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Nebraska

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This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 November 2024.
This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Nebraska (disambiguation).

Nebraska (/nəˈbræskə/ ⓘ nə-BRASS-kə)[17] is a landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It borders South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. Nebraska is the 16th-largest state by land area, with just over 77,220 square miles (200,000 km2). With a population of over 1.9 million, it is the 38th-most populous state and the eighth-least densely populated. Its capital is Lincoln, and its most populous city is Omaha, which is on the Missouri River. Nebraska was admitted into the United States in 1867, two years after the end of the American Civil War. The Nebraska Legislature is unlike any other American legislature in that it is unicameral, and its members are elected without any official reference to political party affiliation. Nebraska is one of only two states that divide electoral college votes by district, and is not winner-take-all.[18]

Nebraska
State
Flag of Nebraska
Flag
Official seal of Nebraska
Seal
Nickname: 
The Cornhusker State
Motto: 
Equality before the law
Anthem: "Beautiful Nebraska"
Map of the United States with Nebraska highlighted
Map of the United States with Nebraska highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodNebraska Territory
Admitted to the UnionMarch 1, 1867 (37th)
CapitalLincoln
Largest cityOmaha
Largest county or equivalentDouglas
Largest metro and urban areasOmaha–Council Bluffs
Government
 • GovernorJim Pillen (R)
 • Lieutenant governorJoe Kelly (R)
LegislatureNebraska Legislature
JudiciaryNebraska Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsDeb Fischer (R)
Pete Ricketts (R)
U.S. House delegation1: Mike Flood (R)
2: Don Bacon (R)
3: Adrian Smith (R) (list)
Area
 • Total
77,327[1] sq mi (200,356 km2)
 • Land76,796[1] sq mi (199,099 km2)
 • Water531[1] sq mi (1,247 km2)  0.7%
 • Rank16th
Dimensions
 • Length430 mi (690 km)
 • Width210 mi (340 km)
Elevation
2,600 ft (790 m)
Highest elevation
(Panorama Point[2][a])
5,424 ft (1,654 m)
Lowest elevation
(Missouri River at Kansas border[2][a])
840 ft (256 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
1,961,504[3]
 • Rank38th
 • Density24.94/sq mi (9.62/km2)
  • Rank43rd
 • Median household income
$59,970[4]
 • Income rank
25th
DemonymNebraskan
Language
 • Official languageEnglish[5][6]
Time zones
most of stateUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
PanhandleUTC−07:00 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation
NE
ISO 3166 codeUS-NE
Traditional abbreviationNeb., Nebr.
Latitude40° N to 43° N
Longitude95° 19′ W to 104° 03′ W
Websitenebraska.gov
State symbols of Nebraska
List of state symbols
Flag of Nebraska
Seal of Nebraska
SloganWelcome to NEBRASKAland where the West begins[7] The Official Symbol and Slogan of Nebraska
Living insignia
BirdWestern meadowlark[8]
FishChannel catfish
FlowerTall Goldenrod[9]
GrassLittle bluestem[10]
InsectWestern honey bee[11]
MammalWhite-tailed deer[12]
TreeEastern Cottonwood[13]
Inanimate insignia
BeverageMilk
Soft drink: Kool-aid
DanceSquare dance
FossilMammoth[14]
GemstoneBlue agate[15]
RockPrairie agate[16]
RiverPlatte River
SoilHoldrege series
State route marker
Route marker
Lists of United States state symbols

Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The Dissected Till Plains region consists of gently rolling hills and contains the state's largest cities, Omaha and Lincoln. The Great Plains region, occupying most of western Nebraska, is characterized by treeless prairie. Eastern Nebraska has a humid continental climate while western Nebraska is primarily semi-arid. The state has wide variations between winter and summer temperatures; the variations decrease in southern Nebraska. Violent thunderstorms and tornadoes occur primarily during spring and summer, and sometimes in autumn. The Chinook wind tends to warm the state significantly in the winter and early spring.

Indigenous peoples, including Omaha, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, and various branches of the Lakota (Sioux) tribes, lived in the region for thousands of years before European discovery and exploration. The state is crossed by many historic trails, including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad through Nebraska and passage of the Homestead Acts led to rapid growth in the population of American settlers in the 1870s and 1880s and the development of a large agriculture sector for which the state is known to this day.

Etymology

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Nebraska's name is the result of anglicization of the archaic Otoe Ñí Brásge (contemporary Otoe: Ñíbrahge; pronounced [ɲĩbɾasꜜkɛ]), or the Omaha Ní Btháska, (pronounced [nĩbɫᶞasꜜka]), meaning "flat water", after the Platte River which flows through the state.[19]

History

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Main article: History of Nebraska
 
Nebraska in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, with the approximate area of the future state highlighted

Early history

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Indigenous peoples lived in the region of present-day Nebraska for thousands of years before European colonization. The historic tribes in the state included the Omaha, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, and various branches of the Lakota (Sioux), some of which migrated from eastern areas into the region. When European exploration, trade, and settlement began, both Spain and France sought to control the region. In the 1690s, Spain established trade connections with the Apache, whose territory then included western Nebraska. By 1703, France had developed a regular trade with native peoples along the Missouri River in Nebraska, and by 1719 had signed treaties with several of these peoples. After war broke out between the two countries, Spain dispatched an armed expedition to Nebraska under Lieutenant General Pedro de Villasur in 1720. The party was attacked and destroyed near present-day Columbus by a large force of Pawnee and Otoe, both allied with the French. The massacre ended Spanish exploration of the area for the remainder of the 18th century.[20][21][22]

In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, France ceded the Louisiana territory to Spain. This left Britain and Spain competing for dominance along the Mississippi River; by 1773, the British were trading with the native peoples of Nebraska. Spain dispatched two trading expeditions up the Missouri River in 1794 and 1795; the second, under James Mackay, established the first European settlement in Nebraska near the mouth of the Platte River. Later that year, Mackay's party built a trading post, dubbed Fort Carlos IV (Fort Charles), near present-day Homer.[20][23][24]

American settlement and statehood

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In 1819, the United States established Fort Atkinson as the first U.S. Army post west of the Missouri River, just east of present-day Fort Calhoun. The army abandoned the fort in 1827 as migration moved further west. European-American settlement was scarce until 1848 and the California Gold Rush. On May 30, 1854, the U.S. Congress created the Kansas and the Nebraska territories, divided by the Parallel 40° North, under the Kansas–Nebraska Act.[25] The Nebraska Territory included parts of the current states of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.[26] The territorial capital of Nebraska was Omaha.[27]

 
Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1888

Late 19th century

In the 1860s, after the U.S. government forced many of the American Indian tribes to cede their lands and settle on reservations, it opened large tracts of land to agricultural development by European immigrants and American settlers. Under the Homestead Act, thousands of settlers migrated into Nebraska to claim free land granted by the federal government. Because so few trees grew on the prairies, many of the first farming settlers built their homes of sod, as had Native Americans such as the Omaha. The first wave of settlement gave the territory a sufficient population to apply for statehood.[28] Nebraska became the 37th state on March 1, 1867, and the capital was moved from Omaha to the center at Lancaster, later renamed Lincoln after the recently assassinated President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. The battle of Massacre Canyon, on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux.[29][30]

During the 1870s to the 1880s, Nebraska experienced a large growth in population. Several factors contributed to attracting new residents. The first was that the vast prairie land was perfect for cattle grazing. This helped settlers to learn the unfamiliar geography of the area. The second factor was the invention of several farming technologies. New agricultural innovations such as barbed wire, windmills, and the steel plow, combined with fair weather, enabled settlers to transform Nebraska into prime farming land. By the 1880s, Nebraska's population had soared to more than 450,000 people.[31] The Arbor Day holiday was founded in Nebraska City by territorial governor J. Sterling Morton. The National Arbor Day Foundation is still headquartered in Nebraska City, with some offices in Lincoln.

In the late 19th century, African Americans migrated from the South to Nebraska as part of the Great Migration. Eventually, they lived primarily to Omaha which offered working-class jobs in meat packing, the railroads and other industries. Omaha has a long history of civil rights activism. Blacks encountered discrimination from other Americans in Omaha and especially from recent European immigrants who were also competing for the same jobs as well.[32]

20th century

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During the early 20th century, In 1912, African Americans founded the Omaha chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to work for improved conditions in the city and state. During the Omaha Race Riots in 1919, many white rioters protested throughout Omaha due to there being an incident in which a black man was accused of sexually assaulting a white women. The Great Depression also had greatly affected the residents of Nebraska at the time. From 1930 to 1936 the dust bowl was common in the state due to there being a drought, wind, and dirt being dug up throughout all of the Midwestern United States. Residents in Nebraska had passed an initiative in 1934, then the first session in the unicameral was held in 1937. Kay Orr was elected Nebraska's first female governor on November 4, 1986.[33]

Geography

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Further information: List of counties in Nebraska, List of rivers of Nebraska, and Geography of Omaha
 
A map of Nebraska

The state is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. The state has 93 counties and is split between two time zones, with the majority of the state observing Central Time and the Panhandle and surrounding counties observing Mountain Time. Three rivers cross the state from west to east. The Platte River, formed by the confluence of the North Platte and the South Platte, runs through the state's central portion, the Niobrara River flows through the northern part, and the Republican River runs across the southern part.

The first Constitution of Nebraska in 1866 described Nebraska's boundaries as follows (The description of the Northern border is no longer accurate, since the Keya Paha River and the Niobrara River no longer form the boundary of the state of Nebraska. Instead, Nebraska's Northern border now extends east along the forty-third degree of north latitude until it meets the Missouri River directly.):

The State of Nebraska shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to-wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the western boundary of the State of Missouri, with the fortieth degree of north latitude; extending thence due west along said fortieth degree of north latitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington [the Southern border]; thence north along said twenty-fifth degree of longitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said twenty-seventh degree of west longitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-third degree of north latitude [the Western border, which is the Panhandle]; thence east along said forty-third degree of north latitude to the Keya Paha river; thence down the middle of the channel of said river, with its meanderings, to its junction with the Niobrara River; thence down the middle of the channel of said Niobrara River, and following the meanderings thereof to its junction with the Missouri River [the Northern border]; thence down the middle of the channel of said Missouri River, and following the meanderings thereof to the place of beginning [the Eastern border, which is the Missouri River].[34]

Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The easternmost portion of the state was scoured by Ice Age glaciers; the Dissected Till Plains were left after the glaciers retreated. The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills; Omaha and Lincoln are in this region. The Great Plains occupy most of western Nebraska, with the region consisting of several smaller, diverse land regions, including the Sandhills, the Pine Ridge, the Rainwater Basin, the High Plains and the Wildcat Hills. Panorama Point, at 5,424 feet (1,653 m), is Nebraska's highest point; though despite its name and elevation, it is a relatively low rise near the Colorado and Wyoming borders. A past tourism slogan for the state of Nebraska was "Where the West Begins" (it has since been changed to "Honestly, it's not for everyone").[35] Locations given for the beginning of the "West" in Nebraska include the Missouri River, the intersection of 13th and O Streets in Lincoln (where it is marked by a red brick star), the 100th meridian, and Chimney Rock.

Federal land management

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Nebraska National Forest

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include:

Areas under the management of the National Forest Service include:

Climate

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Further information: Climate change in Nebraska
 
Köppen climate types of Nebraska, using 1991-2020 climate normals
 
Winter at Scotts Bluff National Monument

Two major climatic zones are represented in Nebraska. The eastern two-thirds of the state has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the southwest of this region may be classed as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) using the −3 °C or 26.6 °F near the Kansas state line, analogous to the predominantly humid subtropical climate of Kansas and Oklahoma. Western Nebraska, including The Panhandle and adjacent areas bordering Colorado have a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk). The entire state experiences wide seasonal variations in both temperature and precipitation. Average temperatures are fairly uniform across Nebraska, with hot summers and generally cold winters. However, chinook winds from the Rocky Mountains provide a temporary moderating effect on temperatures in the state's western portion during the winter.[36][37] Thus, average January maximum temperatures are highest at around 43 °F or 6.1 °C in southwestern Dundy County, and lowest at about 30 °F or −1.1 °C around South Sioux City in the northeast.

Average annual precipitation decreases east to west from about 31.5 inches (800 mm) in the southeast corner of the state to about 13.8 inches (350 mm) in the Panhandle. Humidity also decreases significantly from east to west. Snowfall across the state is fairly even, with most of Nebraska receiving between 25 and 35 inches (0.64 and 0.89 m) of snow each year.[38] Nebraska's highest-recorded temperature was 118 °F (48 °C) in Minden on July 24, 1936. The state's lowest-recorded temperature was −47 °F (−44 °C) in Camp Clarke on February 12, 1899.

Nebraska is located in Tornado Alley. Thunderstorms are common during both the spring and the summer. Violent thunderstorms and tornadoes happen primarily during those two seasons, although they also can occur occasionally during the autumn.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Nebraska[39]
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Omaha 87/66 30/19 33/13 1/−10
Lincoln 89/66 31/19 35/14 2/−10
Grand Island 87/64 31/17 36/14 2/−10
Kearney 90/63 32/17 36/12 2/−11
North Platte 88/60 31/16 39/11 4/−11
Papillion 87/66 31/19 32/12 0/−11

Settlements

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Population density in Nebraska

Eighty-nine percent of the cities in Nebraska have fewer than 3,000 people. Nebraska shares this characteristic with five other Midwestern states: Kansas, Oklahoma, North Dakota and South Dakota, and Iowa. Hundreds of towns have a population of fewer than 1,000. Regional population declines have forced many rural schools to consolidate.

Fifty-three of Nebraska's 93 counties reported declining populations between 1990 and 2000, ranging from a 0.06% loss (Frontier County) to a 17.04% loss (Hitchcock County).

 
Omaha, Nebraska's largest city

More urbanized areas of the state have experienced substantial growth. In 2000, the city of Omaha had a population of 390,007; in 2005, the city's estimated population was 414,521 (427,872 including the recently annexed city of Elkhorn), a 6.3% increase over five years. The 2010 census showed that Omaha has a population of 408,958. The city of Lincoln had a 2000 population of 225,581 and a 2010 population of 258,379, a 14.5% increase.

 
Lincoln, Nebraska's capital city

As of the 2010 census, there were 530 cities and villages in the state of Nebraska. There are five classifications of cities and villages in Nebraska, which are based upon population. All population figures are 2017 Census Bureau estimates unless flagged by a reference number.

Metropolitan Class City (300,000 or more)

Primary Class City (100,000–299,999)

First Class City (5,000–99,999)

Second Class Cities (800–4,999) and Villages (100–800) make up the rest of the communities in Nebraska. There are 116 second-class cities and 382 villages in the state.

Other areas

  • Grand Island, Hastings and Kearney comprise the "Tri-Cities" area, with a combined population of 174,530.
  • The northeast corner of Nebraska is part of the Siouxland region.

Demographics

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Population

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
186028,841—
1870122,993326.5%
1880452,402267.8%
18901,062,656134.9%
19001,066,3000.3%
19101,192,21411.8%
19201,296,3728.7%
19301,377,9636.3%
19401,315,834−4.5%
19501,325,5100.7%
19601,411,3306.5%
19701,483,4935.1%
19801,569,8255.8%
19901,578,3850.5%
20001,711,2638.4%
20101,826,3416.7%
20201,961,5047.4%
2023 (est.)1,978,3790.9%
Source: 1910–2020[41]
 
Ethnic origins in Nebraska

The 2020 United States Census reported that the population of Nebraska was 1,961,504 on April 1, 2020, a 7.4% increase since the 2010 United States census.[41] The center of population of Nebraska is in Polk County, in the city of Shelby.[42]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,246 homeless people in Nebraska.[43][44]

The table below shows the racial composition of Nebraska's population as of 2022.

Nebraska racial composition of population[45]
Race Population (2022 est.) Percentage
Total population 1,967,923 100%
White 1,543,454 78.4%
Black or African American 92,208 4.7%
American Indian and Alaska Native 19,656 1.0%
Asian 49,557 2.5%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 1,239 0.1%
Some other race 87,534 4.4%
Two or more races 174,275 8.9%
Nebraska historical racial composition
Racial composition 1990[46] 2000[47] 2010[48] 2020[49]
White 93.8% 89.6% 86.1% 78.4%
Black 3.6% 4.0% 4.5% 4.9%
Asian 0.8% 1.3% 1.8% 2.7%
Native 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.2%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 – 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Other race 1.0% 2.8% 4.3% 5.4%
Two or more races – 1.4% 2.2% 7.3%

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 10.2% of Nebraska's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (7.8%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.2%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (2.0%).[50] The largest ancestry groups were: German (36.1%), Irish (13.1%), English (7.8%), Czech (4.7%), Swedish (4.3%), and Polish (3.5%).[51]

Nebraska has the largest Czech American and non-Mormon Danish American population (as a percentage of the total population) in the nation. Nebraska is also home to the largest Polish American population in the Great Plains. German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most of the state, particularly in the eastern counties. Thurston County (made up entirely of the Omaha and Winnebago reservations) has an American Indian majority, and Butler County is one of only two counties in the nation with a Czech-American plurality.

In recent years, Nebraska has become home to many refugee communities. In 2016, it welcomed more refugees per capita than any other state.[52] Nebraska, and in particular Lincoln, is the largest home of Yazidis refugees and Yazidi Americans in the United States.[53][54][55]

Notably, Nebraska was the last of all 50 states to maintain a ban on the issuance of driver's licenses to adults who had entered the United States illegally as children (also known as Dreamers). The state legislature lifted the ban in December 2016.[56]

Mexico, India, China, Guatemala, and El Salvador are top countries of origin for Nebraska's immigrants.[57]

Birth data

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Map of counties in Nebraska by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Legend

As of 2011, 31.0% of Nebraska's population younger than age one were minorities.[58]

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race 2013[59] 2014[60] 2015[61] 2016[62] 2017[63] 2018[64] 2019[65] 2020[66] 2021[67] 2022[68]
White: 22,670 (86.9%) 23,178 (86.5%) 23,126 (86.7%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic White 19,237 (73.7%) 19,471 (72.6%) 19,201 (72.0%) 18,729 (70.4%) 17,827 (69.0%) 17,645 (69.2%) 16,930 (68.4%) 16,433 (67.7%) 16,767 (68.1%) 16,120 (66.2%)
Black 1,979 (7.6%) 2,015 (7.5%) 2,009 (7.5%) 1,685 (6.3%) 1,688 (6.5%) 1,739 (6.8%) 1,654 (6.7%) 1,631 (6.7%) 1,533 (6.2%) 1,597 (6.6%)
Asian 854 (3.3%) 1,048 (3.9%) 987 (3.7%) 894 (3.4%) 861 (3.3%) 925 (3.6%) 857 (3.5%) 870 (3.6%) 861 (3.5%) 816 (3.4%)
American Indian 592 (2.3%) 553 (2.1%) 557 (2.1%) 353 (1.3%) 399 (1.5%) 342 (1.3%) 341 (1.4%) 284 (1.2%) 248 (1.0%) 298 (1.2%)
Hispanic (of any race) 3,895 (14.9%) 4,143 (15.6%) 4,249 (15.9%) 4,282 (16.1%) 4,382 (17.0%) 4,155 (16.3%) 4,345 (17.6%) 4,393 (18.1%) 4,440 (18.0%) 4,815 (19.8%)
Total Nebraska 26,095 (100%) 26,794 (100%) 26,679 (100%) 26,589 (100%) 25,821 (100%) 25,488 (100%) 24,755 (100%) 24,291 (100%) 24,609 (100%) 24,345 (100%)

Note: For 2013–2015, births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

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Religion in Nebraska (2014)[69]
religion percent
Protestant
 
 51%
Catholic
 
 23%
Unaffiliated
 
 20%
Mormon
 
 1%
Hindu
 
 1%
Buddhist
 
 1%
Other faith
 
 2%
Don't know
 
 1%

The religious affiliations of the people of Nebraska are predominantly Christian, according to a 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center. At the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute survey, 73% of the population identified as Christian.[70] At the 2014 Pew Research Center's survey, 20% of the population were religiously unaffiliated; in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 22% of the population became religiously unaffiliated.

The largest single denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church (372,838), the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (112,585), the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (110,110) and the United Methodist Church (109,283).[71]

Taxation

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Nebraska has a progressive income tax. The portion of income from $0 to $2,400 is taxed at 2.56%; from $2,400 to $17,500, at 3.57%; from $17,500 to $27,000, at 5.12%; and income over $27,000, at 6.84%. The standard deduction for a single taxpayer is $5,700; the personal exemption is $118.[72]

Nebraska has a state sales and use tax of 5.5%. In addition to the state tax, some Nebraska cities assess a city sales and use tax, in 0.5% increments, up to a maximum of 1.5%. Dakota County levies an additional 0.5% county sales tax.[73] Food and ingredients that are generally for home preparation and consumption are not taxable.[74] All real property within the state of Nebraska is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. Since 1992, only depreciable personal property is subject to tax and all other personal property is exempt from tax. Inheritance tax is collected at the county level.

Economy

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See also: Nebraska locations by per capita income
 
Nebraska grain bins and elevator
 
A cropduster in agrarian Nebraska, far west of Omaha
  • Total employment (2016): 884,450[75]
  • Total employer establishments: 54,265

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates of Nebraska's gross state product in 2010 was $89.8 billion.[76] Per capita personal income in 2004 was $31,339, 25th in the nation. Nebraska has a large agriculture sector, and is a major producer of beef, pork, wheat, corn (maize), soybeans, and sorghum.[77] Other important economic sectors include freight transport (by rail and truck), manufacturing, telecommunications, information technology, and insurance.

In October 2021, Nebraska recorded an unemployment rate of 1.9%, the lowest ever recorded for any state.[78]

Industry

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Kool-Aid was created in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in the city of Hastings, which celebrates the event the second weekend of every August with Kool-Aid Days,[79][80] and Kool-Aid is the official soft drink of Nebraska.[81][82] CliffsNotes were developed by Clifton Hillegass of Rising City. He adapted his pamphlets from the Canadian publications, Coles Notes.

Omaha is home to Berkshire Hathaway, whose chief executive officer (CEO), Warren Buffett, was ranked in March 2009 by Forbes magazine as the second-richest person in the world. The city is also home to Mutual of Omaha, InfoUSA, West Corporation, Valmont Industries, Woodmen of the World, Kiewit Corporation, Union Pacific Railroad, and Gallup. Ameritas Life Insurance Corp., Nelnet, Sandhills Publishing Company, Duncan Aviation, and Hudl are based in Lincoln. The Buckle is based in Kearney. Sidney is the national headquarters for Cabela's, a specialty retailer of outdoor goods now owned by Bass Pro Shops. Grand Island is the headquarters of Hornady, a manufacturer of ammunition.

The world's largest train yard, Union Pacific's Bailey Yard, is in North Platte. The Vise-Grip was invented by William Petersen in 1924, and was manufactured in De Witt until the plant was closed and moved to China in late 2008.[83]

Lincoln's Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing is the only Kawasaki plant in the world to produce the Jet Ski, all-terrain vehicle (ATV), and MULE product lines. The facility employs more than 1,200 people.

The Spade Ranch, in the Sandhills, is one of Nebraska's oldest and largest beef cattle operations.

Energy

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See also: List of power stations in Nebraska

Nebraska has been the nation's second-largest producer of ethanol biofuels. It has few fossil-fuel resources except for crude oil from the Niobrara Formation which underlays a portion of the state's western region. It hosts one uranium leach mining operation near its northwest border with Wyoming. It has an abundance of renewable generation resources, including untapped biomass generation potential from its productive agriculture industry. It has been a top-ten state for per-capita energy consumption due in large part to its energy-intensive agriculture, meat packing, and food processing industries.[84]

Nebraska is the only state in the US where all electric utilities are publicly owned.[85] Half of its electricity is generated from coal and the fastest-growing source in recent years has been wind. Nebraska has no renewable portfolio standard while supporting net metering.[84]

Transportation

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Railroads

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Further information: List of Nebraska railroads

The Union Pacific Railroad, headquartered in Omaha, was incorporated on July 1, 1862, in the wake of the Pacific Railway Act of 1862.[86][87] Bailey Yard, in North Platte, is the largest railroad classification yard in the world. The route of the original transcontinental railroad runs through the state.

Other major railroads with operations in the state are Amtrak; BNSF Railway; Canadian National Railway; and Iowa Interstate Railroad.

Roads and highways

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Further information: List of Nebraska numbered highways
Interstate Highways through the State of Nebraska

           

The U.S. Routes in Nebraska

                 

                 

Public transit

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Intercity bus service

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Law and government

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Main article: Government of Nebraska
United States presidential election results for Nebraska[88]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 556,846 58.22% 374,583 39.17% 24,954 2.61%
2016 495,961 58.75% 284,494 33.70% 63,777 7.55%
2012 475,064 59.80% 302,081 38.03% 17,234 2.17%
2008 452,979 56.53% 333,319 41.60% 14,983 1.87%
2004 512,814 65.90% 254,328 32.68% 11,044 1.42%
2000 433,862 62.25% 231,780 33.25% 31,377 4.50%
1996 363,467 53.65% 236,761 34.95% 77,187 11.39%
1992 344,346 46.58% 217,344 29.40% 177,593 24.02%
1988 398,447 60.15% 259,646 39.20% 4,279 0.65%
1984 460,054 70.55% 187,866 28.81% 4,170 0.64%
1980 419,937 65.53% 166,851 26.04% 54,066 8.44%
1976 359,705 59.19% 233,692 38.46% 14,271 2.35%
1972 406,298 70.50% 169,991 29.50% 0 0.00%
1968 321,163 59.82% 170,784 31.81% 44,904 8.36%
1964 276,847 47.39% 307,307 52.61% 0 0.00%
1960 380,553 62.07% 232,542 37.93% 0 0.00%
1956 378,108 65.51% 199,029 34.49% 0 0.00%
1952 421,603 69.15% 188,057 30.85% 0 0.00%
1948 264,774 54.15% 224,165 45.85% 1 0.00%
1944 329,880 58.58% 233,246 41.42% 0 0.00%
1940 352,201 57.19% 263,677 42.81% 0 0.00%
1936 247,731 40.74% 347,445 57.14% 12,847 2.11%
1932 201,177 35.29% 359,082 62.98% 9,878 1.73%
1928 345,745 63.19% 197,959 36.18% 3,440 0.63%
1924 218,585 47.09% 137,289 29.58% 108,299 23.33%
1920 247,498 64.66% 119,608 31.25% 15,637 4.09%
1916 117,771 40.99% 158,827 55.28% 10,717 3.73%
1912 54,226 21.74% 109,008 43.69% 86,249 34.57%
1908 126,997 47.60% 131,099 49.14% 8,703 3.26%
1904 138,558 61.38% 52,921 23.44% 34,253 15.17%
1900 121,835 50.46% 114,013 47.22% 5,582 2.31%
1896 103,064 46.18% 115,007 51.53% 5,111 2.29%
1892 87,213 43.56% 24,943 12.46% 88,036 43.98%
1888 108,425 53.51% 80,552 39.75% 13,655 6.74%
1884 76,912 57.31% 54,391 40.53% 2,899 2.16%
1880 54,979 62.87% 28,523 32.62% 3,950 4.52%
1876 31,915 64.70% 17,413 35.30% 0 0.00%
1872 18,329 70.68% 7,603 29.32% 0 0.00%
1868 9,772 63.91% 5,519 36.09% 0 0.00%
 
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election

The Government of Nebraska operates under the framework of the Nebraska Constitution, adopted in 1875,[89] and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Executive branch

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Further information: Governor of Nebraska

The head of the executive branch is Governor Jim Pillen (Republican).[90] The Governor of Nebraska is the head of government of the U.S. state of Nebraska as provided by the fourth article of the Constitution of Nebraska. Other elected officials in the executive branch[91] are Lieutenant Governor Joe Kelly,[92] Attorney General Mike Hilgers,[93] Secretary of State Bob Evnen,[94] State Treasurer John Murante,[95] and State Auditor Mike Foley.[96] All elected officials in the executive branch serve four-year terms.

Legislative branch

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Further information: Nebraska Legislature and Nebraska State Capitol

Nebraska is the only state in the United States with a 'single-house' unicameral legislature.[97] Although this house is officially known simply as the "Legislature", and more commonly called the "Unicameral", its members call themselves "senators". Nebraska's Legislature is also the only state legislature in the United States that is officially nonpartisan. The senators are elected with no party affiliation next to their names on the ballot, and members of any party can be elected to the positions of speaker and committee chairs.[98] The Nebraska Legislature can also override the governor's veto with a three-fifths majority, in contrast to the two-thirds majority required in some other states.

When Nebraska became a state in 1867, its legislature consisted of two houses: a House of Representatives and a Senate. For years, U.S. Senator George Norris (Senator 1913–1943) and other Nebraskans encouraged the idea of a unicameral legislature and demanded the issue be decided in a referendum. Norris argued:[97]

The constitutions of our various states are built upon the idea that there is but one class. If this be true, there is no sense or reason in having the same thing done twice, especially if it is to be done by two bodies of men elected in the same way and having the same jurisdiction.

Unicameral supporters also argued that a bicameral legislature had a significant undemocratic feature in the committees that reconciled House and Senate legislation. Votes in these committees were secretive, and would sometimes add provisions to bills that neither house had approved.[99] Nebraska's unicameral legislature today has rules that bills can contain only one subject,[100] and must be given at least five days of consideration. In 1934, due in part to the budgetary pressure of the Great Depression, Nebraska citizens ran a state initiative to vote on a constitutional amendment creating a unicameral legislature, which was approved, which, in effect, abolished the House of Representatives (the lower house).[97]

The Legislature meets in the third Nebraska State Capitol building, built between 1922 and 1932. It was designed by Bertram G. Goodhue. Built from Indiana limestone, the capitol's base is a cross within a square. A 400-foot (122 m) domed tower rises from this base. The Sower, a 19-foot (5.8 m) bronze statue representing agriculture, crowns the building.

Judicial branch

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Further information: Courts of Nebraska

The judicial system in Nebraska is unified, with the Nebraska Supreme Court[101] having administrative authority over all the courts within the state.[102] Nebraska uses the Missouri Plan for the selection of judges at all levels, including county courts (as the lowest-level courts)[103] and twelve district courts,[104] which contain one or more counties. The Court of Appeals hears appeals from the district courts,[105] juvenile courts,[106] and workers' compensation courts.[107]

Federal representation

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Further information: United States congressional delegations from Nebraska
 
The Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln

Nebraska is represented in the U.S. Senate by Republican Deb Fischer,[108] who was first elected in 2012.[109] Nebraska's other Senate seat is currently held by Pete Ricketts, who took office on January 23, 2023.[110]

Nebraska has three representative seats in the U.S. House of Representatives.[108] Until the next election, Nebraska's representatives are Mike Flood (R) of the 1st district,[111] Don Bacon (R) of the 2nd district,[112] and Adrian Smith (R) of the 3rd district.[113]

Nebraska is one of two states (Maine is the other) that allow for a split in the state's allocation of electoral votes in presidential elections.[114] Under a 1991 law, two of Nebraska's five votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide popular vote, while the other three go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's three congressional districts.

Politics

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Further information: Political party strength in Nebraska

For most of its history, Nebraska has been a solidly Republican state. Republicans have carried the state in all but one presidential election since 1940: the 1964 landslide election of Lyndon B. Johnson. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won the state's five electoral votes by a margin of 33 percentage points (making Nebraska's the fourth-strongest Republican vote among states) with 65.9% of the overall vote; only Thurston County, which is majority-Native American, voted for his Democratic challenger John Kerry. In 2008, the state split its electoral votes for the first time: Republican John McCain won the popular vote in Nebraska as a whole and two of its three congressional districts; the second district, which includes the city of Omaha, went for Democrat Barack Obama. Since then, the state has split its electoral vote once, with the second district going for Democrat Joe Biden in 2020.

Despite the current Republican domination of Nebraska politics, the state has a long tradition of electing centrist members of both parties to state and federal office; examples include George W. Norris (who served a few years in the Senate as an independent), J. James Exon, Bob Kerrey, and Chuck Hagel. Voters have tilted to the right in recent years, a trend evidenced when Hagel retired from the Senate in 2008 and was succeeded by conservative Republican Mike Johanns to the U.S. Senate, as well as with the 2006 re-election of Ben Nelson, who was considered the most conservative Democrat in the Senate until his retirement in 2013. Johanns retired in 2015 and was succeeded by Ben Sasse, while Nelson retired in 2013 and was succeeded by Deb Fischer, both conservative Republicans.

Though its politics are generally conservative, the state also has a history of progressive reform. Nebraska was the first U.S. state to outlaw sexual assault within a marriage, in 1975.[115] In 1980 it became the first U.S. state to divest from South Africa to protest the racist system of apartheid.[116]

Former President Gerald Ford was born in Nebraska but moved away shortly after birth. Illinois native William Jennings Bryan represented Nebraska in Congress, served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson, and unsuccessfully ran for president three times. Former Vice President Dick Cheney was born in Lincoln but moved to Casper.

Party registration as of October 1, 2024[117]
Party Total voters Percentage
Republican 623,229 49.30%
Democratic 337,289 26.68%
Nonpartisan 275,247 21.77%
Libertarian 17,963 1.42%
Other/minor parties 8,739 0.69%
Total 1,264,040 100.00%

Education

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Colleges and universities

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See also: List of colleges and universities in Nebraska

Culture

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Arts

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Museums

Main article: List of museums in Nebraska

Performing arts

Sports

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Main article: Sports in Nebraska
 
Football game at the University of Nebraska on September 6, 2008

Professional sports

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Team Home First game Sport League
Omaha Supernovas Omaha January 24, 2024 Volleyball Pro Volleyball Federation
Union Omaha Omaha July 25, 2020 Soccer USL League One
Omaha Storm Chasers Omaha 1969 Baseball (minor league) (Triple-A) International League
Nebraska Stampede Ralston April 10, 2010 Football (women's) Women's Football Alliance
Lincoln Saltdogs Lincoln May 2001 Baseball (independent) American Association
Omaha Beef Omaha May 2000 Football (indoor) Champions Indoor Football

Junior-level sports

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Club Sport League Founded
Lincoln Stars Ice hockey United States Hockey League 1996
Omaha Lancers 1986
Tri-City Storm 2000
No Coast Derby Girls Roller derby Women's Flat Track Derby Association 2005
Omaha Rollergirls 2006

College sports

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Main article: List of college athletic programs in Nebraska

Nebraska is currently home to seven member schools of the NCAA, eight of the NAIA, seven of the NJCAA, one of the NCCAA, and one independent school.

The College World Series has been held in Omaha since 1950. It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010, and has been domiciled at Charles Schwab Field Omaha since 2011.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

References

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Bibliography

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Surveys

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Scholarly special studies

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  • Barnhart, John D. "Rainfall and the Populist Party in Nebraska". American Political Science Review 19 (1925): 527–40. in JSTOR
  • Beezley, William H. "Homesteading in Nebraska, 1862–1872", Nebraska History 53 (spring 1972): 59–75
  • Bentley, Arthur F. "The Condition of the Western Farmer as Illustrated by the Economic History of a Nebraska Township". Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 11 (1893): 285–370
  • Cherny, Robert W. Populism, Progressivism, and the Transformation of Nebraska Politics, 1885–1915 (1981) Archived May 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  • Bogue Allen G. Money at Interest: The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border (1955)
  • Brunner, Edmund de S. Immigrant Farmers and Their Children (1929)
  • Chudacoff, Howard P. Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, 1880–1920 (1972)
    • Chudacoff, Howard P. "A New Look at Ethnic Neighborhoods: Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium-sized City". Journal of American History 60 (1973): 76–93. about Omaha; in JSTOR
  • Coletta, Paolo E. William Jennings Bryan. Archived May 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine 3 vols. (1964–69)
  • Dick, Everett. The Sod-House Frontier: 1854–1890 (1937)
  • Farragher, John Mack. Women and Men on the Overland Trail (1979)
  • Fuller, Wayne E. The Old Country School: The Story of Rural Education in the Midwest (1982)
  • Grant, Michael Johnston. "Down and Out on the Family Farm" (2002)
  • Harper, Ivy. Walzing Matilda: Life and Times of Nebraska Senator Robert Kerrey (1992)
  • Holter, Don W. Flames on the Plains: A History of United Methodism in Nebraska (1983)
  • Jeffrey, Julie Roy. Frontier Women: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1880 (1979)
  • Klein, Maury. Union Pacific: The Birth of a Railroad, 1862–1893 (1986)
  • Klein, Maury (2006) [1989]. Union Pacific: Volume II, 1894-1969. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4460-5.
  • Larsen, Lawrence H. The Gate City: A History of Omaha (1982)
  • Lowitt, Richard. George W. Norris 3 vols. (1971)
  • Luebke, Frederick C. Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900 (1969)
  • Luebke, Frederick C. "The German-American Alliance in Nebraska, 1910–1917". Nebraska History 49 (1969): 165–85
  • Olson, James C. J. Sterling Morton (1942)
  • Overton, Richard C. Burlington West: A Colonization History of the Burlington Railroad (1941)
  • Parsons Stanley B. "Who Were the Nebraska Populists?" Nebraska History 44 (1963): 83–99
  • Pierce, Neal. The Great Plains States (1973)
  • Pederson, James F., and Kenneth D. Wald. Shall the People Rule? A History of the Democratic Party in Nebraska Politics (1972)
  • Riley, Glenda. The Female Frontier. A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (1978)
  • Wenger, Robert W. "The Anti-Saloon League in Nebraska Politics, 1898–1910". Nebraska History 52 (1971): 267–92
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Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on March 1, 1867 (37th) 		Succeeded by
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