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DuMont Television Network

The DuMont Television Network (also the DuMont Network, DuMont Television, DuMont/Du Mont, or (incorrectly) Dumont[a] /ˈduːmɒnt/) was one of America's pioneer commercial television networks, rivaling NBC and CBS for the distinction of being first overall in the United States. It was owned by Allen B. DuMont Laboratories,[1] a television equipment and television set manufacturer. DuMont was founded in 1940 and began operation on August 15, 1946.[3][4]

DuMont Television Network
TypeBroadcast television network
CountryUnited States
Programming
Language(s)English
Ownership
OwnerAllen B. DuMont Laboratories[1]
Key peopleThomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. (vice president; director of research)
Mortimer Loewi (financial consultant)
Ted Bergmann (director of sales, 1951–1953; general manager, 1953–1955)
Lawrence Phillips (director of broadcasting)
Chris Witting (director of broadcasting)
Tom Gallery (director of sales)
Don McGannon (general manager of O&Os)
James Caddigan (director of programming and production)
Paul Raibourn (executive vice president, Paramount; Paramount liaison)
History
FoundedApril 13, 1940 (1940-04-13)
LaunchedAugust 15, 1946 (1946-08-15)
FounderAllen B. DuMont
ClosedAugust 6, 1956 (1956-08-06)
(9 years, 357 days)

The network was hindered by the cost of broadcasting, a freeze on new television stations in 1948 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC),[5] and even the company's partner, Paramount Pictures. Despite innovations in broadcasting, and launching one of television's biggest stars of the 1950s—Jackie Gleason—the network never reached solid finances. Forced to expand on UHF channels when UHF tuning was not yet standard on television sets, DuMont fought an uphill battle for program clearance outside its three owned-and-operated stations: WABD New York City, WTTG Washington, D.C., and WDTV Pittsburgh, ultimately ending network operations on August 6, 1956, leaving three main networks other than public broadcasting, until the founding of Fox in 1986.

DuMont's obscurity, caused mainly by the destruction of its extensive program archive by the 1970s, has prompted TV historian David Weinstein to refer to it as the "forgotten network".[6] A few popular DuMont programs, such as Cavalcade of Stars and Emmy Award winner Life Is Worth Living, appear in television retrospectives or are mentioned briefly in books about U.S. television history. In addition, a collection of programs and promos is available on the Roku streaming channel under the DuMont name.

History

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Origins

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DuMont programs aired in 32 cities by 1949. The live coaxial cable feed stretched from Boston to St. Louis. Other stations received programs via kinescope recordings.

Allen B. DuMont Laboratories was founded in 1931 by Allen B. DuMont with $1,000 from a laboratory in his basement. He and his staff were responsible for early technical innovations like the first consumer electronic television receiver in 1938. Their most revolutionary contribution came when the team extended the life of a cathode-ray tube from 24 to 1,000 hours, making television sets practical for consumers.[7] The company's television receivers soon became the standard of the industry.[8] In 1942, DuMont worked with the U.S. Army in developing radar during World War II. This brought in $5 million for the company.[9]

Early sales of television receivers were hampered by the lack of regularly scheduled programming. A few months after selling his first set in 1938, DuMont opened his own New York-area television station (W2XVT) in Passaic, New Jersey. In 1940, the station moved to Manhattan as W2XWV on channel 4 and commenced broadcasting on April 13, 1940.[citation needed] Unlike CBS and NBC, which reduced their television broadcasting during World War II, DuMont continued experimental and commercial broadcasts throughout the war. In 1944, W2XWV received its commercial license, the third in New York, under the call letters WABD (derived from DuMont's initials). In 1945, it moved to channel 5. On May 19, 1945, DuMont opened experimental W3XWT in Washington, D.C. which became commercial station WTTG.

Paramount Pictures became a minority shareholder in DuMont Laboratories when it advanced $400,000 in 1939 for a 40% share in the company.[10][11] Paramount had television interests of its own, having launched stations in Los Angeles in 1939 and Chicago in 1940. DuMont's association with Paramount would later come back to haunt DuMont.[12][13]

 
"DUMONT First with the Finest in Television" 1951 Matchbook

Soon after his experimental Washington station signed on, DuMont began experimental coaxial cable hookups between his laboratories in Passaic and his two stations. It is said that one of those broadcasts on the hookup announced that the U.S. had dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. This was later considered the official beginning of the DuMont Network by both Thomas T. Goldsmith, the network's chief engineer and DuMont's best friend, and DuMont himself.[12] Regular network service began on August 15, 1946, on WABD and W3XWT. In November 1946, W3XWT was granted a commercial license, the capital's first, as WTTG,[14] named after Goldsmith. These two DuMont owned-and-operated stations were joined by WDTV (channel 3) in Pittsburgh on January 11, 1949.[15]

Although NBC in New York had station-to-station television links as early as 1940 with WPTZ (KYW) in Philadelphia and WRGB in Schenectady, New York, DuMont received its station licenses before NBC resumed its previously sporadic network broadcasts after the war.[16] ABC had just come into existence as a radio network in 1943 and did not enter network television until 1948 when its flagship station in New York City, WJZ-TV (WABC-TV), began broadcasting. CBS also waited until 1948 to begin network operations, because it was waiting for the Federal Communications Commission to approve its color television system (which it eventually did not, due to its mechanical nature and incompatibility with black and white receivers). Other companies, including Mutual, the Yankee Network, and Paramount, were interested in starting television networks, but were prevented from doing so by restrictive FCC regulations, although the Paramount Television Network had limited success in network operations in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[citation needed]

Programming

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Still from Rocky King, Inside Detective, one of DuMont's most popular programs.

Despite no history of radio programming, no stable of radio stars to draw on, and perennial cash shortages, DuMont was an innovative and creative network.[17] Without the radio revenues that supported mighty NBC and CBS, DuMont programmers relied on their wits and on connections with Broadway.[18][peacock prose]

The network largely ignored the standard business model of 1950s TV, in which one advertiser sponsored an entire show, enabling it to have complete control over its content. Instead, DuMont sold commercials to several different advertisers, freeing producers of its shows from the veto power held by sole sponsors.[19] This eventually became the standard model for U.S. television. Some commercial time was sold regionally on a co-op basis, while other spots were sold network-wide.[citation needed]

DuMont also holds another important place in American TV history. WDTV's sign-on made it possible for stations in the Midwest to receive live network programming from stations on the East Coast, and vice versa.[20] Before then, the networks relied on separate regional networks in the two time zones for live programming, and the West Coast received network programming from kinescopes (films shot directly from live television screens) originating from the East Coast. On January 11, 1949, the coaxial cable linking East and Midwest (known in television circles as "the Golden Spike", in reference to the golden spike that united the First transcontinental railroad) was activated. The ceremony, hosted by DuMont and WDTV, was carried on all four networks.[21] WGN-TV (channel 9) in Chicago and WABD in New York were able to share programs through a live coaxial cable feed when WDTV signed on in Pittsburgh, because the station completed the East Coast-to-Midwest chain, allowing stations in both regions to air the same program simultaneously, which is still the standard for US TV. It was another two years before the West Coast got live programming from the East (and the East able to get live programming from the West), but this was the beginning of the modern era of network television.[22]

 
WDTV broadcast of We, the People on April 18, 1952. The guest is New York Yankees player Bill Bevens.
 
Benny Goodman and his band on the DuMont show Star Time, circa 1950.

The first broadcasts came from DuMont's 515 Madison Avenue headquarters. It soon found additional space, including a fully functioning theater, in the New York branch of Wanamaker's department store at Ninth Street and Broadway.[12][23] Later, a lease on the Adelphi Theatre on 54th Street and the Ambassador Theatre on West 49th Street gave the network a site for variety shows. In 1954, the lavish DuMont Tele-Centre opened in the former Jacob Ruppert's Central Opera House at 205 East 67th Street, today the site of the Fox Television Center and home of WABD successor station WNYW.[24][25]

DuMont was the first network to broadcast a film production for TV: Talk Fast, Mister, produced by RKO in 1944. DuMont also aired the first TV situation comedy, Mary Kay and Johnny, as well as the first network-televised soap opera, Faraway Hill. Cavalcade of Stars, a variety show hosted by Jackie Gleason, was the birthplace of The Honeymooners skits (Gleason took his variety show to CBS in 1952, but filmed the "Classic 39" Honeymooners episodes at DuMont's Adelphi Theater studio in 1955–56). Bishop Fulton J. Sheen's devotional program Life Is Worth Living went up against Milton Berle in many cities, becoming the first show to compete successfully in the ratings against "Mr. Television". In 1952, Sheen won an Emmy Award for "Most Outstanding Personality".[26] The network's other notable programs include:

The network was a pioneer in TV programming aimed at minority audiences and featuring minority performers, at a time when the other American networks aired few television series for non-whites. Among DuMont's minority programs were The Gallery of Madame Liu-Tsong, starring film actress Anna May Wong, the first U.S. TV show to star an Asian American person;[29] and The Hazel Scott Show, starring pianist and singer Hazel Scott, the first U.S. network TV series to be hosted by a black woman.[30][31]

Although DuMont's programming pre-dated videotape, many DuMont offerings were recorded on kinescopes. These kinescopes were said to be stored in a warehouse until the 1970s.[12] Actress Edie Adams, the wife of comedian Ernie Kovacs (both regular performers on early television) testified in 1996 before a panel of the Library of Congress on the preservation of television and video. Adams claimed that so little value was given to these films that the stored kinescopes were loaded into three trucks and dumped into Upper New York Bay.[32] Nevertheless, a number of DuMont programs survive at The Paley Center for Media in New York, the UCLA Film and Television Archive in Los Angeles, in the Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia, and in the Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago.[33]

Although nearly the entire DuMont film archive was destroyed, several surviving DuMont shows have been released on DVD. Much of what survived was either never properly copyrighted (live telecasts, because they were not set on a fixed medium, were not eligible for copyright at the time, although films of those telecasts could if they contained a proper copyright notice) or lapsed into the public domain in the late 1970s when DuMont's successor-company Metromedia declined to renew the copyrights. A large number of episodes of Life Is Worth Living have been saved, and they are now aired weekly on Catholic-oriented cable network, the Eternal Word Television Network, which also makes a collection of them available on DVD (in the biographical information about Fulton J. Sheen added to the end of many episodes, a still image of Bishop Sheen looking into a DuMont Television camera can be seen). Several companies that distribute DVDs over the Internet have released a small number of episodes of Cavalcade of Stars and The Morey Amsterdam Show. Two more DuMont programs, Captain Video and His Video Rangers and Rocky King, Inside Detective, have had a small number of surviving episodes released commercially by at least one major distributor of public domain programming. Because so few episodes remain of most DuMont series, they are seldom rerun, even though there is no licensing cost to do so. There also is a small collection of various DuMont programs available via the Roku streaming service.

Awards

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DuMont programs were by necessity low-budget affairs, and the network received relatively few awards from the TV industry. Most awards during the 1950s went to NBC and CBS, who were able to out-spend other companies and draw on their extensive history of radio broadcasting in the relatively new television medium.

During the 1952–53 TV season, the aforementioned Bishop Sheen won an Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Personality. Sheen beat out three CBS nominees -- Arthur Godfrey, Edward R. Murrow, and Lucille Ball -- for the honors. Sheen also was nominated for Public Service Emmys in 1952, 1953, and 1954.[34]

DuMont received an Emmy nomination for Down You Go, a popular game show during the 1952–53 television season (in the category Best Audience Participation, Quiz, or Panel Program). The network was nominated twice for its coverage of professional football during the 1953–54 and 1954–55 television seasons.[35]

The Johns Hopkins Science Review, a DuMont public affairs program, was awarded a Peabody Award in 1952 in the Education category. Sheen's Emmy and the Science Review Peabody were the only national awards the DuMont Network received.[36] Though DuMont series and performers continued to win local TV awards, by the mid-1950s the DuMont network no longer had a national presence.[citation needed]

Ratings

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Videodex 62 City Ratings
First week of August 1950
Rank Series Network # of cities % TV homes
1 Toast of the Town CBS 34 37.2
2 Stop the Music ABC 50 28.4
3 Kraft TV Theater NBC 34 27.5
4 Ford Star Revue NBC 45 26.9
5 The Garry Moore Show CBS 19 26.4
6 The Big Story NBC 32 25.6
7 The Original Amateur Hour NBC 54 25.3
8 Break the Bank NBC 42 24.2
9 The Lone Ranger ABC 39 23.9
10 Your Hit Parade NBC 18 23.7
11 Cavalcade of Stars DuMont 20 22.2
12 Mama CBS 16 22.0
13 Wrestling DuMont 15 21.4
14 Beat the Clock CBS 33 20.7
15 Masterpiece Playhouse NBC 32 19.2

The earliest measurements of TV audiences were performed by the C. E. Hooper company of New York. DuMont performed well in the Hooper ratings; in fact, DuMont's talent program, The Original Amateur Hour, was the most popular series of the 1947–48 season.[37] Two seasons later, Variety ranked DuMont's popular variety series Cavalcade of Stars as the 10th most popular series.[38]

In February 1950, Hooper's competitor A. C. Nielsen bought out the Hooper ratings system. DuMont did not fare well with the change: none of its shows appeared on Nielsen's annual top 20 lists of the most popular series.[38] The aforementioned Life is Worth Living did receive Nielsen ratings of up to 11.1, meaning that it attracted more than 10 million viewers. Bishop Sheen's one-man program – in which he discussed philosophy, psychology, and other fields of thought from a Christian perspective – was the most widely viewed religious series in the history of television. 169 local television stations aired Life, and for three years the program competed successfully against NBC's popular The Milton Berle Show. The ABC and CBS programs that aired in the same timeslot were canceled.[34]

Life is Worth Living was not the only DuMont program to achieve double-digit ratings. In 1952, Time magazine reported that popular DuMont game show Down You Go had attracted an audience estimated at 16 million viewers.[39] Similarly, DuMont's summer 1954 replacement series, The Goldbergs, achieved audiences estimated at 10 million.[40][page needed] Still, these series were only moderately popular compared to NBC's and CBS's highest-rated programs.

Nielsen was not the only company to report TV ratings. Companies such as Trendex, Videodex, and Arbitron had also measured TV viewership. The chart in this section comes from Videodex's August 1950 ratings breakdown, as reported in Billboard magazine.[41]

Disputes with AT&T and Paramount

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DuMont struggled to get its programs aired in many parts of the country, in part due to technical limitations of network lines maintained by telephone company AT&T Corporation. During the 1940s and 1950s, television signals were sent between stations via coaxial cable and microwave links owned by AT&T. The service provider did not have enough circuits to provide signal relay service from the four networks to all of their affiliates at the same time, so AT&T allocated times when each network could offer live programs to its affiliates. In 1950, AT&T allotted NBC and CBS each over 100 hours of live prime time network service, but gave ABC 53 hours, and DuMont 37. AT&T also required each television network to lease both radio and television lines. DuMont was the only television network without a radio network, so it was the only network forced to pay for a service it did not use. DuMont protested AT&T's actions with the Federal Communications Commission, and eventually reached a compromise.[42]

DuMont's biggest corporate hurdle may have been with the company's own partner, Paramount. Relations between the two companies were strained as early as 1939 when Paramount opened experimental television stations in Los Angeles and Chicago without DuMont's involvement. Dr. DuMont claimed that the original 1937 acquisition proposal required Paramount to expand its television interests "through DuMont". Paramount representative Paul Raibourn, who also was a member of DuMont's board of directors, denied that any such restriction had ever been discussed, but Dr. DuMont was vindicated by a 1953 examination of the original draft document.[43]

DuMont aspired to grow beyond its three stations, applying for new television station licenses in Cincinnati and Cleveland in 1947.[44] This would have given the network five owned-and-operated stations (O&Os), the maximum allowed by the FCC at the time. However, DuMont was hampered by Paramount's two stations -- KTLA (channel 5) in Los Angeles and WBKB (channel 4, now WBBM-TV on channel 2) in Chicago – the descendants of the two experimental stations that rankled DuMont in 1940. Although these stations generally did not carry DuMont programming (KTLA did for just one year, 1947 to 1948), and, in fact, competed against DuMont's affiliates in those cities the FCC ruled that Paramount essentially controlled DuMont, which effectively placed the network at the five-station cap.[45] Paramount's exertion of influence over the network's management and the power of its voting stock led the FCC to its conclusion.[46] Thus, DuMont was unable to open additional stations as long as Paramount owned stations or owned a portion of DuMont. Paramount refused to sell.

In 1949, Paramount Pictures launched the Paramount Television Network, a service that provided local television stations with filmed television programs. Paramount's network "undercut the company that it had invested in."[42] Paramount did not share its stars, big budgets, or filmed programs with DuMont; the company had stopped financially supporting DuMont in 1941.[42] Although Paramount executives indicated they would produce programs for DuMont, the studio never supplied the network with programs or technical assistance.[47] The acrimonious relationship between Paramount and DuMont climaxed during the 1953 FCC hearings regarding the ABC–United Paramount Theaters merger when Paul Raibourn, an executive at Paramount, publicly derided the quality of DuMont television sets in court testimony.[48]

Early troubles

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The DuMont Building at 515 Madison Avenue in New York, with the original WABD broadcast tower still standing, April 2008.

DuMont began with one basic disadvantage: unlike NBC, CBS and ABC, it did not have a radio network from which to draw big-name talent, affiliate loyalty, or radio profits to underwrite television operations until the television medium itself became profitable.[49] Most early television licenses were granted to established radio broadcasters, and many longtime relationships with radio networks carried over to the new medium. As CBS and NBC (and to a lesser extent, ABC) gained their footing, they began to offer programming that drew on their radio backgrounds, bringing over the most popular radio stars. Early television station owners, when deciding which network would receive their main affiliation, were more likely to choose CBS's roster of Lucille Ball, Jack Benny, and Ed Sullivan, or NBC's lineup of Milton Berle and Sid Caesar, over DuMont, which offered a then-unknown Jackie Gleason and Bishop Fulton J. Sheen.[37] In smaller markets, with a limited number of stations, DuMont and ABC were often relegated to secondary status, so their programs got clearance only if the primary network was off the air or delayed via kinescope recording ("tele-transcriptions," in DuMont parlance).[citation needed]

Adding to DuMont's troubles was the FCC's 1948 "freeze" on television license applications.[37] This was done to sort out the thousands of applications that had come streaming in, but also to rethink the allocation and technical standards laid down prior to World War II. It became clear soon after the war that 12 channels ("channel 1" had been removed from television broadcasting in 1948 for allocation to land-mobile radio) were not nearly enough for national television service. What was to be a six-month freeze lasted until 1952, when the FCC opened the UHF spectrum. The FCC, however, did not require television manufacturers to include UHF capability.[13] To see UHF stations, most consumers had to buy expensive converters. Even then, the picture quality was marginal at best, depending on geographic location. (see also: UHF television broadcasting § UHF reception issues).[50] Tied to this was a decision to restrict VHF allocations in medium- and smaller-sized markets. Meanwhile, television sets would not be required to have all-channel tuning until 1964, with the passage of the All-Channel Receiver Act.[51]

Forced to rely on UHF to expand, DuMont saw one station after another go dark due to dismal ratings.[37] It bought small, distressed UHF station KCTY (channel 25) in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1954, but ran it for just three months before shutting it down at a considerable loss[52] after attempting to compete with three established VHF stations.[53]

The FCC's Hyman H. Goldin said in 1960, "If there had been four VHF outlets in the top markets, there's no question DuMont would have lived and would have eventually turned the corner in terms of profitability."[54][page needed]

Decline and the end of the network

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During the early years of television, there was some measure of cooperation among the four major U.S. networks. However, as television grew into a profitable business, an intense rivalry developed among the networks, just as it had in radio. NBC and CBS competed fiercely for viewers and advertising dollars, a contest neither underfunded DuMont nor ABC could hope to win. According to author Dennis Mazzocco, "NBC tried to make an arrangement with ABC and CBS to destroy the DuMont network." The plan was for NBC and CBS to exclusively offer ABC their most popular series after they had aired on the bigger networks. ABC would become a network of re-runs, but DuMont would be shut out. ABC president Leonard Goldenson rejected NBC executive David Sarnoff's proposal, but did not report it to the Justice Department.[55]

DuMont survived the early 1950s only because of WDTV in Pittsburgh, the lone commercial VHF station in what then was the sixth-largest market in the country after New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Washington. WDTV's only competition came from UHF stations WENS-TV (on the frequency now occupied by WINP-TV) and WKJF-TV (now WPGH-TV) and distant stations from Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Youngstown, Ohio, and Wheeling, West Virginia.[56] There also were external factors such as the FCC's freeze on licenses and intense competition for the remaining VHF licenses in Pittsburgh, including WENS-TV appealing the FCC's granting of the channel 11 license that was eventually affirmed for WIIC-TV (now WPXI), the battle between the Hearst Corporation (then-owners of WCAE) and KQV over the channel 4 license that eventually would become WTAE-TV, and -- perhaps the most impactful one to DuMont's future -- locally-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation (owners of radio pioneer KDKA) battling with local interest groups for the channel 13 license that was intended to be a non-commercial license. The FCC also denied CBS's request to be granted the channel 9 allocation in nearby Steubenville, Ohio, and move it to Pittsburgh so Steubenville had a chance to have its own television station. As a result, no other commercial VHF station signed on in Pittsburgh until WIIC-TV in 1957, giving WDTV a de facto monopoly on television in the area.[57] Since WDTV carried secondary affiliations with the other three networks, DuMont used this as a bargaining chip to get its programs cleared in other large markets.[56][58]

 
"DUMONT TELEVISION" art on a 1951 Matchbook.

Despite its severe financial straits, by 1953 DuMont appeared to be on its way to establishing itself as the third national network.[30][59] despite a smaller footprint than ABC. While DuMont programs aired live on 16 stations, the network could count on only seven primary stations – its three owned-and-operated stations ("O&Os) plus WGN-TV in Chicago, KTTV (channel 11) in Los Angeles, KFEL-TV (channel 2, now KWGN-TV) in Denver, and WTVN-TV (channel 6, now WSYX) in Columbus, Ohio.

In contrast, by 1953 ABC had a full complement of five O&Os, augmented by nine primary affiliates.[60] ABC also had a radio network descended from NBC's Blue Network from which to draw talent, affiliate loyalty, and generate income to subsidize television operations.[37] However, ABC had only 14 primary stations, while CBS and NBC had over 40 each. By 1951, ABC was badly overextended and on the verge of bankruptcy.[61] That year, the company announced a merger with United Paramount Theaters (UPT) (the former theater division of Paramount Pictures, which was spun off as a result of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust decision), but it was not until 1953 that the FCC approved the merger.[citation needed]

By this time, DuMont had begun to differentiate itself from NBC and CBS. It allowed its advertisers to choose the locations where their advertising ran, potentially saving them millions of dollars. By contrast, ABC followed NBC's and CBS's practice of forcing advertisers to purchase a large "must-buy" list of stations, even though it was only a fourth the size of NBC and CBS.[62]

ABC's fortunes were dramatically altered in February 1953, when the FCC cleared the way for UPT to buy the network. The merger provided ABC with a badly needed cash infusion, giving it the resources to mount "top shelf" programming and to provide a national television service on a scale approaching that of CBS and NBC.[63] Through UPT president Leonard Goldenson, ABC also gained ties with the Hollywood studios that more than matched those DuMont's producers had with Broadway.[citation needed]

Realizing that ABC had more resources than they could even begin to match, DuMont officials were receptive to a merger offer from ABC. Goldenson quickly brokered a deal with Ted Bergmann, DuMont's managing director, under which the merged network would have been called "ABC-DuMont" until at least 1958 and would have honored all of DuMont's network commitments. In return, DuMont would get $5 million in cash, guaranteed advertising time for DuMont sets, and a secure future for its staff.[56]

A merged ABC-DuMont would have been an entity rivaling CBS and NBC, as it would have owned stations in five of the six largest U.S. television markets (excluding only Philadelphia) as well as ABC's radio network. It also would have inherited DuMont's de facto monopoly in Pittsburgh and would have been one of two networks, along with NBC, to have full ownership of a station in the nation's capital. However, it would have had to sell a New York station – either DuMont's WABD or ABC's flagship WJZ-TV (channel 7, now WABC-TV), probably the former. It also would have had to sell two other stations – most likely ABC's two smallest O&Os, WXYZ-TV in Detroit and KGO-TV in San Francisco (both broadcasting on channel 7) – to get under the FCC's limit of five stations per owner.[citation needed]

However, Paramount vetoed the plan almost out of hand due to antitrust concerns.[8] A few months earlier, the FCC had ruled that Paramount controlled DuMont, and there still were some questions about whether UPT had really separated from Paramount.[citation needed]

 
Table showing primary station affiliation for each of the four U.S. commercial television networks in 1954. DuMont had primary affiliation agreements with 39 stations in the largest markets, but most of these stations were poorly watched UHF stations.[64]

With no other way to readily obtain cash, DuMont sold WDTV to Westinghouse for $9.75 million in late 1954, after Westinghouse decided to give public backing to the public interest groups for the channel 13 allocation in Pittsburgh, allowing the station to launch that spring as educational WQED.[56] While this gave DuMont a short-term cash infusion, it eliminated the leverage the network had to get program clearances in other markets. Without its de facto monopoly in Pittsburgh, the company's advertising revenue shrank to less than half that of 1953. By February 1955, DuMont realized it could not continue as a television network.[65] The decision was made to shut down network operations and operate WABD and WTTG as independent stations.

On April 1, 1955, most of DuMont's entertainment programs were dropped. Bishop Sheen aired his last program on DuMont on April 26 but later moved it to ABC.[31] By May, just eight programs were left on the network, with only inexpensive shows and sporting events keeping the remains of the network going through the summer. The network also largely abandoned the use of the intercity network coaxial cable, on which it had spent $3 million in 1954 to transmit shows that mostly lacked station clearance.[66] The company only retained network links for live sports programming and utilizing the company's Electronicam process to produce studio-based programming. Electronicam is best remembered for being used by Jackie Gleason's producers for the 39-half-hour episodes of The Honeymooners that aired on CBS during the 1955–56 television season.[citation needed]

In August 1955, Paramount, with the help of other stockholders, seized full control of DuMont Laboratories. Shareholders approved a split of the manufacturing and broadcasting operations of the company in August 1955, and the sponsored shows on the network were discontinued.[67][68] The last non-sports program on DuMont, the game show What's the Story, aired on September 23, 1955.[69] After that, DuMont's network feed was used only for occasional sporting events. The last broadcast on what was left of the DuMont Television Network, a boxing match, aired on August 6, 1956.[70] (The date has also been reported as September 1955,[71][72] November 1957[73] or August 4, 1958,[74] with the last broadcast of Monday Night Fights.) According to one source, the final program aired on only five stations nationwide.[74] It appears that the boxing show was syndicated to a few other east coast stations until 1958, but likely not as a production of DuMont or its successor company. Likewise, the remains of DuMont were used to syndicate a high school football Thanksgiving game in 1957; that telecast, the only DuMont broadcast to have been sent in color, was a personal project of Allen DuMont himself, whose hometown team in Montclair, New Jersey, was contending in the game for a state championship.[73]

DuMont spun off WABD and WTTG as the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation; in requesting the FCC's approval of the reorganization, it told the commission that the network "could not be operated profitably under the existing system of allocation and control of television broadcast stations and affiliations".[75] The name was later changed to "Metropolitan Broadcasting Company" to distance the company from what was seen as a complete failure.[76] In 1958, John Kluge bought Paramount's shares for $4 million,[12] and in 1961 renamed the company Metromedia.[77] WABD became WNEW-TV and later WNYW. WTTG still broadcasts under its original call letters as a Fox affiliate.

For 50 years, DuMont was the only major broadcast television network to cease operations,[78] until CBS Corporation and Time Warner merged two other struggling networks, UPN and The WB, in September 2006, to create The CW Television Network – whose schedule was originally composed largely of programs from both of its predecessor networks.

Failed revival of the DuMont brand

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On February 22, 2018, Lightning One, Inc., owned by Smashing Pumpkins lead singer Billy Corgan, filed a U.S. trademark application for "The Dumont Network."[79] The application by Lightning One was very likely associated with its ownership of the "National Wrestling Alliance" trademark, the moniker of one of the oldest wrestling promotions in the United States.[80][81] However, according to the registration filing, the trademark for "The Dumont Network" as owned by Lightning One was allowed to lapse on July 2, 2020, rendering the trademark dead.

Fate of the DuMont stations

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All three DuMont-owned stations still are operating and are owned-and-operated stations of their respective networks, just as when they were part of DuMont. Of the three, only Washington's WTTG still has its original call letters.[82]

WTTG and New York's WABD (later WNEW-TV, and now WNYW) survived as Metromedia-owned independents until 1986, when they were purchased by the News Corporation to form the nucleus of the new Fox television network. Clarke Ingram, who maintained a DuMont memorial site, has suggested that Fox can be considered a revival, or at least a linear descendant, of DuMont.[83]

Westinghouse changed WDTV's call letters to KDKA-TV after the pioneering radio station of the same name, and switched its primary affiliation to CBS immediately after the sale. Westinghouse's acquisition of CBS in 1995 made KDKA-TV a CBS owned-and-operated station.

DuMont programming library

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DuMont produced more than 20,000 television episodes from 1946 to 1956. Because they were created prior to the Ampex electronic videotape recorder in late 1956, they were broadcast live in black and white and recorded on film kinescope for West Coast rebroadcast and reruns. By the early 1970s, their vast library of 35mm and 16mm kinescopes wound up in the hands of "a successor network" (most likely Metromedia) that reportedly disposed of them in New York City's East River to make warehouse space for videotapes.[32]

Although some films submerged for decades have been successfully recovered (see The Carpet from Bagdad for example), there have been no salvage-diving efforts to locate or recover the DuMont archive. If it survived in that environment, the films have likely been damaged. Other kinescopes were put through a reclaiming process to recover the silver from the photo emulsion on black-and-white film.[84]

It is estimated that only about 350 complete DuMont television shows survive, including seven early Jackie Gleason's Honeymooners comedy sketches from 1951–1952. Most of the existing episodes are believed to have come from the personal archives of DuMont's hosts, such as the late Gleason and Dennis James.

Affiliates

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Main article: List of former DuMont Television Network affiliates
 
A DuMont Telecruiser, circa 1953. This mobile TV unit, Model B, Serial Number 101, was built by DuMont Labs for KBTV in Dallas. It was in use until the early 1970s.

At its peak in 1954, DuMont was affiliated with around 200 television stations.[85] In those days, television stations were free to "cherry-pick" which programs they would air, and many stations affiliated with multiple networks, depending mainly on the number of commercial television stations available in a market at a given time (markets where only one commercial station was available carried programming from all four major networks). Many of DuMont's "affiliates" carried very little DuMont programming, choosing to air one or two more popular programs (such as Life Is Worth Living) and/or sports programming on the weekends. Few stations carried the full DuMont program lineup. For example, the promising WKLO-TV (UHF Ch. 21) in the growing Louisville, Kentucky/Indiana market had to split its time between DuMont and ABC-TV. The station lasted only seven months (September 1953 – April 1954) on the air.[citation needed]

In its later years, DuMont was carried mostly on poorly watched UHF channels or had only secondary affiliations on VHF stations. DuMont ended most operations on April 1, 1955, but honored network commitments until August 1956.[citation needed]

Kinescopes

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The name of the network has been spelled both "DuMont" and "Du Mont". "Dumont" and "DUMONT" are generally considered incorrect. Weinstein (2004) uses "DuMont" for the name of the network. Bergmann (2002) prefers "Du Mont".[2] For the purposes of this article, the Weinstein spelling is used. (The name was pronounced on-air to sound like DOO-mont, with an accent on the "Du".)

References

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  • Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8108-4270-0.
  • Garvin, Glenn (March 2005). "Who Killed Captain Video? How the FCC strangled a TV pioneer". Reason Online. Retrieved January 5, 2007.[dead link‍]
  • Hess, Gary Newton (1979). An Historical Study of the DuMont Television Network. New York: Ayer Publishers. ISBN 978-0-405-11758-9.
  • Ingram, C. (2002). "DuMont Television Network Historical Web Site". Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
  • Merlin, Jan (May 11, 2006). "Space Hero Files: Captain Video". Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
  • Weinstein, David (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-245-4.

Citations

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  1. ^ a b "Allen B. DuMont | American engineer and inventor". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  2. ^ Weinstein 2004, p. vi.
  3. ^ Weinstein 2004, p. 16.
  4. ^ "A U. S. Television Chronology, 1875-1970". jeff560.tripod.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  5. ^ Ponce de Leon, Charles L. (2015). "That's the Way It Is: A History of Television News in America". press.uchicago.edua. Beginnings. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  6. ^ Weinstein 2004, p. vii.
  7. ^ Hart, Hugh. "Jan. 29, 1901: DuMont Will Make TV Work". WIRED. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Dean, L. DuMont TV — KTTV TV11 Archived December 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Larry Dean's R-VCR Television Production website. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
  9. ^ Bergmann & Skutch 2002.
  10. ^ Castleman, H. & Podrazik, W. (1982) Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television, p. 11. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  11. ^ Auter, P. & Boyd, D. DuMont: The Original Fourth Television Network. The Journal of Popular Culture. Vol. 29 Issue 3 Page 63 Winter 1995. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  12. ^ a b c d e Spadoni, M. (June 2003). DuMont: America's First "Fourth Network" Archive at the Wayback Machine (archived February 11, 2007). Television Heaven. Retrieved on September 6, 2019.
  13. ^ a b McDowell, W. Remembering the DuMont Network: A Case Study Approach Archived September 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. College of Mass Communication and Media Arts, Southern Illinois University. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  14. ^ Brennan, Patricia (May 14, 1995). "WTTG Marks 50 Years". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  15. ^ "Network Television to Reach City". The Pittsburgh Press. January 11, 1949. p. 29. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  16. ^ Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?, pp. 16–18. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X
  17. ^ Auter, P. (2005)DuMont, Allen B Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  18. ^ Weinstein 2004, pp. 46, 94.
  19. ^ Weinstein 2004, p. 43.
  20. ^ Downs, S. (November 3, 1996). "The Golden Age of Pittsburgh Television" Archived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Greensburg Tribune-Review. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  21. ^ Hundt, B. (July 30, 2006). "Remember When: First tube" [dead link‍]. Observer-Reporter Publishing. Retrieved on January 7, 2007.
  22. ^ History of the AT&T Network — Milestones in AT&T Network History Archived January 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. AT&T, 2006. Retrieved on December 28, 2006
  23. ^ Billboard. New York City: Nielsen Business Media, Inc. August 15, 1953. p. 4. Retrieved March 5, 2020. DU M SHUTS DOWN STORE OPERATION . . . NEW YORK, Aug. 8. — Du Mont Television Network is closing down its studios and master control unit at Wanamaker's department store next Friday (14). Master control will begin operating at the Du Mont's Tele-Center the next day. Among the shows that had been originating at Wanamaker's was "Captain Video".
  24. ^ "WYNW - TV Station Profile". FCC Public Inspection Files. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  25. ^ Billboard. New York City: Nielsen Business Media, Inc. June 19, 1954. p. 14. Du M. Tele-Center To Be Officially Opened on Monday NEW YORK, June 12[, 1954]. The Boys from Boise, the first original televised musical, was aired on the network in 1944. — Du Mont on Monday will hold the official tape-cutting ceremonies for its Tele-Center, which has actually been in use for over a year. Speakers at the event will be Dr. Allen Du Mont and Mayor Robert Wagner.[...]It was originally the Central Opera House. Du Mont invested $5,000,000 (equivalent to about $56,700,000 in 2023) to re-build it for TV use.
  26. ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.), p. 1040. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-024916-8
  27. ^ Merlin, J. Roaring Rockets: The Space Hero Files Archived January 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  28. ^ Weinstein, D. (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television, p. 69. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-499-8
  29. ^ "Film reveals real-life struggles of an onscreen 'Dragon Lady'." Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine UCLA Today Online Archived September 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, January 3, 2008. Retrieved: May 27, 2008.
  30. ^ a b Brooks, Tim & Marsh, Earle (1964). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows (3rd ed.). New York: Ballantine. p. xiv. ISBN 0-345-31864-1.
  31. ^ a b McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.), p. 479. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-024916-8
  32. ^ a b Adams, Edie (March 1996). "Television/Video Preservation Study: Los Angeles Public Hearing". National Film Preservation Board. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
  33. ^ Collections — Early television Archived January 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. The UCLA Film and Television Archive. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  34. ^ a b Weinstein, D. (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television, p. 156-157. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-499-8
  35. ^ "Advanced Primetime Awards Search". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2005. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
  36. ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.), 1121. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-024916-8
  37. ^ a b c d e Jajkowski, S. (2001). Chicago Television: And Then There Was… DuMont Archived October 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  38. ^ a b McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.), 1143–1145. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-024916-8
  39. ^ "The Adenoidal Moderator". Time. April 28, 1952. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
  40. ^ Smith, Glenn D. Jr. (2007). Something on My Own: Gertrude Berg and American Broadcasting, 1929–1956. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0887-5.
  41. ^ "Videodex 62-Market Survey". Billboard. Vol. 62, no. 39. September 30, 1950. p. 6.
  42. ^ a b c Auter, P.J.; Boyd, D.A. (1995). "DuMont: The Original Fourth Television Network" (PDF). Journal of Popular Culture. 29 (3): 63–83. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1995.00063.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  43. ^ Hess, Gary Newton (1979). An Historical Study of the DuMont Television Network, p 91. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-11758-2.
  44. ^ Hess, Gary Newton (1979). An Historical Study of the DuMont Television Network, pp. 52–53. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-11758-2.
  45. ^ IEEE History Center: Thomas Goldsmith Abstract Archived December 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (May 14, 1973). IEEE History Center. Retrieved on January 6, 2007.
  46. ^ Weinstein, David (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (pp. 24–25). Philadelphia: Temple University.
  47. ^ White, Timothy R. (1992). Hollywood's Attempt to Appropriate Television: The Case of Paramount Pictures. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI. pp. 117–118.
  48. ^ White, Timothy R. (1992). "Hollywood on (Re)Trial: The American Broadcasting-United Paramount Merger Hearing" Archived October 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Cinema Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3. (Spring, 1992), pp. 19–36.
  49. ^ DUMONT, ALLEN B. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Ingram, Clarke. "Channel Six: UHF" Archived August 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine DuMont Television Network Historical Web Site. Accessed January 21, 2010.
  51. ^ The FCC and the All-Channel Receiver Bill of 1962, LAWRENCE D. LONGLEY, JOURNAL OF BROADCASTING. Vol. XLII. NO. 3 (Summer 1969)
  52. ^ Clarke Ingram's historical account at https://uhfhistory.com/articles/kcty.html has this as exactly two months; DuMont closed on the acquisition at the start of January 1, 1954, and took the station dark at the end of February 28, 1954. It lost DuMont $250,000 and lost Empire Coil, the original proprietor, $750,000. It was the third of a long list of UHF pioneers to fail.
  53. ^ Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?, p. 66. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
  54. ^ Hess, Gary Newton (1979). A Historical Study of the DuMont Television Network. New York: Ayer Publishers. ISBN 0-405-11758-2.
  55. ^ Mazzocco, Dennis (1999). Networks of Power: Corporate TV's Threat to Democracy. South End Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-0-89608-472-8.
  56. ^ a b c d Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?, pp. 79–83. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
  57. ^ O'Brien, E. (July 1, 2003). Pittsburgh Area Radio and TV Archived December 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  58. ^ Castleman, H. & Podrazik, W. (1982) Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television, p. 39. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  59. ^ Grace, R. (October 3, 2002). "Reminiscing: Channel 2, Your Du Mont Station" Archived August 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Metropolitan News-Enterprise Online. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  60. ^ Jajkowski, S. (2005). Chicago Television: My Afternoon With Red Archived November 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on January 6, 2007.
  61. ^ Goldenson, Leonard H. and Wolf, Marvin J. (1991). Beating the Odds. Charles Scribner's Sons ISBN 0-684-19055-9. pp 114–115
  62. ^ Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?, pp. 69–70. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
  63. ^ Jajkowski, S. (2005). "Flashback: The 50th Anniversary of ABC" Archived April 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  64. ^ Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, pp 116–126. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
  65. ^ Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?, pp. 82–83. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
  66. ^ Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?, pp. 77–78. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
  67. ^ "DuMont Network To Quit In Telecasting 'Spin-Off'". Broadcasting. August 15, 1955. p. 64. ProQuest 1014914488.
  68. ^ "DuMont Turns Its Corporate Back On TV Network, Leaves It To Die". Broadcasting. August 29, 1955. p. 80. ProQuest 1014916214.
  69. ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4th ed.), p. 907. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-024916-8
  70. ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network Cable and TV Shows, 1946–Present (9 ed.). New York: Ballantine. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
  71. ^ "NewspaperArchive® |.aspx historic newspaper articles including obituaries, births, marriages, divorces and arrests". www.newspaperarchive.com.
  72. ^ "NewspaperArchive® |.aspx historic newspaper articles including obituaries, births, marriages, divorces and arrests". www.newspaperarchive.com.
  73. ^ a b Tober, Steve (November 20, 2017). "Thanksgiving football games a disappearing tradition". NorthJersey.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017. The '57 Thanksgiving game at Foley Field was televised live and in color (both rarities in those early TV days) on Channel 5 via the old Dumont Television Network, which was under the leadership of Dr. Dumont, who – by the way – was a Montclair resident. Also, the late, great Chris Schenkel did the play by play.
  74. ^ a b Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1982). Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-07-010269-9. August 4, 1958. Monday Night Fights, the final show of the old Dumont network dies. At the end, it is carried on only five stations, nationwide.
  75. ^ "FCC Filing Signifies End Of DuMont Tv Network". Broadcasting. September 5, 1955. p. 7. ProQuest 1014926098.
  76. ^ Bergmann & Skutch 2002, p. 85.
  77. ^ "It's Metromedia: Metropolitan stockholders vote to change firm name". Broadcasting. April 3, 1961. p. 56. ProQuest 1285745524.
  78. ^ Ryan, J. (January 24, 2006). "Exit WB, UPN; Enter the CW" Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. E! Online News. Retrieved on January 6, 2007.
  79. ^ "THE DUMONT NETWORK Trademark of LIGHTNING ONE, INC. Serial Number: 87806925 :: Trademarkia Trademarks". trademark.trademarkia.com.
  80. ^ "Billy Corgan reboots an old favorite, the National Wrestling Alliance". Chicago Tribune. November 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
  81. ^ "TESS – NWA". Archived from the original on March 8, 2018.
  82. ^ See the individual station histories, WNYW-TV, KDKA-TV, WTTG, for details.
  83. ^ Ingram, C. (2002). DuMont Television Network Historical Web Site Archived October 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
  84. ^ "REMINISCING: Day in Court, Winchell-Mahoney Time – DuMont Shows: Not to Be Seen Again, ROGER M. GRACE, Metropolitan News-Enterprise, May 29, 2003". Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  85. ^ Corarito, Gregory (1967). Tulsa TV History Thesis — KCEB Archived September 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
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