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Draft:Nazi projects of New Order for Europe

This article focus mostly in the geopolitical implementation and the planned social impact of Nazi project of New Order within Europe [Continentalist foreign policy]. For the philosophical fundaments and the historical process for the elaboration of the Neuen Ordnung Projekt within the Nazi Gabinet, see New Order (Nazism) article.

Pre-War planification

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See also: Hossbach Memorandum, German rearmament, and Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936

Initially Hitler believed that he wouldn't live sufficent enough to see the stablishment of the Greater Germanic Reich, so temporarily practiced a moderate approach to the potential enemies of the Reich (which included some concessions to the Jews in the Haavara Agreement, to the Holy See in Reichskonkordat, to the Poles in Polish-German Declaration of Non-Aggression, to the British in Anglo-German Naval Agreement, to the Austrians in the Juliabkommen, to the Spanish Republic in the Non-Intervention Comitee etc) while focusing to lead Germany into an autarky and get rid of the economic problems that prevent a more aggressive approach. However, after Nazi economy failed to achieve that and was near to a state of crisis, it became inevitable for Hitler to develop a policy of aggression as it was urgent to provide Germany it's Lebensraum, starting by seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia.

Implementation in Central Europe

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So, the first steps to execute Nazi New Order were the Remilitarisation of the Rhineland, the reunification with Austria and the restoration of German hegemony over Central Europe (inspired on Holy Roman Empire, Teutonic State, Habsburg monarchy and 2° German Empire) by increasing it's militar power to annex territories inhabited by Germans while dominating the economy of it's neighbours , then defying the status quo established in the Peace of versailles by abolishing the limitations that Anglo-French Entente pushed to Germany's projection of power through restrictions for German military expansion and the Cordon sanitaire system (specially Franco-Polish alliance), so Germany finally would be free to develop it's main imperialist goals in the near future and maybe put pressure to the Western powers to recognise the projected anexations of the Reich through offers of Nazi help against Soviets (due to the common menace of the Comintern).[1][2][3]

With that in mind, Anschluss of Austria had to be done as a priority by empowering Austrian Nazis against Austro-fascists, finally realizing the Pan-Germanist cause, while also encircling Czechoslovakia for a future expansionist movement against Slavic states. Succeeding in that, this would led shortly after to the Partition of Czechoslovakia, annexing to the Reich the Sudetenland and stablishing a Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to forcibly integrate Czechs in the German Nation, while turning Slovakia in a German Puppet-State and atracting Hungary and Poland (dissatisfied with the Western powers and threatened by Soviet expansionism) to German sphere of influence by giving them some territorial concessions in the First Vienna Award through the leftovers of Czech lands.[4]

 
Territorial evolution of Germany (before Danzig crisis), based on Hossbach Memorandum definition of Lebensraum for the shor-term.

After consolidating German domination over Central Europe, the next phase was the implementation of the Ostpolitik, which in the short term involucrated the development of a barrier of German Client states from Finland to Romania, containing Soviet expansionism in a cooperative front against the Comintern while also carry out conspiracy and sabotage actions against Soviet sphere of influence (which included some contradictory objectives, like the total or partial seccesion of Soviet Ukraine, while at the same time instigate a Polish expansionism to the Black Sea).[5][3] All of this would serve to weak the eastern neighbours of Germany to be economically subordinate (specially Baltic states and Poland, whose territories inhabited by German settlements were considered to be annexed soon, even if Germany had to intervene or balkanize those states to achieve this by force) and reverse the post-1918 territorial losses,[6] while isolating politically and economically the Soviets, so preparing the main goal of a war against the Russian world in the long-term, which would lead finally to the conquest of Lebensraum, after weakening and subordinating all Eastern Europpean nations.

Tentative for a German Sphere of Influence on the East

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Based on those Neocolonialist plans, the Reich stablished the German–Romanian Treaty, the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania, and the expansion of Anti-Comintern Pact. However, after the Reich was incapable to subdue the Poles in the Danzig crisis, Hitler was convinced that Polish nation should have to be punished for it's lack of cooperation with Germany's interest in the Polish Corridor through Berlinka, although initially was willingly to avoid war and conform to annex Free City of Danzig, but the Anti-Polish sentiment was radicalized after Hitler getting intensely angry and offended with the establishment of an Anglo-Polish alliance (menacing Germany to a Two-front war and isolation if it fused with the Franco-Soviet Pact).[7] So, Nazi become convinced that the existence of Poland as a country was no longer geopolitically viable in the New Order due to its status as an Anglo-French buffer state against the Ostpolitik, and that it also had to offer some concessions to the Soviets to keep them away from the Western Powers, securing Germany and postponing the conquest of all the Lebensraum until France and British weren't a menace.[8]

On the other hand, the Reich take advantage of a Nazi–Soviet Pact by putting an end to Stalin policy of the anti-fascist Popular front (restoring the inter left-wing conflicts and Stalinist hostilization to non-Marxist-Leninist Socialists for being "Social-fascist") and specially an opportunity of partitioning Eastern Europe with Soviet consent and it's desperation for "secure borders" if they were isolated of Western aid (resigning to the German agenda and maybe develop a Fascist-Communist anti-Capitalist block as a lesser evil), being an important step to prepare the New Order. The Nazi-Soviet agreetment tacitly wanted to restore Russian Empire and German Empire with Austro-Hungarian empire former spheres of influence from the Baltic Sea to the Balkans, coinciding in Partitioning Poland-Lithuania again while Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Czeck protectorate and Lithuania were recognised to be German projected puppet states, meanwhile Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Bessarabia (Moldavia) was temporary given to Soviets in the Nazi new order. Although shortly after Lithuania (except for Klaipėda and Marijampolė west to Šešupė river) was given to Soviets in exchange of Germany gaining Lublin and Lesser Poland (as originally was stipulated that Germany only would get post-Napoleonic Austrian and Prussian Poland, but not former Russian Poland), and Stalin put pressure against the creation of a residual pro-German Poland puppet state, leading to their General Government.[9][10][11]

 
Nazi-Soviet de-facto partition of Eastern Europe.

However, Nazi never were satisfied with this concessions to the Soviets and still made efforts to stab the Soviets in the back by making deals with non-Soviet agents interested in their asigned sphere of influence in Eastern Poland, like trying to turn Lithuania into a puppet state[12] (promising Vilnius Region if they helped in the Invasion of Poland),[13][14] propose Hungary territorial expansion[15] (receiving Turka and Sambir citys) and the Ukrainian Nationalists to realize a uprising in Western Ukraine before Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland (creating a pro-Nazi Ukraine puppet state against Soviet Ukraine)[16] and searching for potentiall collaborators within Fascist Poles to turn Central Poland in a German Protectorate (with the possibility of recovering their eastern territories in the long term).[17] Only Slovak intervention in Poland had success and Stalin got ahead of the Nazis by developing the German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement.

After being inevitable the conflict in Poland, the initial phase of the establishment of the New Order was:

Had the British been defeated by Germany, the political re-ordering of Western Europe would have been accomplished. There was to be no post-war general peace conference in the manner of the one held in Paris after the First World War, merely bilateral negotiations between Germany and her defeated enemies.[18] All still existing international organizations such as the International Labour Organization were to be dismantled or replaced by German-controlled equivalents.

Plans for Western Europe (Westliche Politik)

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Plans for West Europe

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See also: European Confederation (1943)

Plans for Great Britain

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See also: Anglo-German Fellowship, Irish Republican Army–Abwehr collaboration, and Operation Willi

One of the primary German foreign policy aims throughout the 1930s had been to establish a military alliance with the United Kingdom, and despite anti-British policies having been adopted as this proved impossible, hope remained that the UK would in time yet become a reliable German ally.[19] Hitler professed an admiration for the British Empire and preferred to see it preserved as a world power, mostly because its break-up would benefit other countries far more than it would Germany, particularly the United States and Japan.[19][20] Britain's situation was likened to the historical situation of the Austrian Empire after its defeat by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866, after which Austria was formally excluded from German affairs but would prove to become a loyal ally of the German Empire in the pre-World War I power alignments in Europe. It was hoped that a defeated Britain would fulfill a similar role, being excluded from continental affairs, but maintaining its Empire and becoming an allied seafaring partner of the Germans.[21][19]

William L. Shirer, however, claims that the British male population between 17 and 45 would have been forcibly transferred to the continent to be used as industrial slave labour (although possibly with better treatment than similar forced labor from Eastern Europe) and the remaining British females were to be impregnated by German soldiers ensuring that Britain would be fully Germanised within one or two subsequent generations.[22]

The remaining population would have been terrorized, including civilian hostages being taken and the death penalty immediately imposed for even the most trivial acts of resistance, with the UK being plundered for anything of financial, military, industrial or cultural value, being established a military occupation.[23] German workers would be sent to England, with the British industrial production being directed towards the Eastern front. The Germans would extract agricultural goods, raw ore, and timber, and would produce war materiel.[24] Also, the Einsatzgruppen, led by Dr. Franz Six, were to be unleashed to round up and execute all political, intellectual and public figures who had previously spoken out against the Nazis and other people who might in the future cause problems for the occupying forces.[25]

After the war, Otto Bräutigam of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories claimed in his book that in February 1943 he had the opportunity to read a personal report by Wagner regarding a discussion with Heinrich Himmler, in which Himmler had expressed the intention to exterminate about 80% of the populations of France and England by special forces of the SD after the German victory.[26]

During the proposed invasion of Great Britain through Operation Sea Lion, there were plans to invade neutral Ireland through Operation Green.[27] By annexing large territories in northeastern France, Hitler hoped to marginalize the country to prevent any further continental challenges to Germany's hegemony.[28]

Evidence suggests the monarchy was to survive.[25] There were proposals to give Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland and support a Celtic union, in search of the help of the Irish Republican Army (which proposed Plan Kathleen).[29][30] There were also proposals to establish an independent and republican Scotland with a socialist-nationalist ideology against the capitalistic English monarchy.[31] There were some supporters from the Scottish National Party.[32]

Plans for France and Netherlands

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See also: Reichskommissariat Niederlande, Reichskommissariat Niederlande, and Zone interdite

Nazi Germany considered that France was meant to be punished due to the French–German enmity that caused danger to the German nation through the historical French belicism since French–Habsburg rivalry that culminated in the German humillation of World War I (along another national traumas, like Thirty Years' War or Napoleonic Wars). So, Hitler, who initially not expected a total victory (and so, wanted a fast end of the war without greater social rearrangements to Western countries and return quickly to its Ostpolitik), started to develop plans to make France a subordinate state with territorial and political changes to mantain that situation in a long-time. During late May 1940, Hitler gave instructions to Wilhelm Stuckart, State Secretary at the Ministry of the Interior, to make proposals for a new western border and precise plans for the “relocation” of the French-speaking population, that concluded in a memorandum written on June 14, 1940, in which the Ministry of the Interior analyzes the annexation of certain territories in Eastern France that had been part of the historic Holy Roman Empire, ending in the control of the "Westraum" region for the Reich. In the short-term would consist of integrate Inner Rhineland border areas and Ruhr with annexed Alsace-Lorraine Eupen-Malmedy, Saarland, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium and northeastern and eastern France (like modern SaarLorLux and Meuse–Rhine Euroregion). In the long-term would include Switzerland, Burgundy, Savoy (reaching the Rhône and Mediterranean, like former Lotharingia), and finally stablishing an annexation of the "Westland" to Nazi Germany in Gau Westmark.[33][34][35]

 
Nazi Germany territorial plans for France in the New Order.

To accomplish the plan, firstly Germany occupied Greater Netherlands (impeding France to use Benelux as Buffer state or the Rhin as a Natural frontiers, while preparing to reunificate Dutch people with its German Volkgeist to annex them), next to it was planned to includ Northern France (modern Nord and Pas-de-Calais), then was re-annexed Alsace, Moselle and Lorraine, after that Nazi developed plans for the colonisation of the Zone interdite in Somme, Aisne y Ardenas (trying to re-Germanize "Romanized Germans of Austrasia" to establish a Germanic Thiois country, like former Kingdom of Arles and Burgundian Circle, that would be a buffer zone in West Germany),[36] and finally the Armistice of 22 June 1940 stablished conditions for the economical domination of France (while also developing the collaborist regime of Vichy France) and an Occupation Zone to construct the Atlantic Wall against British naval supremacy (and for future expansion of German influence in Western Europe).[37][33] Also it was considered to reward the Italians occupators with Corsica, Nice, Savoy and other French territories claimed by Italian irredentists that wanted the frontier on Monaco. In a large-scale, the Latin nations of Western and Southern Europe (Portugal, Spain and Italy) were to be eventually brought into a state of total German dependency and control from the Occupied Greater France.[28]

However, Nazi geopoliticians recognised the role of France as an historical Great power of Europe since Middle ages, believing that the total collapse of France could have catastrophic consecuences for the totallity of Europe, and also that both countries joining forces would be an imparable force to seize the domination of the continent (like did Carolingian Empire) after the eliminating Britain and Russia. Moreover, dominating France would serve to achieve a Philosophical and Cultural domination of Western civilisation by taking advantage of the French philosophy and Political science preponderance in Academical environtments since Age of Enlightenment, which would serve to expand a Cultural and Fascist Revolution in a global scale in the future, wanting to make a superation of the Modernity and the French Revolution (conserving its Classical radicalism and Jacobin proto-totalitarian social-nationalism, but condemning its Constitutionalist and Bourgeois liberal elements that socavated and degenerated it).[38] Although, Hitler in a pragmatic course of action, also was interested to take advantage of Reactionary movements, like Action Française, that were against the French Third Republic's Liberal-Democratic values and so a powerful disidency without being instrumets of Soviet Comintern or Anglo-American Capitalist Think tank, despite Nazi thinkers regretting to empower Traditionalist conservatist that were "clerical and aristocratic" bad elements with their Federalist Custumal values which were against the revolutionary and totalitarian character of nazism and fascism (but recognising that, like in National Catholic Francoist Spain with Carlists Traditionalists overcoming Falangists, there wasn't orthodox fascist French movements that were powerful or popular enough, being forced to make concessions to defenders of the Ancien régime against Bourgeois status-quo), Nazi Germanys had hopes that in the future they could appropriate of the Vichy France's Révolution nationale, purging the Integral nationalism of those "Medieval" (Ultra-royalist, Ultramontanism), Legitimists/Orléanist and Social Catholic Integralist elements, trying to introduce Nazi ideology by using Reactionary modernist and Crypto-fascist movements and figures like Revolutionary Social Movement, Jacques Doriot of the French Popular Party[39] or Marcel Déat of the National Popular Rally.[40] The role of France in the New Order would be of a Magisterium of Europe to Fascistize all Western countries (includying Americas).[38]

Also Hitler had interest pn the separatist movements that were resentful toward centralism, anti-Catholicism/Anti-clericalism and coercive Francization (although Nazi supported those programs for Political modernization of France, believing that it would empower them against the Allies), serving as a mean to menace French politicians with a possible punishment by Fragmenting the country, abolishing its right to be a modern nation state and restoring Feudalism in France if they weren't collaborative to the German masters. Some of those were the Breton nationalism on World War II, giving some hopes to the stablishment of a Breton national-state, using Brittany to domain Vichy France and maybe Normandy in the future.[41]

Concerning the Dutch people and Walloons of Benelux, Nazi Germany considered them Assimilable.[42] So in the short-term was tolerated to give concessions to local fascist groups (like Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond or Nederlandsche Unie) that defended the independence of their countries within the New Order and sometimes desired German support for its own irredentist and imperialist claims (like Belgian Rexists or NSM in the Dutch East Indies), seeing themselves as Associated states. However, in the long-term Nazi Germany wanted the complete anexation of the Dietsland (which was accelerated on late 1944 by creating the Reichsgaue Flandern and Wallonien)[43] and so started the Flamenpolitik, which consisted in the dissolution of national identities by developing or supporting Germanist and radical groups (like the DeVlag or National Socialist Movement of Netherlands) which seen the Nederlands people and Flemish people not as independent nations, but as different regions that were part of the German race with only a particular German dialect [the Dutch language]. Also those Germanist groups should been Anti-clericalist and Revolutionary, instead of Clero-fascism and Conservatives (having 2 functions, to spread "orthodox fascism" that was anti-Reactionary, Secular and Sindical, and to diminish their national identities associated with Catholic or Calvinist tradition), being promised those groups to be the sole party representing the Nazi unity in their regions.[44] So, in the New Order, Dutch and Flemish nationalism should have to be turned into a mere provincialism, don't allowing an independent Dutch way to National Socialism, just their forced incorporation into the Nazi German political structure.[45][43][46]

Plans for Southern Europe

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Iberian Peninsula

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Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco contemplated joining the war on the German side. The Spanish Falangists made numerous border claims. Franco claimed French Basque departments, Catalan-speaking Roussillon, Cerdagne and Andorra.[47] Spain also wanted to reclaim Gibraltar from the United Kingdom because of the symbolic and strategic value. Franco also called for the reunification of Morocco as a Spanish protectorate, the annexation of the Oran district from French Algeria (this both belonged to Spain's Lebensraum in falangist circles)[48] and large-scale expansion of Spanish Guinea through French Cameroon. This last project was especially unfeasible because it overlapped German territorial ambition to reclaim German Cameroon (which angered Hitler the Spanish dare, because he was planning on taking it back)[49] and Spain would most likely be forced to give up Guinea entirely.[50] Spain also sought federation with Portugal on common cultural and historical grounds (such as the Iberian Union),[51] even some Spanish nationalists claimed that "Geographically speaking, Portugal has no right to exist".[48]

About a hypothetical Greater Catalonia independent country proposed by Anarchists on Spanish Civil War, the Nazis viewed that as an unacceptable possibility, because it would only help to secure French power in Mediterranean Sea, being a French policy since Charlemagne to establish a Catalan State as a buffer state against the menace of the Iberian Peninsula. So, the Nazis, and especially Italians, were tolerable with the possibility of a Greater Spain in a strategic encirclement of France, considering Spain as Germany's natural ally once again (in reference to Habsburg Spain and Habsburg monarchy alliance) and that their rise of both powers depended on France's downfall. Nazis hoped to make Spain strong enough to be in an equal position like Mussolini's Italy and avoid the status of a Franco-British condominium in geopolitics, hoping that it would be unable to remain neutral in the new order, having to choose between the Italo-German coalition or a french coalition in the future.[52]

During the summer of 1940, Hitler considered the possibility of occupying the Portuguese territories of Azores, Cape Verde, and Madeira and the Spanish Canary Islands, all of them in the Atlantic Ocean, in an effort to deny the British a staging ground for military actions against Nazi-controlled Europe.[53][54] In September 1940, Hitler further raised the issue in a discussion with the Spanish Foreign Minister Serrano Súñer, offering now Spain to transfer one of the Canary islands to German usage for the price of French Morocco.[54] Although Hitler's interest in the Atlantic islands must be understood from a framework imposed by the military situation of 1940, he ultimately had no plans of ever releasing these important naval bases from German control.[54] Also, in the same month, Serrano Suñer visited Berlin to meet the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to discuss how Spain might best enter the war on the Axis side. However, Serrano Suñer and Ribbentrop did not get along and they shortly after developed a big mutual hatred for each other. Then, Ribbentrop told Serrano Suñer that, in return for the Nazi military and economic aid, and their allowing to Spain of the return of Gibraltar, the German Reich have to annex at least one of the Canary Islands (Ribbentrop stated that ideally Germans should have all of the Canaries, but was prepared to be magnanimous by taking only one). Also was stated that Nazis had to be allowed air and naval bases in Spanish Morocco with extraterritorial rights, the German companies receiving control of the Spanish mines and an economic treaty that would have turned Spain into an economic colony of Germany. Serrano Suñer was shocked that Germans viewed Spain as a potential satellite state instead of an equal.[48]

After the Spanish refusal to join the war after Meeting at Hendaye (in which Hitler threatened Franco with a possible annexation of Spanish territory by Vichy France), Spain and Portugal were expected to be invaded and become puppet states. They were to turn over coastal cities and islands in the Atlantic to Germany as part of the Atlantic Wall and to serve as German naval facilities. Portugal was to cede Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Angola as part of the intended Mittelafrika colonial project.[55]

Mediterranean Europe

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See also: Latin Axis (World War II)
 
Projected Latin partners in the New Order.

Also, Nazis supported with propaganda the Latin Bloc proposed by Mussolini and approved by Francisco Franco to create a "Rome-Madrid axis" with Vichy French leader Petain.[56] Their main objective was to defy Britain domain in the Mediterranean region, expelling them from Gibraltar (to Spain), Malta (to Italy) and Cyprus (to Italy or the Hellenic State).[57] However, Mussolini and Franco hoped to balance the power between Latin countries to avoid a German preponderance.[58] Mihai Antonescu in Fascist Romania showed his support to the initiative in the summer of 1941, proposing an alliance between Romania with France, Italy, Spain and Portugal, which offered the expansion of Latin Block influence to the Black Sea and Danubian through the Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship (restoring the French Cordon sanitaire, replacing UK and USA with Latin great powers) while also developing a block powerful enough to stand up to Hitler and negotiate an armistice with the Western Allies in case Nazi Germany lost his projected war against the Soviets (in the long term it would serve to save from Soviet expansionism all the minor partners of the Nazis in Eastern Europe, like Hungary, Croatia, Finland, etc), avoiding to being forced by Western Allies to restore liberalism and maybe the collapse of Nazi Germany in a total defeat (although, being free of German influence).[59] António de Oliveira Salazar, a personal friend of Petain, showed interest to the incorporation of Portugal after being invited by Vichy France, as Salazar was convinced that the Latin countries should play a full role and still join forces in the New Order after the Allies were defeated, not only for the development of an Anti-communist and Anti-British block based in their common ideologies (founded on Corporatism, Clerical fascism and elements of Catholic social teaching with Syndicalism), but also for the inevitable conflict between Pan-Latinism-Mediterraneanism and Pan-Germanism-Nordicism geopolitical vision for the Western civilisation. These very long-term intentions caused Nazi Germany to distrust the French state and tiedy to undermine the project by taking advantage of the amateurism of Vichy diplomacy.[60] Also Vichy France tried to invite Vatican City in the Latin Bloc by arguing that in the long-term it would serve as an Anti-Protestant and Anti-Jewish while also helping Traditionalist Catholicism against the menace of Liberal democracy from Northern Europe and the legacy of French Revolution (as its romanticization was being academically questioned in the Révolution nationale that sought to found a post-republican France reconciled with the Catholic counterrevolution movement), but Pope Pius XII refused to provide support to regimes that were openly authoritarian, caesarist and practiced "statolatry" (as Catholic Church condemned Fascism in the Non abbiamo bisogno encyclical) while militarly actively collaborated with anti-Semitic Nazi Germany and its Totalitarian ideologies (as Nationalsocialism has been condemned in the Mit brennender Sorge encyclical), not being able the Holy See to fully legitimize Vichy France, and its equivalent nationalcatholic clerical regimes, until those reactionary modernist regimes practiced the Catholic integrism of its social doctrine, which involved their detachment from nationalist ideologies and political modernism (and so, get out of the collaboration with the Axis Powers).[61]

Plans for Northern Europe

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See also: Reichskommissariat Norwegen, Nordische Gesellschaft, and Nordicism

Projects concerning Nordic Countries

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Nazi philosophers had a greaterr esteem toward Nordic countries, considering them obvious Aryans due to being Germanic peoples and also having a cultural brotherhood with the Reich since the times of the Germanic tribes, elogiating the Viking expansion and Nordic colonialism as an example for Germans of Central Europe, being defined as "racially suitable". Even someones considered that Danes, Swedes and Norwegians were more racially and culturally pure than Southern Germans since Protestant reformation, due to being free of Habsburg Austrian, Bavarian Wittelsbach and Catholic teaching promotion of Miscegenation and Pluriculturalism, morevoer there were beliefs that Germany has a debt toward Gothaland for being the homeland of Germanic race. Therefore, it was established that they deserved the most chivalrous and gentle treatment from the rest of the occupied countries, but without hesitating to deal with a firm hand any attempt of opposition or rivalry to the German domination.[62][63] A key role to achieve its "logical absorbtion" to the Germanic Reich were the Germanic SS, having the responsibility to prepare the bases for a pro-Germanic elite within Scandinavian peoples and Dutch peoples.[64]

Before the start of the war, Nazi Germany desired to stablish Non-aggression pacts with Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark (like the German–Estonian and German–Latvian ones), although only Denmark accepted.[65][66] After German invasion of Denmark and of Norway, the Reich claimed that it will "respect Danish sovereignty and territorial integrity, and neutrality" and that they were forced to do it to avoid the Blockade of Germany. Denmark was the only occupied country that mantained the continuity in the functions of it's domestic institutions, being intact the Folketing and the Danish monarchy headed by Christian X of Denmark, but carried a big pressure over Danish to be collaborative against Nazi enemies (like repressing Danish Communist Party), punishing them in the Operation Safari of 1943 for their resistance, which led to a German Putsch of their government and the disarming of the Danish defense.[67][68] During German indirect rule of Denmakr, they put pressure over them to turn it into an economically subordinate state, transfering industrial capital and the unemployed population of Denmark to Germany to help in the racial and economic necessities of the Reich. Nazi Germany was waiting for the opportunity to crackdown Danish state through represing civil unrests in the future.[69][70]

 
Irredentist claims of Quisling Norway. Nazi Germany was mostly fine as long as helped the Germanic Reich.

In occupied Norway, Nazi Germany originally wanted to negotiate with the Norwegian government leaded by Haakon VII. However, then Germans established the Quisling regime as a puppet state under the nominal leadership of the norwegian fascist collaborator, Vidkun Quisling (wanting a pan-European union led, but not dominated, by Germany), although the real power was in the hands of the Reichskommissariat Norwegen, headed by Josef Terboven (who disliked the idea of sharing the power with Norwegians, but Hitler make pressure in favour of a shared domain in the short-term).[71] However, the Nazi had never seen Norwegian fascists as equal, giving them the role of an occupying authority, but using them to bring false hopes of a possible independence of Norway, as Germans would hand over the sovereignty of Norway in the future as their northest province (although sometimes was considered to give a political independence if it could be useful temporarly).[72][73] Also it was considered from the Germanic SS to support Norwegian irredentist claims to annex the Faroes, Orkney, Shetland, Outer Hebrides, Iceland (after a proposed invasion named Operation Ikarus) and maybe Greenland or at least Erik the Red's Land (although Hitler see it unrealistic in the short-term);[74] most of them conditioned in the degree of collaboration of the Danes and the possibility to punish them by threatening the Danish colonial empire or in the level of militar contribution of Norwegians against a possible invasion of Scotland.[75][76] Even were propossals to restore a Norwegian Colonial Empire in the North Pole and South Pole to defy Russian Arctic and British Antarctic claims, based in Norway prestigee on polar expedition.[77] Moreover, Nazi Germany was interested to support Norwegian expansionism over Northern Russia, being reserved a territory named Austrveg (based in the Bjarmaland) which would be probably the Kola Peninsula, while also Norway would contribuit with Norwegian settlers to assist the German ones in the Lebensraum.[78][79][80] Another possibilites were the expansion over Swedish territory in case Sweden in World War II joined the Allies and needed to be punished by the Germanic Reich, being considered the annexation of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Bohuslän to Norway (rather as a puppet state or as a German province).[81][82] In the future, it was planned to construct in Norway the Nordstern city, inhabited mostly by Germans and serving for the global projection of naval power of the reich as a "German Singapore" over the North Atlantic area, being inevitable a German exclave for a future war against Atlantic Powers like United States and the remains of British Empire.[83]

Concerning Sweden, it was considered through the war the possibility of a German invasion if Swedish neutrality wasn't useful and also to integrate Swedes to the Germanic Reich. In the long-term, Nazi plans for Sweden involucrated the exportation of The Holocaust, establishing concentration camps in Sjöbo and Stora Karlsö and empower the National Socialist Workers' Party.[84]

Plans for Finland
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See also: Finnlands Lebensraum and Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement

Initially, the Reich respect the Finnish autonomy in the New Order, being useful to mantain them docile. However, when Fines considered to cut-off it's alliance with Germany, the reich started to push pressure to make Finland a Client state completely dependent to Germany and avoiding the possibility of make a separate peace with the Allies and be a vassal state for the Reich in the New Order.[85]

 
Finland territory offered by Nazi Germany in the New Order.

Since the Finnish War of Liberation, the Finnish nationalist codiciated[clarification needed] the annexation of East Karelia into the Finnish nation, and in the Continuation War some Finnish politicians suggested that they had the mission of not only recover Karelian territories, but to liberate the tribal peoples of Finnic origin from the tyranny of the Bolsheviks and the Russians, while also having a more defensive frontier with the expansion over Karelian Isthmus to Kola Peninsula. Nazi Germany and racial investigators supported the Finnish irredentists (specially the Patriotic People's Movement and Academic Karelia Society) as they could be useful to weaken the Soviet-Russian control (also due to wanting the German conquest of Northern Russia until Arkhangelsk) and even helped Finnish ethnologists to find out what part of the Russian-speaking population was of the Finnish national population (Russified Karelians), and what part was of the non-national population (Russian settlers), taking the latter to concentration camps for their future expulsion (although Finnish government wasn't aware of the particular brutality of Nazi concentration camps, and those administered by Fines provided more humane treatment).[86][87] In the short-term, a process of finlandization and de-stalinization had to take place by organizing programs in Vepsä, Lydy and Karelian languages ​​on Aunus Radio, bringing educators from Finland to teach them against Soviet propaganda, make population exchanges in which the Germans transported 62,000 Ingrian Finns, Izhorians and Votians to Finland (most of them voluntarly, escaping of Soviet Genocide of the Ingrian Finns), and the development of a Finnish military administration that ironically developed a very effective health care system (better than pre-war Soviet one, being less levels of Infant mortality and Disease). However, the areas were not legally annexed to Finland (despite German pressure), the parliament declared that only the areas lost in the Winter War belonged to Finland, while the "new provinces" were to wait until a peace treaty was concluded and also the investigation of the State Scientific Committee of Eastern Karelia.[88][89][90]

"We don't dream of Novgorod or Moscow, the coasts of Syväri, Ääninen and Vienna are enough for us"

— Ilkka (Finnish newspaper)

Establishment of a Greater Germanic Reich

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Further information: Greater Germanic Reich
 
Boundaries of the planned "Greater Germanic Reich" based on various, only partially systematized target projections (e.g. Generalplan Ost) from state administration and SS leadership sources.[91]

One of the most elaborate Nazi projects initiated in the newly conquered territories during this period of the war was the planned establishment of a "Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" (Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation).[92] This future empire was to consist of, in addition to Greater Germany, virtually all of historically Germanic Europe (except Great Britain), whose inhabitants the Nazis believed to be "Aryan" in nature. The consolidation of these countries as mere provinces of the Third Reich, in the same manner in which Austria was reduced to the "Ostmark", was to be carried out through a rapidly enforced process of Gleichschaltung (synchronization). The ultimate intent of this was to eradicate all traces of national rather than racial consciousness, although their native languages were to remain in existence.[93][94]

Plans for Eastern Europe (Ostpolitik)

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Establishment of German domination in Southeast Europe

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Further information: Axis control of the Danube

Immediately prior to Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, five countries, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Croatia were already client states of Nazi Germany. Serbia was under direct German military occupation and Montenegro and Albania were under the occupation of Italy. Greece was under direct German-Italian military occupation because of the growing resistance movement. Although technically in the Italian sphere of influence, Croatia was, in reality, a condominium puppet state of the two Axis powers, with Italy controlling the southwestern half, and Germany the northeastern half.

 
Planned German Buffer State on the Danube that would be composed of ethnic Germans from the Banat

Hitler observed that permanent German bases might be established in Belgrade (possibly to be renamed to Prinz-Eugen-Stadt) and Thessaloniki.[95] The Reichfestung Belgrad had been referred to in a "great secret memorandum" by Secretary of State and SS Brigade Chief Wilhelm Stuckart in 1941, being about the situation and future fate of Germany in the territories of the former Yugoslavia, based on scripts of 1939 from Werner Lorenz and the Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle.[96][97] Names such as Prinz-Eugen-Gau, Reichsgau Banat, Donauprotektorat, Schwabenland, Donaudeutschland or Autonomes Siebenbürgen were proposed to designate said territory. This buffer state of Germans of Serbia would have been for the purpose of ensuring permanent German supremacy over the Danube basin, and then, to plan an economic reorganization of the Balkans. The resettlement of Germans in this administrative division was planned to be the logical consequence.[98][99][100]

Even without the annexation of the Banat to the Greater Germanic Reich, the Southeast European states would have remained only formally independent, while in reality their economic and military domination would have gravitated as satellites in the German hegemonic orbit, in a similar dependency like the Mitteleuropa plans of World War I.

Conquest of Lebensraum in Eastern Europe

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Further information: A-A line, Ural mountains in Nazi planning, and Hunger Plan

Adolf Hitler in Mein Kampf argued in the chapter "Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy" that the Germans needed Lebensraum in the East and described it as a "historic destiny" which would properly nurture the future generations of Germans. Hitler believed that "the organization of a Russian state formation was not the result of the political abilities of the Slavs in Russia, but only a wonderful example of the state-forming efficacity of the German element in an inferior race." Hitler spoke on 3 February 1933 to the staff of the army and declared that Germany's problems could be solved by "the conquest of new living space in the east and its ruthless Germanization".[102] His earlier invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland can be directly connected to his desire for Lebensraum in Mein Kampf.

 
Offensive plan for Operation Barbarossa.

Implementation of the long-term plan for the New Order was begun on June 22, 1941 with Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The goal of the campaign was not merely the destruction of the Soviet regime—which the Nazis considered illegitimate and criminal—but also the racial reorganization of European Russia, outlined for the Nazi elite in the Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East").[103] Nazi party philosopher Alfred Rosenberg (who, incidentally, protested against the inhumane policy shown toward the Slavs[104]) was the Minister for the Eastern Territories, the person nominally in charge of the project, and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, was assigned to implement the General Plan for the East which detailed the enslavement, expulsion, and extermination of the Baltic peoples and Slavic peoples.

 
Primary expansionist objectives of Nazi Germany's Ostpolitik

Furthermore, Hitler hoped to turn Germany into a total blockade-proof autarky by exploiting the vast resources lying in Soviet territories: Ukraine was to provide grain, vegetable oil, fodder, iron ore, nickel, manganese, coal, molybdenum; Crimea natural rubber, citrus fruit, cotton; the Black Sea fish, and the Caucasus crude oil.[105]

By 1942, the quasi-colonial regimes called the General Government in Poland, the Reichskommissariat Ostland in the Baltic states and Belarus, and the Reichskommissariat Ukraine in Ukraine had been established. Three more administrative divisions were envisaged: a Reichskommissariat Moskowien that would include the majority of European Russia, a Reichskommissariat Kaukasien in the Caucasus, and a Reichskommissariat Turkestan in Soviet Central Asia. This policy was accompanied by the annihilation of the entire Jewish population (the Final Solution), as well as the enslavement of their Slavic inhabitants, who it was planned, would be made slave laborers on the estates be granted to SS soldiers after the conquest of European Russia. Each of these SS "soldier peasants" was expected to father at least seven children.[106] However, about the threat in the short-term for the Anti-Soviet indigenous population (Balts, Eastern Slavs, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian peoples, Turkic peoples, Kalmyks and others) there were inner conflicts between Rossenberg's Minister for the Eastern Territories and Hitler's Reichskommissariats with Himmler's SS. The first ones supported a Pragmatic moderation and being a bit gentle with the inferior races, trying to take advantage of Anti-Soviet sentiment between the opressed peoples by Stalin and Bolshevist regime (proponing land reform of decollectivization and a degree of authonomy only at municipal level), so the Untermensch would see Germans as their liberators and would make easier the conquest, postponing their annihilation and enslavement until German control was consolidated. The second ones supported a radical and brutal approach, disdaining the idea of giving social and political concessions to pro-German collaborators, assuming that the conquest would be an easy and fast victory, so Untermensch should had to get used to servitude to their new Aryan masters instead of deluding them into the idea of being partners of the Reich, seeing them only as object of exploitation.[107]

German women were encouraged to have as many children as possible to populate the newly acquired Eastern territories. To encourage this fertility policy, the Lebensborn program was expanded and the state decoration known as the Gold Honor Cross of the German Mother was instituted, which was awarded to German women who bore at least eight children for the Third Reich. There was also an effort by Martin Bormann and Himmler to introduce new marriage legislation to facilitate population growth, which would have allowed decorated war heroes to marry an additional wife.[108] Himmler envisaged a German population of 300,000,000 by 2000.

Plans for the Triune Russian nation

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Main articles: Generalplan Ost, Reichskommissariat Ukraine, and Reichskommissariat Moskowien
 
Planned Reichskommissariats to scramble the Russian-sphere.

Rosenberg viewed the political goal of Operation Barbarossa as not merely the destruction of the Bolshevik regime, but the "reversing of Russian dynamism" towards the east (Siberia) and the freeing of the Reich of the "eastern nightmare for centuries to come" by eliminating the Russian state, regardless of its political ideology.[109] The continued existence of Russia as a potential instigator of pan-Slavism and its suggestive power over other Slavic peoples in the fight between "Germandom" and "Slavism" was seen as a major threat, so Russian nation should be dissolved.[110] This was to be solved by exploiting ethnic centrifugal forces and limiting the influence of "Greater Russiandom" (Großrussentum) by promoting segmentation in the manner of divide and conquer.

In a memorandum sent to Rosenberg in March 1942, Nazi anthropologist Otto Reche argued for the disappearance of 'Russia' both as an ethnic and political concept, and the promotion of a new plethora of ethnicities based on medieval Slavic tribes such as the Vyatichs and Severians.[110] Even White Ruthenia, and in particular Ukraine ("in its present extent") he deemed to be dangerously large.[110] The Belarusians were perceived by Alfred Rosenberg as "the most harmless and because of this the least dangerous for us of all the peoples in the Eastern Space", which implied that were the easiest one to exploit and dissolve, using their territory to aglomerate undesirable ethnics and traitorus Aryans (anti-Nazi), and finally turn Belarus territory in a Nature reserve, serving as natural barrier to protect the projeceted Germanized Baltic Region from the non-assimilable peoples.[111]

Heinrich Himmler had already advocated for such a general policy towards Eastern Europe in 1940.[112] A top-secret memorandum in 1940 from Himmler entitled "Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Peoples in the East" expressed that the Germans must splinter as many ethnic splinter groups in German-occupied Europe as possible, including Ukrainians, "White Russians" (Belarusians), Gorals (see Goralenvolk), Lemkos, and Kashubians and to find all "racially valuable" people and assimilate them in Germany.[112] The Eastern Ministry responded that Reche's emphasis on the plurality of ethnic groups in the Soviet Union was correct "in itself", but was skeptical about his proposal to resurrect obscure and extinct nationalities.[110] He defended his proposal by arguing that "[sic] in the area of ethnicity much has already been successfully brought back to life!", but inquired as to whether names connected with the main towns in each area might serve this role instead.[110] A memo date written by Erhard Wetzel from the NSDAP Office of Racial Policy administration, in April 1942 details the splitting up of Reichskommissariat Moskowien into very loosely tied Generalkommissariats.[113] The objective was to undermine the national cohesion of the Russians by promoting regional identification; a Russian from the Gorki Generalkommissariat was to feel that he was different from a Russian in the Tula Generalkommissariat.[113] In July 1944, Himmler ordered Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the head of the RSHA, to begin the exporting of the faith of the Jehovah's Witnesses to the occupied east.[114] Himmler considered the Jehovah's Witnesses to be frugal, hard-working, honest and fanatic in their pacifism, and he believed that these traits were extremely desirable for the suppressed nations in the east[114] – despite some 2,500 and 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses becoming victims of the Holocaust.

Also, a source of discussion in the Nazi circles was the replacement of the Cyrillic letters with the German alphabet.[115] Also was planned to rename Russian places with German names, like Novgorod as Holmgard (trying to justificate with the cultural influence of medieval Hanseatic League on North Russia).[116] A series of "semantic guidelines" published by the German Interior Ministry in 1942 declared that it was permissible to use the word 'Russia' only in a reference to the "Petersburg empire" of Peter the Great and its follow-ups until the Revolution of 1917.[110] The period from 1300 to Peter the Great (the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Tsardom of Russia) was to be called the "Muscovite state", while post-1917 Russia was not to be referred to as an empire or a state at all; the preferred terms for this period were "bolshevik chaos" or "communist elements".[110] Furthermore, historic expressions such as Little Russia (Ukraine), White Russia (Belarus/White Ruthenia), Russian Sea (for the Black Sea), and Russian Asia (for Siberia and Central Asia) were to be absolutely avoided as terminology of the "Muscovite imperialism".[110] "Tatars" was described as a pejorative Russian term for the Volga, Crimean, and Azerbaijan Turks which was preferably to be avoided, and respectively replaced with the concepts "Idel (Volga)-Uralian", "Crimean Turks", and Azerbaijanis.[110]

Plans for Baltic Region

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Main article: Reichskommissariat Ostland
 
Nazi planned administration of the Baltic region.

Baltic peoples (Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians) were seen as mostly assimilable in a long-term by the Nazi antropologists[117] and were considered to have a process of Germanisation in a future, inspired in the Ostsiedlung and Germanisation of Prussia within Old Prussians, and then being turned into racially valuable settlers. In the short-term, those peoples would have a bit level of local government under a "National Director" (Reichskomissar) in Estonia, a "General Director" in Latvia, and a "General Adviser" in Lithuania. Also it was seen that Germans from Teutonic State and Hanseatic League (since Northern Crusades to Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War), along with the Germanic brothers of Swedish and Danish (until Great Northern War), were the masters of Baltic region during 700 years, until they were gradually overrun by Slavs with Polonization and Russification on the Baltic Governorates of Courland-Semigallia, Livonia and Estland, so it gave an historical right for the Greater Germanic Reich to restore it's influence and get the Dominium maris baltici, in which Baltic Germans would had a key role in that plans, restoring them as political elites in a Germanized protectorate prior to union with propper Germany in a near future (being considered the most easy region of the USSR to be turned in a permanent form of administration).[118][119]

Originally the Reichskommissariat Ostland was going to be called "Reichskommissariat Baltenland" to secure the support of native Baltics to Germany, but due to the inclussion of West Belarus (with Ingria, Smolensk, Pskov, and Novgorod) as a planned hinterland for the occupied Baltic region, it was considered inapropiate to give false hopes to slavic untersmensch to be considered assimilable as most of them weren't Balto-Slavs, and also serving as a message against baltic nationalists that wanted the restoration of their national independences or the respect of their own terminology (although Rossenger and Georg Leibbrandt protested for this decisitions, as the sympathy from baltics will be lose).[120] During German Occupation of the Baltic states, after the Baltic collaborators stopped to being useful, Nazi dissarmed nationalist groups like the Lithuanian Activist Front, Latvian Pērkonkrusts or Estonian Defence League, while also (after a brief toleration) influenced to dismantle their attempts to develop their own political structures as pro-German states, like the Provisional Government of Lithuania, the Latvian diplomatic service in exile or Jüri Uluots's Estonian cabinet.[121][122] Finally were divided into four Generalbezirke (General Districts) ruled by German civil administrators that repressed both Soviet partisans and Baltic independentists (like the Lithuanian partisans of the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania, Latvian Central Council or National Committee of the Republic of Estonia).

Plans for Caucassus
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Further information: Reichskommissariat Kaukasien, Georgian Legion (1941–1945), Armenian Legion, Azerbaijani Legion, North Caucasian and Mountain-Caucasian legions, and Caucasian-Mohammedan Legion
 
Planned Nazi colonial rule of the Caucassus

Some of the priorities for Hitler in the conquest of the Lebensraum was to conquer the Caucasus region, as it was economically important for its oil refineries (specially on Baku) and would help the economy of Nazi Germany that lacked prime resources (and also depriving the Soviet Union of a vital one like oil),[123] but also was a strategical territory to seizure of the domain of Southern Russia and stablishing a German presence in the Greater Middle East (planning a future Nazi intervention of Middle East and Central Asia to reach British Raj and the Japanese Allies). So, Nazi Germany was open to give concessions to some non-slavic Untermensch nations (such as Chechens, Daghestani or Azerbaijanis) that were anti-Russian, so facilitating the establishment of a German Sphere of Influence in Asia from the Reichskommissariat Kaukasien (which would had a territory from Volga-Don to Iran-Turkey borders).[124] That concessions to the People of Caucasus would involucrate the creation of sub-national entities as "autonomous" units in the German Reich (giving some privileges to the members of the National Socialist Party of the North Caucasian Brothers) unlike the rest of the Reichskomimisariats,[125][126] and maybe the restoration of the South Caucasus states under German Protectorate, avoiding intimidation to Iran and Turkey.[127][128]

Re-settlement efforts

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Further information: Heim ins Reich, Wehrbauer, and Generalplan Ost
 
A German map produced after the defeat of Poland in 1939 calling for German-descendant settlers in eastern Europe to return to the Warthegau

By 1942, Hitler's empire encompassed much of Europe, but the territories annexed lacked population desired by the Nazis.[139] After Germany had acquired her Lebensraum, she now needed to populate these lands according to Nazi ideology and racial principles.[139] This was to be accomplished before the end of the war by a "reordering of ethnographical relations".[139] The initial step of this project had already been taken by Hitler on 7 October 1939, when Himmler was named the Reich Commissar for the Consolidation of Germandom (Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums) (RKFDV) (see also Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle, VoMi)[139] This position authorized Himmler to repatriate ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) living abroad to occupied Poland.[139] Himmler's jurisdiction as the guardian of the Volksdeutsche re-settlement efforts was increased to other occupied territories to be Germanized as the war continued. To make room for the German settlers, hundreds of thousands of Poles and French living in these lands were transferred across borders.[140] The great majority of Himmler's Volksdeutsche were acquired from the Soviet sphere of interest under the German–Soviet "population exchange" treaty.[140]

 
Gauleiter Greiser greeting the millionth German of Reichsgau Wartheland, 1944

At the end of 1942 a total of 629,000 Volksdeutsche had been re-settled, and preparations for the transfer of 393,000 others were underway.[140] The long-term goal of the VoMi was the resettlement of a further 5.4 million Volksdeutsche, mainly from Transylvania, Banat, France, Hungary and Romania.[140] The immigrants were classified either as racially or politically unreliable (settled in Altreich), of high quality (settled in the annexed eastern territories) or suitable for transit camps.[140] Himmler encountered considerable difficulties with the Volksdeutsche of France and Luxembourg, who often wished to retain their former status as citizens of their respective countries.[140] Moreover, it was considered to have help from other Germanic peoples outside Germans, like Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Dutch and British collaborators. An example was the Nederlandsche Oost-Compagnie (a German-Dutch organisation) that send Dutch settlers to Pskov to help in the Germanic re-settlement of Lebensraum.[118]

Settlement/resettlement figures on 1 June 1944[141]
Territory of origin Total Re-settled in annexed eastern territories
Estonia and Latvia 76,895 57,249
Lithuania 51,076 30,315
Volhynia, Galicia, Narew 136,958 109,482
Eastern Government-General 32,960 25,956
Bessarabia 93,342 89,201
Northern Bukovina 43,670 24,203
Southern Bukovina 52,149 40,804
Dobruja 15,454 11,812
Romania, Regat 10,115 1,129
Gottschee and Ljubljana 15,008 13,143
Bulgaria 1,945 226
Residual Serbia 2,900 350
Russia 350,000 177,146
Greece 250
Bosnia 18,437 3,698
Slovakia 98
South Tyrol 88,630 Reich, Protectorate, Luxembourg: 68,162
France 19,226 Alsace, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Reich, Protectorate: 9,572
Total 1,009,113 662,448

References

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