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Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west. It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world. The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature[6] and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada.
Eureka | |
|---|---|
Research / weather station | |
 Eureka seen from its airfield | |
  Eureka  Eureka | |
| Coordinates: 79°59′N 085°57′W / 79.983°N 85.950°W[1] | |
| Country | Canada |
| Territory | Nunavut |
| Region | Qikiqtaaluk Region |
| Island group | Queen Elizabeth Islands |
| Founded | April 11, 1947 |
| Elevation | 83 m (272 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 8[2] |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (EST) |
| Postal code | X0A 0G0.[4] |
| Area code | 867[5] |
| Elevation is at Eureka Aerodrome. | |
Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867.[4][5]
Divisions
editThe base consists of three areas:[citation needed]
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- the Eureka Aerodrome which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment)
- the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station
- the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO)[7]
PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change.[8] PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds.[9]
History
editEureka was founded on April 7, 1947, as part of an initiative to set up a network of Arctic weather stations.[10] On this date, 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of supplies were airlifted to a promising spot on Ellesmere Island, and five prefabricated Jamesway huts were constructed. Regular weather observations began on January 1, 1948. The station has expanded over the years. At its peak, in the 1970s, at least fifteen staff were on site; in 2005, it reported a permanent population of zero with at least eight staff on a continuous rotational basis.[citation needed]
Several generations of buildings have been developed. The latest operations centre, with work areas and staff quarters in one large structure, was completed in 2005.[citation needed]
Location and accessibility
edit
The complex is powered by diesel generators. The station is supplied once every six weeks with fresh food and mail by air, and annually in the late summer, a supply ship from Montreal brings heavy supplies. On July 3, 2009, a Danish Challenger 604 MMA jet landed at Eureka's aerodrome.[11] The jet is a military observation aircraft based on the Challenger executive jet. This jet visited Eureka on a familiarization trip, in order to prepare for the possibility of Danish aircraft assisting in search and rescue missions over Canadian territory. The Canadian American Strategic Review noted critically that the first jet to fly a mission to Eureka was not Canadian.[citation needed]
At Eureka's latitude, a geosynchronous communications satellite, if due south, would require an antenna to be pointed nearly horizontally; satellites farther east or west along that orbit would be below the horizon. Telephone access and television broadcasts arrived in 1982 when Operation Hurricane resulted in the establishment of a satellite receiving station at nearby Skull Point, which has an open view to the south. The low-power Channel 9 TV transmitter at Skull Point was the world's most northern TV station at the time. In the 1980s, TV audio was often connected to the telephone to feed CBC-TV news to CHAR-FM in isolated CFS Alert. More recently, CANDAC has installed what is likely the world's most northerly geosynchronous satellite ground-station to provide Internet-based communications to PEARL.[citation needed]
Other inhabited places on Ellesmere Island include Alert[12] and Grise Fiord.
Flora and fauna
editEureka has been described as "The Garden Spot of the Arctic" due to the flora and fauna abundant around the Eureka area, more so than anywhere else in the High Arctic. Fauna include polar bears, muskox, Arctic wolves, Arctic foxes, Arctic hares, and lemmings. In addition, summer nesting geese, ducks, owls, loons, ravens, gulls and many other smaller birds nest, raise their young, and return south in August.[citation needed]
Climate
editEureka experiences a polar climate (ET). The settlement sees the midnight sun between April 10 and August 29, with no sunlight at all between mid-October and late February. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada with an annual mean temperature of −18.1 °C (−0.6 °F). Average winter temperatures are almost comparable to those found in northeastern Siberia. However, summers are slightly warmer than other places in the Canadian Arctic because Eureka is somewhat landlocked, being near the centre of Ellesmere Island. Even so, since record keeping began, the temperature has never exceeded 20.9 °C (69.6 °F), first reached on July 14, 2009.[13] Although a polar desert, evaporation is also very low, which allows the limited moisture to be made available for plants and wildlife.[citation needed] Its frost-free season averages 56 days, much longer than many other places nearby.[13]
| Climate data for Eureka (Eureka Aerodrome) WMO ID: 71917; coordinates 79°59′N 85°56′W / 79.983°N 85.933°W; elevation: 10.4 m (34 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −32.3 (−26.1) |
−33.0 (−27.4) |
−32.3 (−26.1) |
−21.9 (−7.4) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−15.9 (3.4) |
−24.3 (−11.7) |
−29.2 (−20.6) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
−36.8 (−34.2) |
−35.9 (−32.6) |
−25.9 (−14.6) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −39.5 (−39.1) |
−40.5 (−40.9) |
−39.4 (−38.9) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−23.1 (−9.6) |
−31.6 (−24.9) |
−36.3 (−33.3) |
−21.4 (−6.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −53.3 (−63.9) |
−55.3 (−67.5) |
−52.8 (−63.0) |
−48.9 (−56.0) |
−31.1 (−24.0) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−31.7 (−25.1) |
−41.7 (−43.1) |
−48.2 (−54.8) |
−51.7 (−61.1) |
−55.3 (−67.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.6 (0.10) |
2.6 (0.10) |
2.6 (0.10) |
3.6 (0.14) |
3.3 (0.13) |
8.6 (0.34) |
14.4 (0.57) |
17.9 (0.70) |
8.2 (0.32) |
6.6 (0.26) |
3.7 (0.15) |
3.5 (0.14) |
77.6 (3.06) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
5.3 (0.21) |
14.5 (0.57) |
11.7 (0.46) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
32.5 (1.28) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 3.1 (1.2) |
3.9 (1.5) |
2.8 (1.1) |
4.6 (1.8) |
4.2 (1.7) |
3.0 (1.2) |
0.7 (0.3) |
4.8 (1.9) |
11.3 (4.4) |
10.9 (4.3) |
5.7 (2.2) |
5.4 (2.1) |
60.3 (23.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 8.6 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 70.6 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 7.7 | 5.9 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 57.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63.4 | 66.3 | 65.8 | 67.2 | 75.0 | 71.1 | 69.3 | 76.2 | 82.0 | 74.3 | 65.8 | 64.6 | 70.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 0.0 | 0.0 | 120.2 | 353.8 | 486.3 | 386.4 | 360.5 | 238.9 | 98.4 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,057 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 0.0 | 0.0 | 34.9 | 54.5 | 65.4 | 53.7 | 48.5 | 32.2 | 21.4 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 39.9 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[13][14][15][16][17] | |||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Eureka". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ Otis, Daniel (19 December 2016). "Welcome to Eureka, Nunavut: the coldest settlement in Canada". CTV. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Eureka Postal Code". Canada Postal Code. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Emergency Plan for Storage Tank Systems of Petroleum and Allied Petroleum Products at Eureka High Arctic Weather Station". Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
- ^ Cold Places in Canada
- ^ "Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory". Archived from the original on 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ "CANDAC".
- ^ "High Arctic research station saved by new funding". 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Eureka Weather Station". Government of Canada. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
- ^ "Update: Denmark's Arctic Assets and Canada's Response — Danish Air Force Aircraft on a Mission over Canada's High Arctic". Canadian American Strategic Review. July 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
- ^ "High Arctic Weather Stations". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
- ^ a b c "Eureka A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for August 2011". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for August 2013". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "Hourly Data Report for February 04, 2022". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 11 Feb 2022.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1991-2020 Data". Canadian Climate Normals. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Couture, Nicole J. Sensitivity of Permafrost Terrain in a High Arctic Polar Desert An Evaluation of Response to Disturbance Near Eureka, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2003. ISBN 0-612-70405-X
- Whyte, L. G., B. Goalen, J. Hawari, D. Labbe, C. W. Greer, and M. Nahir. 2001. "Bioremediation Treatability Assessment of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils from Eureka, Nunavut". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 32, no. 2-3: 121–132.
- Eureka at the Atlas of Canada
External links
edit
Media related to Eureka, Nunavut at Wikimedia Commons
