubruch". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  61. ^ Moulson, Geir (24 July 2023). "Germany's opposition leader faces criticism over his comments on cooperation with the far right". AP News. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  62. ^ Whittle, Helen (23 July 2023). "The 'firewall' to Germany's far right is crumbling". DW. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  63. ^ Quent, Matthias (13 December 2023). "Deutschland kippt nach rechts". Republik (in German). Archived from the original on 27 January 2024.
  64. ^ https://www.cdu.de/artikel/fuer-mehr-politisches-engagement-in-der-cdu, Retrieved 4t July 2023.
  65. ^ "2010 Annual Report" Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in German). p. 93.
  66. ^ Dieter Wunderlich (2006). "Gründung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland". Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  67. ^ "'Merkel diamond' takes centre stage in German election campaign". The Guardian. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

Notes

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  1. ^ Since September 2023[3]
  2. ^ Officially before September 2023
  3. ^ (formerly part of East Germany)
  4. ^ (formerly part of East Germany)
  5. ^ (formerly part of East Germany)
  6. ^ (formerly part of East Germany)
  7. ^ (formerly part of East Germany)
  8. ^ (formerly part of East Germany)

Further reading

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  • Bösch, Frank (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78. ISBN 90-5867-377-4.
  • Cary, Noel D. (1996). The Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer. Harvard University Press.
  • Green, Simon; Turner, Ed, eds. (2015). Understanding the Transformation of Germany's CDU. Routledge.
  • Kleinmann, Hans-Otto (1993). Geschichte der CDU: 1945–1982. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 3-421-06541-1.
  • Lappenküper, Ulrich (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 21–32. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3.
  • Mitchell, Maria (2012). The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11841-0.
  • Wiliarty, Sarah Elise (2010). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press.
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