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Dimasa people

The Dimasa people or Dimasa Kachari people (local pronunciation: [dimāsā]) are an ethnolinguistic community presently inhabiting in Assam and Nagaland states in Northeastern India. They speak Dimasa, a Tibeto-Burman language. This community is fairly homogeneous and exclusive, with members required to draw from both parents' separate clans. Dimasa kingdom, one of many early states in Assam following the downfall of Kamarupa kingdom, was established by these people.[6]

Dimasa Kachari
Dimasa
Barman Dimasa girl while performing Baidima, the traditional dance of Dimasa.
Total population
262,413 (2011 Census)
Regions with significant populations
 India (Assam)142,961 (2011, Dimasa-Kachari,in hill districts of Assam only)[1]
Languages
Dimasa
Religion
Dimasa religion (Animism/ Shamanism)[2]
For more details, please see Religion
Related ethnic groups
Naga, Chin, Jinpho, Tripuri

The Dimasas are one of the oldest inhabitants of the Northeastern part of India and is one of the many Kachari tribes.

Kacharis appear to be one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups of northeastern India. They are a part of the greater Bodo-Kachari family of ethnolinguistic groups of Northeast India which includes Boro, Tripuri, Rabha, Garo, Tiwa, Koch, Moran etc. peoples of northeast india. They speak Dimasa language a Boro-Garo language of the Tibeto-Burman family.

Etymology

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It stands for Di-ma-sa meaning sons of big waters[7] referring to Brahmaputra river (known as Dilao in Dimasa).

History

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Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that sixty thousand (60,000) Moon months (Lunar months) ago, they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe drought they were instrumental in establishing the Dimasa kingdom a traditional kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley, the Dimasa kingdom ended after the Ahom kingdom of the Tai Ahom people invaded the Brahmaputra valley. After long wandering, they settled at Di-laobra Sangibra, the confluence of the Brahmaputra and Sangi or Di-tsang, where they held a great assembly.[8]

Cultivation

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The Dimasas were till recently agricultural, centering on shifting agriculture; but in recent times this has changed with profound changes in the community.[9] Following political problems in the 18th century, the Dimasa ruler moved further south in the plains of Cachar and there took place a division among them–with the hills Dimasa maintaining their traditional living and political exclusiveness, the plains Dimasas have made no attempt to assert themselves.[10]

Ethnicity

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The Dimasa Kachari plains tribe (Dimasa language speakers) of Cachar are known as Barman,[11] forming one of the indigenous tribes of undivided Cachar (including Dima-Hasao, Hailakandi and Karimganj). The Dimasas, inhabiting in the Cachar district are officially recognized as one of the Scheduled Tribes under the plains category in Assam in the name called “Barmans in Cachar”.

Distribution

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Distribution of Dimasa, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
 
Baroduwar Dimasa Kachari Palace, Khaspur in Cachar dist
 
Architectural stones inscription of Dimasa King Naranarayan Hasnusa at Maibang

They live mostly in Dima Hasao District, an administrative autonomous district of the Indian state of Assam that includes the ravines of the Jatinga Valley and Dhansiri Valley, Diphu City and Howraghat region of Karbi Anglong district (East), West Karbi Anglong, Kampur region of Nagaon district, Hojai district, Cachar district, Hailakandi district, Karimganj district of Assam and Dimapur district of Nagaland and parts in Jiribam district of Manipur respectively.

Religion

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The Dimasa still Following the ancient animistic/shamanic faith, most of them claim to be Hindus. They find themselves in a natural and similar pattern between their traditional faith and Hinduism and hence they belong to both simultaneously.' Kailash Kumar Chhetri (Ecological Significance of the Traditional Beliefs and Practices of Dimasa Kaschari Tribe, 2001) has also written while mentioning the Dimasai life system. Dimasa Kachari has its unique social system. This social system has its own culture, tradition, and religious beliefs and practices, which are related to the land and nature of their residence. Land and nature are the source of their economy, culture, history, and Dharmic heritage. Regarding the Kachari (Dimasa) belief, on the one hand, Sidney Endley (The Kacharies, 1911:33), declaring it animistic, has written that, as a rule, neither idols nor worship is found in a typical Kachari village, But in the mind and imagination of the Kachari the earth, air, and sky alike are inhabited by a large number of invisible spiritual beings, commonly known as Modai. On the other hand, Humi Thousen (2019) has cited various references of Dipali Danda (Among the Dimasas of Assam, 1988) and S.K. Barpujari (History of the Dimasas from the Earliest times to 1896, 1997), Using it, it is written that six gods, who are considered as the ancestral deities of the Dimasas, have authority over the entire Dimasa land. Thus came the concept of 'Area God' among the Dimasas. As the entire Dimasa land is under their control, hence they have unstructured mythological shrines in different areas of the traditional Dimasa area. It is believed that the gods and goddesses living in a particular sacred area protect the people there and control their destiny. These unstructured shrines are called Daikho, whose number is widely believed to be twelve. As an actual empirical fact in the Dimasas, the concept of Madai as the supreme God and Daikho as the house of that God is found. The meaning of Daikho is made up of two words Madai or Dai and Kho, which is considered as the house of God. Hence, it is clear that Dimasa Kachari also gives an important place in their Dharmic structure to the twelve Daikhos present in their entire region along with various abstract states. Dimasai Life: Dharmic Beliefs, Systems[12]

Culture

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Society

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The traditional village headman, who is at the top of the village administration, is a Khunang. He has both executive and judiciary powers. He is assisted by another official called the Dillik (Assistant Headman). Next to him is Daulathu who occupies the third place. Next to the Daulathu is the Haphaisgao, who holds office for two years. Other village officials include Phrai, Montri, Hangsbukhu, and Jalairao.[13]

Clans

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The Dimasas form a "sealed" society—every member drawing his or her patriarchal lineage from one of the forty two male clans (sengphong—"holder of the sword") and the matriarchal lineage from one of the forty-two female clans (jalik or julu).[14] These clans are distributed among twelve territorial "sacred groves" called daikhos.

Dimasa men are divided into 40 patriarchal clans. These are:[15][16]

  • Ardaosa
  • Mitherpangsa
  • Diphusa
  • Hagjersa
  • Thaosensa
  • Phonglosa
  • Sengyungsa
  • Raijungsa
  • Bader-Baiga
  • Daulagajao
  • Daolagupu
  • Hojaisa
  • Kemprai
  • Jidungsa
  • Baindosa (Nunisa)
  • Khersa
  • Hasnu
  • Haflongbar
  • Bodosa/Bathari
  • Hapila
  • Diruwasa
  • Naidingsa
  • Daodunglangtha
  • Karigapsa
  • Joraisa
  • Hasamsa
  • Nabensa
  • Dibragede
  • Langthasa
  • Girisa
  • Porbosa
  • Maibangsa
  • Johorisa
  • Sorongpang
  • Gorlosa
  • Hakmaosa
  • Maramsa
  • Jarambusa
  • Labtaisa
  • Laobangdisa

Festivals

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Since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had officially declared 27 January as Busu Dima festival day.[17]

Dress and ornaments

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Ornaments

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The male Dimasa use only two types of ornaments namely Yaocher and Kharik.

Females use:[18]

  • Phowal: necklace made of expensive Coral and Real silver metal beads; also worn by males
  • Jongsama: necklace made of micro-beads of any colour, with coral and silver beads in between.
  • Rangbarsha: necklace made of coins.
  • Chandrawal: necklace made of three silver chains with flower shapes.
  • Rmailik: necklace made of micro-beads; the colour pattern is same with the Rijamphain beren or Rmai (chest wrapper)
  • Likjao: necklace made of Red micro beads
  • Likshim: necklace made of black micro beads
  • Khadu: heavy silver bangle
  • Khamaothai: silver or gold earring
  • Yaoshidam: finger ring[19]

Dances

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The dance forms of the Dimasa Kachari are complex in character.[20]

Any Dimasa dance is called Baidima ( Bai-means dance, Dima-means Dimasa).[21]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Assam". census.gov.in. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Daikhos of Dimasas: The Regional Form of Practice and Dharma".
  3. ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: aho – ISO 639-3". SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics). SIL International. Retrieved 29 June 2019. Ahom [aho]
  4. ^ "Population by Religious Communities". Census India – 2001. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2019. Census Data Finder/C Series/Population by Religious Communities
  5. ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. 2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01 MDDS.XLS
  6. ^ "Another local kingdom ... was that of the Dimasas in the north Cachar hills. They were known to the Ahoms as Timisa, clearly a corruption of Dimasa..." (Shin 2020:61)
  7. ^ (Ramirez 2007:93)
  8. ^ Baruah, Manjeet (29 November 2020), "Buranjis and Sankari Culture: Language and Narrative in Pre-colonial Textual Traditions", Frontier Cultures, Routledge India, pp. 41–75, doi:10.4324/9781003157281-4, ISBN 9781003157281, S2CID 229455719, retrieved 25 November 2021
  9. ^ (Ramirez 2007:94)
  10. ^ " Culturally speaking, present-day Cachar Dimasa can hardly be distinguished from the Bengali majority and they seem to make little attempt politically to assert their identity. In the hills, however, Dimasa remained demographically dominant whilst cohabiting with Hmar-Kukis and Zemi Nagas." (Ramirez 2007:93)
  11. ^ Kolb, Michael R. (2019). Out Of The Hills Young Dimasas and Traditional Religion. Assam: North Eastern Social Research Centre. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-938785-0-7.
  12. ^ "Daikhos of Dimasas: The Regional Form of Practice and Dharma".
  13. ^ Haflongbar, Sangeeta; De, Aparajita (1 December 2017). "Traditional Knowledge of Plant Classification among Dimasa Tribe of Dima Hasao District, Assam, India". Nelumbo. 59 (1): 71. doi:10.20324/nelumbo/v59/2017/115986. ISSN 0976-5069. S2CID 134950348.
  14. ^ (Ramirez 2007:2007)
  15. ^ Surnames, Dimasa (25 April 2021). "Dimasa language surnames | Dimasa surnames list or last name". Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  16. ^ Monograph Series, Census of India (1961). Dimasa Kacharis of Assam (PDF). New Delhi: Government of India.
  17. ^ "Dimasa Cachari", Tribal Architecture in Northeast India, BRILL, pp. 53–55, 1 January 2014, doi:10.1163/9789004263925_007, ISBN 9789004263925, retrieved 25 November 2021
  18. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  19. ^ "JPAM Doctoral Dissertation Listing 2016". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 36 (3): 713–735. 23 May 2017. doi:10.1002/pam.22001. ISSN 0276-8739.
  20. ^ Dance, Baidima. "Baidima Dance | Dimasa Traditional Dance | Baidima Folk Dance of Assam - Traditional Folk Dances of India". Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  21. ^ Janssen, Rosalind (1 February 2021). "The Pleated Dress of Nywty". PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology. 17 (1): 1–11. doi:10.48080/jae.v17i1.3. ISSN 1567-214X. S2CID 234010733.

References

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  • Annexure - Ib: List of Notified Scheduled Tribes (PDF) (Report). Census of India. 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  • Jacquesson, François (2008). "Discovering Boro-Garo" (PDF). History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category.
  • Bareh, H. Gazetteer of India
  • Barman, N. K. Queen of Cachar of Herambo and the History of the Kachchhari
  • Barpujari, S. K. (ed) (1997) History of the Dimasas: from the earliest times to 1896 AD, Haflong: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam) .
  • Bathari, Uttam (2014). Memory History and polity a study of dimasa identity in colonial past and post colonial present (PhD). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/115353.
  • Bhattacharjee, J. B. (1992), "The Kachari (Dimasa) state formation", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 391–397
  • Bordoloi, B. N. (1988) The Dimasa Kachari, Tribal Research Institute of Assam, Guwahati.
  • Danda, D. (1989) The Dimasa Kacharis of Assam, Concept Publishing co. New Delhi.
  • Gait, Edward A. (1906) A History of Assam, Calcutta 1906.
  • Rhodes, N. G. and Bose, S. K. (2006) A History of the Dimasa Kacharis - As Seen through Coinage New Delhi : Mira Basu Publishers.
  • Roy, Babul (1998) "Socio-Cultural and Environmental Dimensions of Tribal Health: A Study among the Dimasa Kacharis and the Zeme Nagas of N. C. Hills in Assam" Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam (India).
  • Roy, Babul (2000) "Medical Pluralism and Pattern of Acceptance of Medicine among the Dimasa Kacharis of Assam" The Journal of Human Ecology. Kamal-Raj Pub., Delhi.
  • Roy, Babul (2002) "Descent groupings, belief system and social structure among the Dimasa Kacharies of Assam", Man in India, Vol.82,No.1&2.
  • Ramirez, Ramirez (2007), "Politico-ritual variations on the Assamese fringes: Do social systems exist?", in Sadan, Mandy; Robinne., François (eds.), Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma, Boston: Brill, pp. 91–107
  • Shin, Jae-Eun (2020). "Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas". The Indian Economic and Social History Review. 57 (1): 49–75. doi:10.1177/0019464619894134. S2CID 213213265.
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