In algebraic geometry, the dualizing sheaf on a proper scheme X of dimension n over a field k is a coherent sheaf together with a linear functional

that induces a natural isomorphism of vector spaces

for each coherent sheaf F on X (the superscript * refers to a dual vector space).[1] The linear functional is called a trace morphism.

A pair , if it is exists, is unique up to a natural isomorphism. In fact, in the language of category theory, is an object representing the contravariant functor from the category of coherent sheaves on X to the category of k-vector spaces.

For a normal projective variety X, the dualizing sheaf exists and it is in fact the canonical sheaf: where is a canonical divisor. More generally, the dualizing sheaf exists for any projective scheme.

There is the following variant of Serre's duality theorem: for a projective scheme X of pure dimension n and a Cohen–Macaulay sheaf F on X such that is of pure dimension n, there is a natural isomorphism[2]

.

In particular, if X itself is a Cohen–Macaulay scheme, then the above duality holds for any locally free sheaf.

Relative dualizing sheaf

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Given a proper finitely presented morphism of schemes  , (Kleiman 1980) defines the relative dualizing sheaf   or   as[3] the sheaf such that for each open subset   and a quasi-coherent sheaf   on  , there is a canonical isomorphism

 ,

which is functorial in   and commutes with open restrictions.

Example:[4] If   is a local complete intersection morphism between schemes of finite type over a field, then (by definition) each point of   has an open neighborhood   and a factorization  , a regular embedding of codimension   followed by a smooth morphism of relative dimension  . Then

 

where   is the sheaf of relative Kähler differentials and   is the normal bundle to  .

Examples

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Dualizing sheaf of a nodal curve

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For a smooth curve C, its dualizing sheaf   can be given by the canonical sheaf  .

For a nodal curve C with a node p, we may consider the normalization   with two points x, y identified. Let   be the sheaf of rational 1-forms on   with possible simple poles at x and y, and let   be the subsheaf consisting of rational 1-forms with the sum of residues at x and y equal to zero. Then the direct image   defines a dualizing sheaf for the nodal curve C. The construction can be easily generalized to nodal curves with multiple nodes.

This is used in the construction of the Hodge bundle on the compactified moduli space of curves: it allows us to extend the relative canonical sheaf over the boundary which parametrizes nodal curves. The Hodge bundle is then defined as the direct image of a relative dualizing sheaf.

Dualizing sheaf of projective schemes

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As mentioned above, the dualizing sheaf exists for all projective schemes. For X a closed subscheme of Pn of codimension r, its dualizing sheaf can be given as  . In other words, one uses the dualizing sheaf on the ambient Pn to construct the dualizing sheaf on X.[1]

See also

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Note

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  1. ^ a b Hartshorne 1977, Ch. III, § 7.
  2. ^ Kollár & Mori 1998, Theorem 5.71.
  3. ^ Kleiman 1980, Definition 6
  4. ^ Arbarello, Cornalba & Griffiths 2011, Ch. X., near the end of § 2.

References

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  • Arbarello, E.; Cornalba, M.; Griffiths, P.A. (2011). Geometry of Algebraic Curves. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 268. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69392-5. ISBN 978-3-540-42688-2. MR 2807457.
  • Kleiman, Steven L. (1980). "Relative duality for quasi-coherent sheaves" (PDF). Compositio Mathematica. 41 (1): 39–60. MR 0578050.
  • Kollár, János; Mori, Shigefumi (1998), Birational geometry of algebraic varieties, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 134, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63277-5, MR 1658959
  • Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 52, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157
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