Wikipedia

Timeline of African-American firsts

(Redirected from First African American)

African Americans are an ethnic group in the United States. The first achievements by African Americans in diverse fields have historically marked footholds, often leading to more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier".[1][2]

One prominent example is Jackie Robinson, who became the first African American of the modern era to become a Major League Baseball player in 1947, ending 60 years of racial segregation within the Negro leagues.[3]

Contents

17th century: 1670s
18th century: 1730s–1770s • 1780s–1790s
19th century: 1800s • 1810s • 1820s • 1830s • 1840s • 1850s • 1860s • 1870s • 1880s • 1890s
20th century: 1900s • 1910s • 1920s • 1930s • 1940s • 1950s • 1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s
21st century: 2000s • 2010s • 2020s
See also • Notes • References • External links

17th century

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1600s

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1604

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[4]

1650

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1670s

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1670

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18th century

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1730s–1770s

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1738

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1746

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  • First known African American (and slave) to compose a work of literature: Lucy Terry with her poem "Bars Fight", composed in 1746[7] and first published in 1855 in Josiah Holland's "History of Western Massachusetts[8][7]

1760

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  • First known African-American published author: Jupiter Hammon (poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries", published as a broadside)[9]

1767

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1768

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1773

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1775

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1778

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1780s–1790s

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Phillis Wheatley
 
Lemuel Haynes

1783

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  • First African American to formally practice medicine: James Derham, who did not hold an M.D. degree.[17] (See also: 1847)

1785

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1792

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1793

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1794

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1799

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  • First African American to attend college(Washington and Lee University): John Chavis, Later went on to be a preacher and educator for both black and white students.

19th century

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1800s

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Absalom Jones
 
John Gloucester
 
Absalom Boston
 
Alexander Twilight
 
James McCune Smith

1804

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1807

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1810s

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1816

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1817

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  • The First African Baptist Church was the first African-American church west of the Mississippi River.[21] It had its beginnings in 1817 when John Mason Peck and the former enslaved John Berry Meachum began holding church services for African Americans in St. Louis.[22] Meachum founded the First African Baptist Church in 1827. Although there were ordinances preventing blacks from assembling, the congregation grew from 14 people at its founding to 220 people by 1829. Two hundred of the parishioners were slaves, who could only travel to the church and attend services with the permission of their owners.[21]

1820s

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1821

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1822

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  • First African-American captain to sail a whaleship with an all-black crew: Absalom Boston[24] There were six black owners of seven whaling trips before Absalom Boston's in 1822.[25]

1823

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1826

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1827

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1830s

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1832

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1836

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1837

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1840s

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1844

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1845

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1847

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1849

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1850s

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Joseph Jenkins Roberts
 
Charles L. Reason
 
Patrick Francis Healy
 
William Wells Brown
 
Daniel Alexander Payne
 
Martin R. Delany
 
Hiram Revels
 
Joseph Rainey
 
John Stewart Rock
 
Cathay Williams
 
Ebenezer Bassett
 
Fanny Jackson Coppin
 
Mary Eliza Mahoney
 
Michael A. Healy
 
Blanche K. Bruce
 
Moses Fleetwood Walker
 
Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones
 
William H. Lewis
 
W. E. B. Du Bois
 
Mary Fields
 
Augustine Tolton
 
Madam C. J. Walker
 
Butler R. Wilson

1850

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  • First African-American woman to graduate from a college Lucy Stanton

1851

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1853

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1854

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1858

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1860s

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1861

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1862

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1863

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1864

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1865

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1866

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Sarah Jane Woodson Early

1868

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1869

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1870s

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1870

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1871

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1872

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1873

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1874

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1875

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1876

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1877

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1878

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1879

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1880s

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1880

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1881

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1882

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1883

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1884

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1886

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1890s

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1890

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1891

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  • First African-American police officer in present-day New York City: Wiley Overton, hired by the Brooklyn Police Department prior to 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York.[99] (See also: Samuel J. Battle, 1911)

1892

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1895

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1896

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1898

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1899

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20th century

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1900s

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1901

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1902

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1903

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  • First Broadway musical written by African-Americans, and the first to star African-Americans: In Dahomey
  • First African-American woman to found and become president of a bank: Maggie L. Walker, St. Luke Penny Savings Bank (since 1930 the Consolidated Bank & Trust Company), Richmond, Virginia[108]

1904

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  • First Greek-letter fraternal organization founded by African-Americans: Sigma Pi Phi
  • First African American to participate in the Olympic Games, and first to win a medal: George Poage (two bronze medals)[109]

1906

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1907

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1908

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1910s

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1910

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1911

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1914

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1915

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1916

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1917

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1919

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1920s

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1920

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1921

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1923

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1924

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1925

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1927

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1928

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1929

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1930s

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1930

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  • First African American to win a state high school basketball championship: David "Big Dave" DeJernett, star center on an integrated Washington, Indiana team.

1931

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1932

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1933

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  • First African-American woman to earn a doctorate in psychology: Inez Prosser

1934

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1936

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1937

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1938

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1939

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1940s

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1940

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Hattie McDaniel

1941

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  • First African American to give a White House Command Performance: Josh White[159]

1942

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Marian Anderson christens the SS Booker T. Washington, the first large oceangoing ship named for an African American.

1943

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1944

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1945

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1946

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  • First African American to sign a contract with an NFL team in the modern (post-World War II) era: Kenny Washington

1947

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1948

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1949

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1950s

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1950

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1951

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1952

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1953

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1954

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1955

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1956

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1957

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1958

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1959

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1960s

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1962

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1963

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1964

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1965

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Pauli Murray

1966

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1967

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1968

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1969

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1970s

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1970

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1971

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1972

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1973

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1974

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1975

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1976

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1977

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1978

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1979

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Guion Bluford

1980s

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1980

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1981

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1982

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1983

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1984

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1985

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1986

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1987

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1988

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1989

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1990s

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1990

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1991

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1992

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1993

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1994

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1995

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1996

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1997

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1998

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1999

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21st century

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2000s

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2000

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2001

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Official portrait of Colin Powell, 2001

2002

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2003

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2004

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2005

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2006

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2007

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2008

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2009

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Official portrait of Barack Obama, 2009

2010s

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2010

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2011

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2012

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2013

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2014

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2015

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2016

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2017

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2018

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2019

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2020s

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2020

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Official portrait of Kamala Harris, 2021
 
General Charles Q. Brown Jr.

2021

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2022

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2023

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2024
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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ This claim is contested by the First Baptist Church, Petersburg, Virginia (1774) and the First Colored Baptist Church, renamed First African Baptist Church, Savannah, Georgia (recognized 1788, first congregation 1773).
  2. ^ Because it was published in the U.K., the book is not the first African-American novel published in the United States. This credit goes to one of two disputed books: Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859), brought to light by Henry Louis Gates Jr. in 1982; or Julia C. Collins' The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride (1865), brought to light by William L. Andrews, an English literature professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Mitch Kachun, a history professor at Western Michigan University, in 2006. Andrews and Kachun document Our Nig as a novelized autobiography, and argue that The Curse of Caste is the first fully fictional novel by an African American to be published in the U.S.
  3. ^ Founded earlier; not fully owned and operated by African-Americans until 1863.
  4. ^ Revels, the Mississippi State Senate's Adams County representative, was elected by the U.S. Senate in January 1870 to fill an unexpired term.
  5. ^ Rainey, a South Carolina state senator, was elected to fill the seat vacated by B. Franklin Whittemore. Rainey took his seat on December 12, 1870. John Willis Menard was actually the first African-American elected to the House (1868) but he was denied his seat.
  6. ^ Douglass did not seek the nomination or campaign after being nominated.
  7. ^ Parker graduated from Mount Holyoke when it was still a seminary.
  8. ^ This was previously thought to be Sarah E. Goode (for the cabinet bed, Chicago, Illinois).[90]
  9. ^ His son, Benjamin O. Davis Jr., was the first African-American general in the United States Air Force.
  10. ^ Gravely was also the first African American to command a U.S. Navy warship (1962), and the first promoted to the rank of admiral (1971).
  11. ^ L. Clifford Davis applied to the law school in 1946, and after several failed attempts was granted admission in September 1947, but was unable to enroll in classes. Hunt later enrolled on February 2, 1948.[183]
  12. ^ While considered a network for regulatory reasons, CBS TV was viewable only locally in 1948. By 1956, CBS and other networks were viewable nationwide.
  13. ^ Clifton was the first to sign an NBA contract and subsequently play, Cooper was the first to be drafted by an NBA team, and Lloyd was the first to play in an NBA regular-season game because his team's opening game was one day before the others.
  14. ^ While two black players won Gold Gloves that year, only Mays is African-American. The other, Minnie Miñoso, is Afro-Cuban.
  15. ^ In 1998, the award would be renamed the Oscar Robertson Trophy after its first recipient.
  16. ^ Harris's milestone came a year after Marlon Green, who had been rejected as a Continental Airlines applicant in 1957, won the United States Supreme Court case "Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission v. Continental Airlines, Inc. 372 U.S. 714 no. 146", which found Green had been unlawfully discriminated against.[239]
  17. ^ a b c The first Black superhero, Marvel's Black Panther, introduced in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966), is African, not African-American. This is also true of the first Black character to star in his own mainstream comic-book feature, Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who headlined one of four features in the multiple-character omnibus series Jungle Tales (September 1954 – September 1955), from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics.
  18. ^ At the time, the NCAA had not yet adopted its three-division system. Illinois State was in the NCAA University Division, which became Division I in 1973. The NCAA retroactively considers University Division members to have been Division I members.
  19. ^ Although Flood's legal challenge was unsuccessful, it brought about additional solidarity among players as they fought against baseball's reserve clause and sought free agency.
  20. ^ The NHL had fielded black players for more than 20 years, with the first being Willie O'Ree in 1958, but all past black players were Black Canadians and not African-Americans. In 1996, Mike Grier (Edmonton Oilers) became the first to have been both born and exclusively trained in the U.S., per Allen, Kevin (January 14, 2008). "Willie O'Ree still blazing way in NHL 50 years later". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  21. ^ Cosmonaut Arnaldo Mendez was the first person of African descent in space, in 1980.
  22. ^ Lewis Hamilton became the first black Formula One racer in 2006, but he is a British citizen of Grenadan ancestry, and not an African-American. Ribbs did not compete in a race, but drove a Formula One car professionally in January 1986 as a tester for the Brabham–BMW at Estoril, Portugal.
  23. ^ a b c Woods' mixed ancestry – ¼ Chinese, ¼ Thai, ¼ African-American, ⅛ white, and ⅛ Native American – also makes him the first Asian-American to achieve this feat. He is also the first of only four golfers of primarily non-European descent to win a men's major, with the others being Vijay Singh (an Indian Fijian), Michael Campbell (a Māori from New Zealand), and Y.E. Yang (South Korean).
  24. ^ Announced as Bobcats owner in December 2002, although the team did not begin to play until 2004.
  25. ^ Smith and Dungy both reached this milestone on the same day, although Smith was technically the first due solely to scheduling. The NFC and AFC Championship Games are always held on the same day. In the playoffs that followed the 2006 NFL season, the NFC game was played first.

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Juguo, Zhang (2001). W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93087-1.
  2. ^ Herbst, Philip H (1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Intercultural Press, p. 57. ISBN 978-1-877864-97-1.
  3. ^ Sailes, Gary Alan (1998). "Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier in Team Sports". African Americans in Sport: Contemporary Themes, Transaction Publishers, p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7658-0440-2
  4. ^ Greene, Bob (2020). Laskey, Tilly Laskey (ed.). "Black Communities in Maine". State of Mind: Becoming Maine. Portland, Maine: Maine Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  5. ^ "Collections Relevant to African American History at the Massachusetts Historical Society: Slavery, Plantations, and the Slave Trade." Massachusetts Historical Society. www.masshist.org. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  6. ^ Aboard the Underground Railroad – Fort Mose Site, National Park Service
  7. ^ a b 🖉"Literature". Encyclopedia.com.
  8. ^ "Lucy Terry's ' Bars Fight. ' Text from San Antonio College LitWeb". Alamo.edu. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
  9. ^ O'Neale, Sondra (2002). "Hammon, Jupiter". In William L Andrews; Frances Smith Foster; Trudier Harris (eds.). The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513883-2. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  10. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney (2003). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events (2nd, revised and expanded ed.). Canton, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. pp. 591–592. ISBN 1-57859-142-2. OCLC 51060259 – via Internet Archive.
  11. ^ He was of mixed race, one-quarter African and three-quarters European, and listed in the US Census as white.
  12. ^ Shields, John C. (2010). Phillis Wheatley and the Romantics. University of Tennessee Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-57233-712-1. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  13. ^ Raboteau, Albert J. (2004). Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-517413-7. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  14. ^ Brooks, Walter H. (April 1, 1922). "The Priority of the Silver Bluff Church and its Promoters". The Journal of Negro History. 7 (2): 172–196. doi:10.2307/2713524. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2713524. S2CID 149920027.
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  16. ^ Haverington, Christine (2012). Middletown. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7385-9248-0. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  17. ^ Jacobs, Claude F. (2007). "James Derham (b. 1762)". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). Slavery in the United States: a social, political, and historical encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-544-5. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  18. ^ Cooley, Timothy Mather (1969) [1837]. Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, A.M., for Many Years Pastor of a Church in Rutland, Vt., and Later in Granville, New York. New York: Negro Universities Press. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  19. ^ Shattuck, Gardiner H.; David Hein (2005). "Jones, Absalom". The Episcopalians. Church Publishing, Inc. pp. 235–236. ISBN 0-89869-783-2.
  20. ^ "First African Presbyterian Church (Philadelphia, Pa.) records". University of Pennsylvania Library. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  21. ^ a b "First African Baptist Church History (S0006)" (PDF). State Historical Society of Missouri. 1974.
  22. ^ Wilbon, Roderick (April 28, 2017). "First Baptist Church of St. Louis, oldest African-American church west of the Mississippi River, celebrates its 200th anniversary". Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  23. ^ Alexander, Leslie M. (February 28, 2010). "Jennings, Thomas L.". Encyclopedia of African American History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 455–457. ISBN 978-1-85109-769-2.
  24. ^ "Whaling Museum and Peter Foulger Museum". Museum of African American History. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  25. ^ Finley, Skip (2020). Whaling Captains of Color: America's First Meritocracy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 47–51, 166–168. ISBN 978-1-68247-509-6.
  26. ^ a b Melish, Joanne P. (1998). Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "race" in New England, 1780–1860. Cornell University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8014-3413-6. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  27. ^ a b Donaldson, Leigh (2006). "Writers: Early Black Authors". In Price, H. H.; Talbot, Gerald (eds.). Maine's Visible Black History: The First Chronicle of Its People. Gardiner, Maine: Tilbury House. p. 227. ISBN 9780884482758.
  28. ^ Larsen, Julia (June 29, 2008). "Peter Williams Jr. (1780-1840)". Black Past. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  29. ^ Fennell, Christopher (2020). "New Philadelphia, Illinois, Historical Landscapes". University of Illinois. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  30. ^ Ledbetter, Christine (February 12, 2021). "Flashback: Tucked away in rural Illinois is the site of America's first town founded by a free Black man. His descendants want you to know its history". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  31. ^ James, Winston (2010). The Struggles of John Brown Russwurm: The Life and Writings of a Pan-Africanist Pioneer, 1799–1851. New York: New York University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-8147-4289-1.
  32. ^ Byrd, W. Michael; Clayton, Linda A. (2000). An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900. Taylor & Francis. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-203-90410-7. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  33. ^ Terison, F. Mark (2006). "Lawyers: Macon Bolling Allen". In Price, H. H.; Talbot, Gerald (eds.). Maine's Visible Black History: The First Chronicle of Its People. Gardiner, Maine: Tilbury House. pp. 276–277. ISBN 9780884482758.
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  35. ^ Ward, Thomas J. (2003). Black physicians in the Jim Crow South. University of Arkansas Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-61075-072-1. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  36. ^ Anzovin, Steven; Podell, Janet (2001). Famous first facts about American politics. H.W. Wilson. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8242-0971-1.
  37. ^ a b Jackson, Sandra; Johnson, Richard Greggory (2011). The black professoriat: negotiating a habitable space in the academy. Peter Lang. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-4331-1027-6. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  38. ^ a b c Potter, Joan (2009). African American Firsts: Famous, Little-known, and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America. Kensingston Publishing Corporation. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-7582-4166-5. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  39. ^ Smith, Dinitia (October 28, 2006). "A Slave Story Is Rediscovered, and a Dispute Begins". The New York Times. p. B7. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  40. ^ Birkerts, Sven (October 29, 2006). "Emancipation Days". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  41. ^ DiPhilippo, Kathryn (December 19, 2020). "Captain Taylor and Captain Talbot Made History in Portland, Maine". Atlantic Black Box. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  42. ^ a b Militelio, Leo (September 1963). "The First Negro Catholic Bishop". Negro Digest. Vol. 12, no. 11. pp. 28‒35. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
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  44. ^ Foner, Philip Sheldon; Branham, Robert James, eds. (1998). Lift every voice: African American oratory, 1787–1900. Studies in rhetoric and communication. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 384–385. ISBN 978-0-8173-0906-0. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  45. ^ Simpson, Matthew, ed. (1878). Cyclopedia of Methodism.[page needed]
  46. ^ Rubio, Philip F. (2010). There's Always Work at the Post Office: African American Postal Workers and the Fight for Jobs, Justice, and Equality. University of North Carolina Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-9573-3. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  47. ^ Logan, Rayford W. (1969). Howard University: The First Hundred Years, 1867–1967. New York University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8147-0263-5. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
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  49. ^ Smith 2002, p. 134–135.
  50. ^ Farmer, Vernon L.; Wynn, Evelyn Shepherd (2012). Voices of Historical and Contemporary Black American Pioneers. ABC-CLIO. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-313-39224-5. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
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  52. ^ Finkelman, Paul (2007). "Not Only the Judges' Robes Were Black: African-American Lawyers as Social Engineers". In Steve Sheppard (ed.). The History of Legal Education in the United States: commentaries and primary sources. Vol. 1. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange. pp. 913–948. ISBN 978-1-58477-690-1.
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  358. ^ "ACLU, for first time, elects Black person as its president". The Independent. UK. Associated Press. February 1, 2021. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2021..
  359. ^ Kuang, Jeanne (May 24, 2021). "Parson appoints Robin Ransom, first Black woman to serve on Missouri Supreme Court". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  360. ^ Trotta, Daniel (July 9, 2021). "First African American wins U.S. spelling bee, conquering with 'Murraya'". Reuters. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  361. ^ Weiser, Benjamin (October 7, 2021). "For the First Time in 232 Years, a Black Prosecutor Leads a Storied Office". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  362. ^ Norbeck, Nancy (June 25, 2021). "5 Questions with Kelsey Koelzer '17". Princeton Alumni. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  363. ^ Pazniokas, Mark (December 10, 2021). "Natalie Braswell to be named comptroller after Lembo steps down". CT Mirror. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  364. ^ Kaye, Jacob (January 5, 2022). "Adams elected speaker of the City Council". Queens Daily Eagle.
  365. ^ Kwan, Rhoda (January 1, 2022). "Keechant Sewell sworn in as NYPD's first female police commissioner". NBC News.
  366. ^ Fortinsky, Sara; Cole, Devan. "Maya Angelou becomes first Black woman to appear on US quarter as Treasury begins distribution". CNN.
  367. ^ Foran, Clare (April 7, 2022). "Senate confirms Ketanji Brown Jackson to be the first Black woman to sit on the Supreme Court". CNN.
  368. ^ Brockell, Gillian (July 13, 2022). "Capitol statue collection gets first Black American, replacing Confederate". washingtonpost.
  369. ^ "Mary Bethune statue unveiled at U.S. Capitol, first of African American – P.M. News".
  370. ^ "A first: African American Marine promoted to 4-star general". Associated Press. August 7, 2022.
  371. ^ Epstein, Reid J. (November 9, 2022). "Moore, a Democrat, Will Become Maryland's First Black Governor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  372. ^ Staff Writer (November 19, 2022). "Maryland's First Black Attorney General Has Jamaican Connection". Jamaicans.com.
  373. ^ Hughes, Eliza Collins and Siobhan (November 30, 2022). "House Democrats Pick Hakeem Jeffries to Lead Party". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
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  376. ^ Carr, Flora (April 13, 2018). "This Is the Woman President Trump Wants to Be the First Female African-American Marine General". Time.
  377. ^ "Arkansas Daughters of the American Revolution Chapter Inducts First Black Member". BET.
  378. ^ Neibart, Sam (March 7, 2022). "Meet Emira D'Spain, The First Black Transgender Model To Work With Victoria's Secret". Nylon.
  379. ^ Blood, Michael R. (November 16, 2022). "LA elects US Rep Karen Bass mayor, first Black woman in post". Associated Press. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  380. ^ Yildirim, Ece (October 3, 2023). "Laphonza Butler makes history as first Black openly lesbian U.S. senator". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  381. ^ McGoldrick, Gillian (February 28, 2023). "Philly's Joanna McClinton elected Pa.'s first female and second Black speaker of the House". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
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Bibliography

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