Edgar Spottiswoode Humphreys (5 December 1914 – 31 March 1944), known as Hunk, was a British Bristol Blenheim bomber pilot who was taken prisoner during the Second World War. He took part in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944, but was re-captured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo.
Edgar Spottiswoode Humphreys | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Birth name | Edgar Spottiswoode Humphreys |
| Nickname(s) | Hunk |
| Born | 5 December 1914 Exmouth, Devon |
| Died | 31 March 1944 (aged 29) beside the Görlitz to Sagan road |
| Buried | Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery, Poland |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Service |  Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1932–1944 |
| Rank | Flight Lieutenant |
| Service number | 565906 and 44177 |
| Unit | No. 107 Squadron RAF |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Awards | Mentioned in Despatches |
| Relations | Lilian Humphreys (nee Watt) (later Phillips) |
Pre-war life
editHumphreys was born in Exmouth in Devon, the eldest son of Lydia and William Spottiswoode Humphreys. He was educated in the local council school where he enjoyed sports and developed an interest in aircraft. In 1931, at the age of sixteen-and-a-half, he passed the flying tests for the Class A Pilot's Licence, which could not be issued until he reached the age of seventeen. He was then the youngest pilot in Europe.[1] He enlisted in the Royal Air Force in 1932 to train in the 25th Entry of Apprentices at No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF, RAF Halton and graduated in 1935 as an aircraftman 2nd class (service number 565906). Having worked as ground crew servicing the aircraft Humphreys applied for flight training and was accepted to train as a pilot and promoted sergeant after gaining his pilot's wings.
War service
editHumphreys was serving as a sergeant pilot when he was commissioned as pilot officer on 19 July 1940 (with seniority from 25 April 1940).[2] He married Lilian Watt in the early summer of 1940 near Okehampton in Devon and they set up home in Boscombe. Flying Bristol Blenheim light bombers he served with No. 107 Squadron RAF flying from RAF Wattisham after their return from France where they had suffered a terrible casualty rate during the Battle of France. The squadron primarily flew precision daylight or nighttime bombing raids on German targets in the occupied countries, airfields, harbours and troop installations. On the evening of 15 – 16 November 1940 he was fortunate to survive when his Bristol Blenheim Mark IV (serial number "R3737") crashed as he attempted an emergency landing near Stowmarket during a mission to bomb German airbases in Europe.[3]
Prisoner of war
editOn the evening of 19 December 1940 Humphreys took off from RAF Wattisham on a night attack against a German Luftwaffe airfield at Lannion in Brittany, he was flying Bristol Blenheim Mark IV (serial number "T1860), his crew were Sergeants G R Griggs and L F Brand[4] The aircraft was lost, possibly due to Naval light anti-aircraft fire, on this mission and its crew taken prisoner of war. Humphreys was allocated Prisoner of War No. 406 and held at Stalag Luft I Barth.[5] On 19 July 1941 he was promoted to flying officer,[6] and exactly one year later he was promoted again to flight lieutenant.[7] At Stalag Luft I Humphreys met Roger Bushell during various tunnelling escape attempts, Bushell later masterminded the Great Escape. Humphreys, Jack Grisman, Leslie George Bull and several other prisoners were part of the group with Bushell who were sent to Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland).
'Great Escape'
editAllocated No.54 in the queue of officers escaping through the tunnel, Humphreys teamed up with No. 55 Paul Royle for no better reason than "he was next in the queue".[8] He was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944 in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". He followed Denys Street out of the tunnel at about 0230 hours and into the woods with Paul Royle where their group swelled to ten before their appointed marshal "Hank" Henry Birkland led his group off westwards.
Hunk Humphreys and Paul Royle headed off southwards when the group split and struggled through the thick snow and biting cold. They dodged four civilians but near the village of Tiefenfurt were arrested by a party of German Home Guard within 24 hours just sixteen miles to the south of the camp at about 0300 on the morning of 26 March 1944,[9] they were locked up in the local prison. Fellow escaper Shorty Anderson arrived next and then Johnny Marshall and Willy Valenta. The four were driven to Sagan police station the next morning where Bill Cameron was brought in. Shortly afterwards Keith Ogilvie, Tommy Thompson, Brian Evans and Chaz Hall joined them.[10] More and more recaptured airmen arrived at Sagan civil jail until they were moved by truck,[11] to be held at Görlitz prison where eventually the total reached thirty-five.
At Görlitz prison on the morning of 31 March 1944 Keith Ogilvie saw Humphreys, Dutchy Swain, Chaz Hall, Brian Evans, Wally Valenta, George McGill, Pat Langford, Adam Kolanowski, Bob Stewart and "Hank" Henry Birkland being led away to a covered truck,[12][13] They were all shot in a clearing off the Görlitz to Sagan road just outside Görlitz[14][15][16][17] and cremated at Liegnitz by the Gestapo.[18]
Humphreys was one of the 50 escapers executed and murdered by the Gestapo.[19][20][21] Originally his remains were buried at Sagan, he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery.[22]
Humpreys name was amongst those in the list of the murdered prisoners which was published in the press in the UK and Commonwealth countries when news broke on or about 20 May 1944.[23]
As "Halton brat" or an "old Haltonian", a graduate of the RAF Halton aircraft apprentice scheme, he is commemorated by name in the stained glass window in St. George's Church, RAF Halton dedicated to those murdered following the "Great Escape".[24] He is also commemorated on the Dunsfold War Memorial website.[25] (His name is apparently misspelled on the memorial as "Humphries".)
Awards
editMentioned in despatches for conspicuous gallantry as a prisoner of war (none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously). It was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 8 June 1944.[26]
Other victims
editThe Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes.[27][28][29]
| Nationalities of the 50 executed |
| 21 British
|
 6 Canadian
|
 6 Polish
|
 5 Australian
|
 3 South African
|
 2 New Zealanders
|
 2 Norwegian
|
 1 Belgian
|
 1 Czechoslovak
|
 1 Frenchman
|
 1 Greek
|
 1 Lithuanian
|
References
edit- Notes
- ^ Sprigg (1937) frontispiece caption
- ^ "No. 34915". The London Gazette. 6 August 1940. pp. 4810–4811.
- ^ Chorley (1992), p.131
- ^ Chorley (1992), p.140
- ^ 12 O'Clock High! – Loss of Blenheim T1860
- ^ "No. 35416". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 January 1942. pp. 232–233.
- ^ "No. 35643". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 July 1942. pp. 3240–3241.
- ^ Vance (2000), p.201
- ^ The Daily Express – 5 September 2015 Obituary Paul Royle
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.48
- ^ Vance (2000), p.238-240
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.49
- ^ Vance (2000), p.265
- ^ Read (2012), p.244
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.187-188
- ^ "Stalag Luft III: The Fifty". Pegasus Archive. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ Vance (2000), p.289
- ^ Read (2012), p.305
- ^ RCAF Website listing the officers murdered
- ^ Read (2012), p.305
- ^ Burgess (1990), p.317
- ^ War Graves Commission – Edgar S Humpreys
- ^ Western Morning News, Dundee Courier, Yorkshire Post, etc. 20/05/1944
- ^ "Old Haltonians Memorial Window- the "Great Escape" window – E S Humphreys". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ Dunsfold War Memorial – Edgar Spottiswoode Humphreys
- ^ "No. 36544". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1944. pp. 2620–2621.
- ^ Read (2012), p.295
- ^ Vance (2000), p.310
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.188 and 199
- Bibliography
- Ted Barris (2014). The Great Escape. Dundurn Publishing. ISBN 978-1459728448.
- Tim Carroll (2005). The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III. Pocket Publishing. ISBN 1416505318.
- Simon Read (2012). Human Game. Constable. ISBN 978-1-4721-1262-0.
- Sean Feast (2015). The Last of the 39-ers. Grub Street. ISBN 978-1909166158.
- Jonathan F Vance (2000). A Gallant Company. Pacifica Military. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.
- William Ash; Brendan Foley (2005). Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-05408-6.
- Paul Brickhill (2004). The Great Escape. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32579-9.
- Alan Burgess (1990). The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-097-9.
- Albert P. Clark (2005). 33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story. Fulcrum Pub. ISBN 978-1-55591-536-0.
- Arthur A. Durand (1 January 1989). Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story. Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 978-1-85260-248-2.
- William R Chorley (1992). RAF Bomber Command Losses, Volume 1. Midland Counties. ISBN 0-904597-87-3.
- Allen Andrews (1976). Exemplary Justice. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.
- Vance, Jonathan F (2000). A Gallant Company: The Men of the Great Escape. Pacifica Military History; (Mar 2001). p. 41. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.
- Sprigg, C. St. John (1937). Let's Learn to Fly. Thomas Nelson & Sons.
External links
edit- Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyses their efforts using modern project management methods.