Cyptotrama asprata (alternatively spelled aspratum), commonly known as the golden-scruffy collybia[2] or spiny woodknight [3] is a saprobic species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. Widely distributed in tropical regions of the world, it is characterized by the bright orange to yellow cap that in young specimens is covered with tufts of fibrils resembling small spikes. This fungus has had a varied taxonomical history, having been placed in fourteen genera before finally settling in Cyptotrama. This species is differentiated from several other similar members of genus Cyptotrama by variations in cap color, and spore size and shape.
| Cyptotrama asprata | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Physalacriaceae |
| Genus: | Cyptotrama |
| Species: | C. asprata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns (1980)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Cyptotrama asprata | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate or decurrent |
 | Stipe has a ring or is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is inedible |
History
editThis species was first described from Ceylon by English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1847;[4] soon after (1852), specimens were collected from South Carolina USA.[5] Later, the fungus was described under a variety of names: Lentinus chrysopeplus from Cuba;[6] Agaricus sabriusculus and Agaricus lacunosa from New York;[7][8] Collybia lacunosa from Michigan;[9] and Omphalia scabriuscula in Connecticut.[10] As Canadian mycologists Redhead and Ginns explain in a 1980 article on the species, since its original 1847 description, C. asprata has been given 28 names, and placed in 14 different genera.[11]
Description
editThe cap is 0.6 to 2.7 cm (0.24 to 1.06 in) in diameter, convex to cushion-shaped. The cap surface is dry, and younger specimens are covered with characteristic spikes; as the spikes break up with age, they tend to look more hairy or woolly. Older specimens typically have the surface features worn off. The cap margin tends to be rolled inwards when young, gradually becoming straight with maturity. The color of the cap is bright or pale yellow, increasing in intensity towards the center of the cap. C. asprata has a web-like ring that soon disappears.
The gills, pale yellow to white in color, are distantly spaced and have an adnate (squarely attached) or short decurrent (running down the length) attachment to the stem; they feel greasy when dried and crushed. The stem is 1 to 6.7 centimetres (0.4 to 2.6 in) long by 0.2 to 0.4 centimetres (0.08 to 0.16 in) thick at the stem apex; the stem is slightly thicker towards the base, and may be covered with hyphae that appear woolly (flocculose) or hairy (fibrillose). The surface of the stem may also be scaly – especially towards the base – or it may be covered with very small particles (granular). The flesh of this mushroom is white or pale yellow, with no distinctive taste or odor.[11] The spore print is white. It is considered inedible.[12]
Microscopic features
editSpores are thin-walled, smooth, and ellipsoidal or oval in shape. Viewed with a microscope, they appear translucent (hyaline), and stain red or blue with Melzer's reagent (inamyloid). Their dimensions are typically 7–10 by 5–7 μm; the spores contain a single large oil droplet. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are club-shaped, two- to four-spored, and 25–30 by 5–7 μm.[13] The presence of sterile cells called pleurocystidia (large cells found on the gill face in some mushrooms) is uncommon; specimens may contain few or abundant cheilocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill edge) that are club-shaped, thin-walled and 39–87.5 by 8.5–16 μm in size.[11]
Habitat and distribution
editCyptotrama asprata is a saprobic fungus, and grows on the decaying wood of deciduous and coniferous trees. Host species include white fir (Abies concolor), sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and other maple (Acer) species, grey alder (Alnus oblongifolia), beech (Fagus) species, spruce (Picea) species, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and other pine (Pinus) species, poplar (Populus) and oak (Quercus) species. In temperate North America, specimens are typically collected between July through September.[11]
The species has a pantropical distribution, and is widely distributed in tropical regions of the world.[14] It has been collected from Australia,[15] southeastern Canada,[16] China,[13][14] Costa Rica,[17] India,[18] Hawaii,[19] New Zealand,[20] Japan,[21] and the Russian Far East.[22] It is absent from Europe and Northwestern North America.[11]
Similar species
editMany other members of genus Cyptotrama are similar in appearance and differ from C. asprata by only one or two readily observable features. For example, C. granulosa is bright yellowish-brown (rather than bright or pale yellow in C. asprata); C. lachnocephala is ochre-colored; C. deseynesiana is cream-colored with brown scales; C. verruculosa has a "copper-rust-brown" cap; C. costesii has olive-colored pigments. Species may also be distinguished by differences in spore size and shape, although a considerable size range has been noted for C. asprata spores.[11]
References
edit- ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
- ^ "AmericanMushrooms.com: Golden-scruffy Collybia (Cyptotrama asprata)". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Ridley, Geoff (2006). A photographic guide to mushrooms and other fungi of New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: New Holland. p. 50. ISBN 9781869661342.
- ^ Berkeley MJ (1847). "Decades of fungi. Decades XV–XIX. Ceylon fungi". London Journal of Botany. 6: 479–514.
- ^ Ravenel HW (1852). "Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati. Fungi of Carolina; illustrated by natural specimens of the species". Fasciculus I (1–100).
- ^ Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1869). "Fungi Cubensis (Hymenomycetes)". Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 10 (45): 280–340. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1868.tb00529.x.
- ^ Peck CH (1872). "Report of the botanist". Annual Report of the New York State Cabinet. 23: 27–135.
- ^ Peck CH (1873). "Descriptions of new species of fungi". Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 1: 41–72.
- ^ Kauffman CH (1906). "Unreported fungi from Petoskey, Detroit and Ann Arbor for 1905". Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. 8: 26–37.
- ^ White EA (1910). "Second report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut". Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin. 15: 1–70.
- ^ a b c d e f Redhead SA, Ginns J (1980). "Cryptotrama asprata (Agaricales) from North America and notes on the 5 other species of Cryptotrama sect. Xerulina". Canadian Journal of Botany. 58 (6): 731–40. doi:10.1139/b80-093.
- ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ a b Ng LF-Y. (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 292–93. ISBN 978-962-201-556-2. Google Books
- ^ a b Yang ZL (1990). "Several noteworthy higher fungi from southern Yunnan, China". Mycotaxon. 38: 407–416.
- ^ Smith KN (2005). A Field Guide To The Fungi of Australia. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-742-5.
- ^ "Canadian Biodiversity: Species: Fungi: Golden-scruffy Collybia". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "INBio. Species of Costa Rica–Cyptotrama asprata". Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Natarajan K, Manjula B (1983). "South Indian Agaricales". Indian Journal of Botany. 6 (2): 227–237.
- ^ Hemmes DE, Desjardin D (2002). Mushrooms of Hawaii: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-58008-339-3.
- ^ "Cyptotrama asprata". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Cyptotrama asprata 1". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Bulakh EM (2008). "Species of agaricoid fungi new for Russia and Russian Far East". Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya (in Russian). 42 (5): 417–25.