A cyborg antenna is an osseointegrated device implanted in a human skull.[1] The antenna, composed of a wireless camera on one end and a wireless sound vibration implant on the other end, allows wireless communication and wireless transmission of images, sound or video from skull to skull.[2] The antenna uses audible vibrations in the skull to report information. This includes measurements of electromagnetic radiation, phone calls, music, as well as video or images which are transmitted through audible vibrations.[3] The Wi-Fi enabled antenna also allows the reception signals and data from satellites.[4][5]
History
editThe first antenna was created in England in 2003 by Neil Harbisson.[6] The invention, under the heading Bridging the Island of the Colourblind Project, won a British award in Innovation (Submerge 2004)[7] and a European award in Content Tools and Interface Design (Europrix 2004).[8] In 2007, Peter Kese, a software developer from Kranj, Slovenia, made further developments to the antenna by increasing the number of color hues to 360 and adding color saturation through different volume levels.[9] In 2009, Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya developed the antenna into a chip as part of his final year project.[10] The chip allows users to have the antenna implanted and to hear colors beyond the limits of human perception such as infrared and ultraviolet.[11]
Color to sound scales
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Harbisson's Sonochromatic Music Scale (2003) is a microtonal and logarithmic scale with 360 notes in an octave. Each note corresponds to a specific degree of the color wheel. The scale was introduced to the first antenna in 2004.[12]
Harbisson's Pure Sonochromatic Scale (2005) is a non-logarithmic scale based on the transposition of light frequencies to sound frequencies. The scale discards color as being part of a color wheel and ignores musical/logarithmic perception so it can overstep the limits of human perception. The introduction of the new scale to the eyeborg in 2010, allows users to decide whether they want to perceive colors logarithmically or not.[10]
Collaborations
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Since 2005, antennas have been donated to blind communities in Europe, Asia and America with the aim of helping the blind develop the sense of color.[13] The first blind person to try out an eyeborg was Sabriye Tenberken followed by blind students from Braille Without Borders in Tibet and members of the Sociedad de Ciegos de Pichincha in Ecuador.[14]
In 2011, vice-president of Ecuador Lenin Moreno announced that his government would collaborate with the Cyborg Foundation to create antennas and new sensory extensions.[15] In 2012, after lecturing at Escola Politécnica de Pernambuco in Recife,[16] the Cyborg Foundation signed a partnership to create antennas and other new human extensions in collaboration with Universidade de Pernambuco in Brazil.[17]
Antennas are currently being treated as body parts rather than as devices.[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "I'm a human with an antenna", Newsday (BBC World Service), 18 March 2014
- ^ Turk, Victoria "The cyborg who can hear what other people are looking at", Vice (magazine), 19 March 2014
- ^ Jeffries, Stuart "Neil Harbisson, the world's first cyborg artist", The Guardian, 5 May 2014
- ^ Rawle, Tom "EXCLUSIVE: Human cyborg who HEARS colour is using antenna to 'see' SPACE", Daily Star, 24 April 2015
- ^ Alfredo M. Ronchi: Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age. Springer (New York, 2009). p.319 ISBN 978-3-540-75273-8
- ^ Bannister, Matthew (2012-01-23). "Outlook". BBC World Service. p. 16m41s. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
- ^ [1] Submerge Innovation Award (Bristol, 2004)[dead link]
- ^ Europrix Europrix Awards
- ^ Harbisson, Neil. "Painting by ear" Archived 2008-08-03 at the Wayback Machine Modern Painters, The International Contemporary Art Magazine pp.70-73. New York, June 2008.
- ^ a b Sanchis, Ima. "La veo en blanco y negro pero la oigo en colores"[permanent dead link], La Contra de La Vanguardia, 10 July 2010.
- ^ Millás, Juan José. “El Cyborg del Tercer Ojo”[permanent dead link], El País, 15 Jan 2012.
- ^ [2] Modern Painters, The International Contemporary Art Magazine pp 70-73 (New York, June 2008)
- ^ EFE "Tecnologia cyborg para la vision" Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine, EFE, 27 October 2011
- ^ Redacción "Una fundación se dedica a convertir humanos en ciborgs" El Comercio (Peru), 1 Mar 2011.
- ^ Redaccion "Gobierno impulsara plan para no videntes" Archived 2016-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, El Tiempo (Ecuador), 30 October 2011.
- ^ Redação "Primeiro ciborgue do mundo estará nesta quarta na UPE" Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine, Diário de Pernambuco, 30 April 2012
- ^ Lins, Letícia "Homem-ciborgue desenvolve projeto no Brasil", O Globo, 2 May 2012
- ^ Maia, Rafael "Nao quero vender olhos", Terra Networks, 9 February 2012.