Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Niger

Not to be confused with Foreign relations of Nigeria.

Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with both East and West.[1] It is a member state of the United Nations. Niger maintains a special relationship with France and enjoys close relations with its West African neighbours.

Multilateral relations

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US Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft and US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meet with Niger Ambassador to the United Nations Abdou Abarry

It is a charter member of the Organization of African Unity and the West African Monetary Union. Also, it belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Niger belongs to the United Nations and its main specialized agencies and, in 1980-81, served on the UN Security Council. The first president of Niger, Hamani Diori, maintained close relations with the West and became internationally prominent in his diplomatic work, seeking to broker resolutions to conflicts in Africa and beyond. His involvement as a negotiator was particularly prominent during the Nigerian Civil War.[2]

Niger maintains a permanent purpose to the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, at 417 East 50th Street. In 2009, its Ambassador to the United Nations was Ibrahim A. Abani.[3]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Niger maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date
1   Germany 2 August 1960[4]
2   United Kingdom 3 August 1960[5]
3   United States 3 August 1960[6]
4   France 4 August 1960[7]
5   Japan 16 March 1961[8]
6    Switzerland 26 May 1961[9]
7   Nigeria 8 June 1961[10]
8   South Korea 27 July 1961[11]
9   Ghana 24 August 1961[12]
10   Belgium 22 September 1961[13]
11   Italy 23 September 1961[14]
—   Israel (suspended) 9 November 1961[15]
12   Netherlands 20 December 1961[16]
13   Liberia 1961[17]
14   Sierra Leone 1961[18]
15   Lebanon 11 March 1962[19]
16   Guinea 20 March 1962[20]
17   Canada 27 April 1962[21]
18   Mali 1 August 1962[22]
19   Togo 26 October 1962[23]
20   Luxembourg 18 December 1962[24]
21   Egypt 7 July 1963[25]
22   Morocco 1 October 1963[26]
23   Sudan 1963[27]
24   Norway 24 January 1964[28]
25   Sweden 1964[29]
26   Austria 30 January 1965[30]
27   Algeria 12 March 1965[31]
28   Denmark 25 May 1965[32]
29   Spain May 1965[33]
30   Ethiopia 6 October 1965[34]
31   Pakistan 15 October 1965[35]
32   Libya 17 November 1965[36]
33   Peru November 1965[37]
34   Syria 13 September 1966[38]
35   Saudi Arabia 20 November 1966[39]
36   Kuwait 22 November 1966[39]
37   Turkey 30 March 1967[40]
38   Gabon 22 April 1968[41]
39   Romania 20 June 1969[42]
40   Mauritania 4 December 1969[43]
41   Democratic Republic of the Congo 1969[44]
42   Iceland 26 January 1970[45]
—   Sovereign Military Order of Malta 9 January 1971[46]
43   Poland 30 June 1971[47]
—   Holy See 20 July 1971[48]
44   Russia 17 February 1972[49]
45   Serbia 17 March 1972[50]
46   Hungary 3 February 1973[51]
47   Senegal 2 March 1973[52]
48   Bulgaria 5 March 1973[53]
49   Ivory Coast 30 October 1973[54]
50   Cameroon 13 February 1974[55]
51   China 20 July 1974[56]
52   North Korea 6 September 1974[57]
53   Bahrain 11 November 1974[58]
54   Vietnam 7 March 1975[59]
55   Uganda 8 April 1975[60]
56   Iran 11 June 1975[61]
57   Argentina 23 June 1975[62]
58   United Arab Emirates 9 July 1975[63]
59   Portugal 10 July 1975[64]
60   Brazil 24 October 1975[65]
61   Mexico 6 November 1975[66]
62   Finland 28 November 1975[67]
63   Czech Republic 22 December 1975[68]
64   Rwanda 1975[69]
65   Cuba 25 April 1976[70]
66   India 18 July 1977[71]
67   Barbados 25 June 1979[72]
68   Guyana 25 June 1979[73]
69   Jamaica 25 June 1979[74]
70   Greece June 1979[75]
71   Trinidad and Tobago 1979[76]
72   Albania 18 June 1980[77]
73   Angola 28 August 1980[78]
74   Oman 3 September 1980[79]
75   Gambia 23 February 1981[80]
76   Central African Republic 9 May 1981[81]
77   Kenya 12 May 1981[82]
78   Burkina Faso 30 June 1981[83]
79   Philippines 16 December 1981[84]
80   Haiti 17 December 1981[85]
81   Benin 14 May 1982[86]
82   Thailand 30 July 1982[87]
83   Qatar 14 September 1982[88]
84   Bangladesh 17 February 1983[89]
85   Yemen 4 January 1985[90]
86   Zimbabwe 10 February 1986[91]
87   Colombia 5 October 1988[92]
—   State of Palestine 18 January 1989[93]
88   South Africa 9 May 1994[94]
89   Slovakia 26 April 1995[95]
90   Azerbaijan 10 October 1995[96]
91   Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 October 1995[97]
92   Singapore 1 June 1998[98]
—   Ukraine (suspended)[99] 1 October 1999[100]
93   North Macedonia 15 November 2000[101]
94   Cyprus 17 September 2002[102]
95   Venezuela 8 October 2005[103]
96   Estonia 12 October 2005[104]
97   Slovenia 22 June 2006[105]
98   Laos 8 December 2006[106]
99   Jordan 11 December 2006[107]
100   Botswana 21 December 2006[108]
101   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 31 May 2007[109]
102   Guatemala 13 November 2007[110]
103   Malta 11 December 2008[111]
104   Liechtenstein 17 December 2008[112]
105   Djibouti 20 April 2009[113]
106   Australia 7 May 2009[114]
107   Paraguay 2010[115]
108   Indonesia 21 September 2011[116]
109   Belarus 29 March 2012[117]
110   Latvia 17 April 2012[118]
111   Malaysia 24 April 2012[119]
112   Georgia 30 May 2012[120]
—   Kosovo 25 January 2013[121]
113   Uruguay 6 March 2013[122]
114   Equatorial Guinea 5 November 2013[123]
115   Namibia 26 March 2014[124]
116   Mozambique 29 March 2014[125]
117   Lithuania 30 May 2014[126]
118   Fiji 9 September 2014[127]
119   Montenegro 12 September 2014[128]
120   Seychelles 18 November 2014[129]
121   Mongolia 25 March 2015[130]
122   Madagascar 13 January 2016[131]
123   Malawi 8 March 2016[132][133]
124   Armenia 26 November 2016[134]
125   Lesotho 17 August 2017[135]
126   Tajikistan 26 August 2017[136]
127     Nepal 20 September 2017[137]
128   Kazakhstan 21 September 2017[138]
129   Mauritius 26 March 2018[139]
130   Dominican Republic 28 September 2018[140]
131   Nicaragua 8 August 2019[141]
132   Monaco 9 October 2019[142]
133   Comoros 21 November 2020[143]
134   Turkmenistan 22 June 2021[144]
135   Burundi 25 April 2023[145]
136   South Sudan 19 July 2023[146]
137   Eritrea 17 November 2023[147][148]
138   Brunei Unknown
139   Cambodia Unknown (Before 1984)[149]
140   Cape Verde Unknown
141   Chad Unknown
142   Republic of the Congo Unknown
143   Guinea-Bissau Unknown
144   Iraq Unknown
145   Ireland Unknown
146   New Zealand Unknown
147   Tanzania Unknown
148   Tunisia Unknown
149   Zambia Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Algeria 12 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1965 when the government of Niger has agreed to the nomination of M. Ali Abdellaoui as Algeria's Ambassador in Niamey with residence in Abidjan[31]
  Angola 28 August 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1980 when Ambassador of Niger to Angola Mr. Joseph Diatta presented his letters of credentials to President M. Jose Eduardo Dos Santos.[78]
  Austria 30 January 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1965 when has been appointed Ambassador of Niger to Austria (resident in Bonn) Mr. Abdou Sidikou.[30]
  Belgium 22 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1961 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Niger , M.Gérard Walravens presented his credentials to President Diori Hamani.[13]
  Benin

Despite the occasional recurrence of a border conflict over Lété Island in the Niger River, Benin and Niger, both former French subjects of French West Africa, relations are close. Niger relies on the port at Cotonou, and to a lesser degree Lomé (Togo), and Port Harcourt (Nigeria), as its main route to overseas trade. Niger operates a Nigerien Ports Authority station, as well as customs and tax offices in a section of Cotonou's port, so that imports and exports can be directly transported between Gaya and the port. French Uranium mines in Arlit, which produce Niger's largest exports by value, travel through this port to France or the world market.

  Canada 27 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1962[21]
  • Canada is accredited to Niger from its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[150]
  • Niger is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[151]
  Central African Republic 9 May 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1981 when first Ambassador of Niger to Central African Republic with residence in Yaounde Mr. Moustapha Tahi , presented his credentials to President David Dacko.[81]
  Chad
  China 20 July 1974 See China–Niger relations

China established diplomatic relations with Niger on July 20, 1974. On June 19, 1992, the transitional government of Niger declared the reestablishment of the "diplomatic relations" with Taiwan. The Chinese Government thus announced its suspension of diplomatic relations with Niger on July 30 of the same year. On August 19, 1996, China and Niger re-established diplomatic relations.[56]

  • China has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger has an embassy in Beijing.
  Ethiopia 6 October 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1965 when first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Niger (resident in Lagos) Mr. Davit Abdou presented his credentials[34]
  France 4 August 1960 See France–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1960[7]

Niger has maintained close ties with France, its former colonial power. Following Niger's independence in 1960, France maintained several hundred advisers at all levels of Niger's government and military. In the 1960s, the Military of Niger was drawn entirely from Nigerien former members of the French Colonial Forces: officered by Frenchmen who agreed to take joint French-Nigerien citizenship. In 1960 there were only ten African officers in the Nigerien army, all of low rank. President Diori signed legislation to end the employment of expatriate military officers in 1965, some continued to serve until the 1974 coup, when all French military presence was evacuated.[152] As well, the French had maintained until 1974 around 1,000 troops of the 4th Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer [153] (Troupes de Marine) with bases at Niamey, Zinder, Bilma and Agadez. In 1979 a smaller French force was again based permanently in Niger.[154]

Franco-Nigerien relations continue to be close, with France as Niger's top export partner (in value), and the French government being almost entirely dependent upon Niger for the Uranium which fuels its extensive Nuclear Power system, mined in the northern town of Arlit.[155]

  • France has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger has an embassy in Paris.
  Gabon 22 April 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1968 when Gabon's first Ambassador to Niger , M. Moktar Abdoulaye Mbingt , presented his credentials to President Diori.[41]
  Germany 2 August 1960 See Germany–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1960[4]

  Ghana 24 August 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when has been appointed first Ambassador of Niger to Ghana M. Tanimoune Ary.[12]
  India 18 July 1977 See India–Niger relations
  Italy 23 September 1961

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1961 when first Ambassador of Italy to Niger M. Renzo Luigi Romanelli , presented his credentials to President of Niger Diori Hamani.[14]

In December 2017, Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni announced that 470 Italian soldiers would be deployed to Niger in an effort to mitigate the European migrant crisis.[161]

  Kenya 12 May 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1981 when Ambassador of Niger to Kenya presented his credentials to President Daniel Arap Moi.[82]
  Kosovo 25 January 2013

Niger officially recognised the Republic of Kosovo on 15 August 2011.[162] Kosovo and Niger established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2013.[121]

  Lebanon 11 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1962, when first Lebanese Ambassador to Niger presented his creentials to President Hamani Diori[19]
  Libya 17 November 1965 See Libya–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1965.[36]

  Mali 1 August 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1962[22]

Niger has close relations with its neighbour Mali, with large scale trade links and sizable population movement between the two nations. Both were subject states in French West Africa. Niger and Mali have fought related Tuareg insurgencies in their respective northern territories in the 1990s and mid-2000s.

 
The road border entering Niger from Benin at Gaya. Niger relies on its neighbors, especially Benin and Nigeria for seaports which provide access to world markets.
  Mexico 6 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1975[66]
  • Mexico is accredited to Niger from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[163]
  • Niger is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[151]
  Nigeria 8 June 1961 See Niger–Nigeria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1961 when M. Elhad Camatte Hammodon Maiga, ambassador of Niger to Nigeria presented his letters of credentials to the Governor General Azikiwe[10]

Nigeria maintains close relations with the Republic of Niger, in part because both nations share a large Hausa minority on each side of their 1,500 km (930 mi) border. Hausa language and cultural ties are strong, but there is little interest in a pan-Hausa state.[164] The two nations formed the Nigeria-Niger Joint Commission for Cooperation (NNJC), established in March, 1971 with its Permanent Secretariat in Niamey, Niger.[165]

  • Niger has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Niamey.
  Pakistan 15 October 1965

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1965[35]

Pakistan supports Niger's territorial and sovereign integrity and rejects Libya's advances as aggression.

  Spain May 1965 See Niger–Spain relations
  • Niger is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain has an embassy in Niamey.
  Turkey 30 March 1967 See Niger–Turkey relations
  Uganda 8 April 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1975 when accredited first Ambassador of Niger to Uganda (resident in Addis Ababa) Mr. Oumarou Garba Youssaufou[60]
  United Kingdom 3 August 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1960 when Mr. R. J. Stratton was appointment as Charge d'Affaires ad interim of the United Kingdom to Niger.[5]
  United States 3 August 1960 See Niger–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1960[6]

A conservative foreign policy has meant that under Niger's first president and—following military coup—the 1974–1991 military government, Niger maintained good relations with the United States, Israel, and NATO governments in general. During the Cold War, Niger maintained a non-confrontational attitude to the Soviet Union and its allies.[167]

Other

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Niger's office in Accra, Ghana

Niger has only 24 permanent embassies abroad, although more have permanent representation in Niamey, either through national embassies or other representatives. The United Kingdom, for instance, operates its permanent office for relations to Niger from Accra, Ghana, while Niger's permanent representative resides at the Nigerien Embassy in Paris.

Many other small or distant nations have no formal diplomatic relations with Niamey except through their respective consulates at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. Australia, for instance, only signed the instruments of formal diplomatic relations with Niamey on 7 May 2009, through their respective consular officials at the UN.[3]

Border disputes

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Libya has in the past claimed a strip along their border of about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger. There have been several decades of unresolved discussions regarding the delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad between Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon. The lack of firm borders, as well as the receding of the lake in the 20th century led to border incidents between Cameroon and Chad in the past. An agreement has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.

Niger has an ongoing conflict with Benin over Lété Island, an island in the River Niger approx. 16 kilometres long and 4 kilometres wide, located around 40 kilometers from the town of Gao, Niger. Together with other smaller islands in the River Niger, it was the main object of a territorial dispute between Niger and Benin, which had begun when the two entities were still under French rule. The island, and seasonally flooded land around it is valuable to semi-nomadic Puel cattle herders as a dry season pasturage. The two countries had almost gone to war over their border in 1963 but finally chose to settle by peaceful means. In the early 90s a joint delimitation commission was tasked with solving the issue but could not reach an agreement. In 2001 the two parties chose to have the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decide on the matter once and for all. In 2005, the ICJ ruled in Niger's favour.[168]

Niger has ongoing processes delimiting sections of their borders with Burkina Faso and Mali, disputes which date back to the colonial period. These entities, along with Benin and other nations which do not border Niger, were semi independent elements of French West Africa. Within the colonial administration, borders were frequently changed, with Niger colony once possessing large portions of what is now Burkina Faso and Mali, as well as much of northern Chad, later associated with French Equatorial Africa. Disputes between these post-independence nations have been minor and peaceful.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Niger (12/01)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  2. ^ Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press, Boston & Folkestone, (1997) ISBN 0-8108-3136-8
  3. ^ a b "Diplomatie/le Niger et la République d'Australie établissent des relations diplomatiques". Le Sahel. 12 May 2009
  4. ^ a b Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung Issues 119-243 (in German). Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. 1960. p. 1540. Das Auswärtige Amt teilt mit: Botschafter Theodor-Axenfeld ist am 2. August 1960 von Seiner Exzellenz, dem Minister-präsidenten der Republik Niger, Herrn Hamani Diori, ... zur Überreichung seiner Beglaubigungsschreiben als Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
  5. ^ a b The Times Cuttings: Africa West. xerography and published by University Microfilms. 1958.
  6. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Niger". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  8. ^ "法第11条を適用し、通知した期限までに開示決定等がされなかったもの（資料４）" (PDF) (in Japanese). p. 10. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  9. ^ "Stroehlin, Jean Est également accrédité en Dahomey, en Haute-Volta et au Niger. Nomination par le Conseil fédéral le 26.5.1961". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b Europe, France outremer - Issues 371-381 (in French). 1960. p. 42.
  11. ^ "Niger". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  12. ^ a b Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger. 1961. pp. A-8.
  13. ^ a b Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). 1961. pp. A-25.
  14. ^ a b Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger. 1961. pp. A-25.
  15. ^ Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 335. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  16. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
  17. ^ Les Élites africaines Volume 2 (in French). Édiafric. 1972. p. 93. COFFI Pierre C. Ivoire Ambassadeur des Etats du Conseil de l'Entente au Libéria et en Sierra- Leone ( 1961-1969 ) ;
  18. ^ Les Élites africaines Volume 2 (in French). Édiafric. 1972. p. 93. COFFI Pierre C. Ivoire Ambassadeur des Etats du Conseil de l'Entente au Libéria et en Sierra- Leone ( 1961-1969 ) ;
  19. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 50-51. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 7.
  20. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 56-57. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 11. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  21. ^ a b "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  22. ^ a b Monde colonial illustré Volume 39, Issues 383-392 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1961. p. 73. M. Touré Hangadoumbou, délégué permanent du Mali auprès du Niger, a présenté ses lettres de créance au Président Diori Hamani
  23. ^ Monde colonial illustré Volume 39, Issues 383-392 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1961. p. 73. M. Dia Salifou, délégué permanent du Niger au Dahomey, est également accrédité auprès du Togo
  24. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1962_10" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 27. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  25. ^ Françoise Moussu. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1963 / 9 /". persee.fr (in French). p. 1113. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  26. ^ "Niger". Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  27. ^ The Statesman's year-book 1963. New York : St. Martin's Press. p. 1444. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Norges opprettelse au diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  29. ^ "Sveriges statskalender / 1964 / Niger" (in Swedish). p. 52. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  30. ^ a b Bulletin de l'Institut international de droit des pays d'expression française Issues 1-9 (in French). The Institut. 1965. p. 68.
  31. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 256.
  32. ^ "Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Stats Kalender 1966" (PDF). slaegtsbibliotek.dk (in Danish). p. [24]. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  33. ^ "Niger" (PDF). Oficina de información diplomática Ficha Pais (in Spanish). p. 4. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  34. ^ a b Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 389-398 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965.
  35. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts. no.201-205. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965. p. 15.
  36. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 396.
  37. ^ El Perú construye mensaje presentado al Congreso Nacional por el ... Presidente Constitucional de la República (in Spanish). Peru. President. 1966. p. 55. Nuevas Relaciones Diplomaticas.- De conformidad con el propósito de ampliar nuestra acción diplomática en el mundo, hemos establecido relaciones con otros dos Estados africanos, el Niger y el Alto Volta (noviembre de 1965 y marzo de 1966)
  38. ^ Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain Volume 23 (in French). G.P. Maisonneuve. 1966. p. 45. ... 13 septembre ETABLISSEMENT DE RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES , au rang d'ambassade , avec la Tanzanie et le Niger ( Ba'th , 14 septembre )
  39. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 667.
  40. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 2418-2502. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1967. p. 8.
  41. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1968. p. 1033.
  42. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  43. ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 477-488 (in French). 1969. p. 62. MAURITANIE ... Premier ambassadeur au Niger : M. Ahmed Ould Dié
  44. ^ Afrique d'expression franc̜aise et Madagascar Volumes 477-487 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1969. p. 63. CONGO-KINSHASA ... Premier Ambassadeur au Niger, résidant à Abidjan : M. Théodore Kondo Belan
  45. ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  46. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire, 627–651 (in French). 1971. Prochaine ouverture de relations diplomatiques, au niveau des ambassades, entre le Niger et l'Ordre de Malte...
  47. ^ Bogdan Grzeloński (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 129.
  48. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  49. ^ "Today marks 50 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia & the Republic of the Niger!". MFA Russia. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  50. ^ Africa. Agence France Presse. 1972. p. 20.
  51. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2771.
  52. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Issues 718-742 (in French). Ediafric. 1973. p. 2023. NIAMEY Moustapha CISSE , ambassadeur du Sénégal au Mali , a présenté ses lettres de créance au Niger le 2 mars. ( résidant à Bamako)
  53. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  54. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Issues 743-762 (in French). Ediafric. 1973.
  55. ^ Cameroun Informations Issue 14 (in French). Cameroon. Department of Press and Information. 1974. p. 19. 13 Février 1974 M. Ibrahim Loutou , ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la République du Niger a présenté au Chef de l'État , El Hadj Ahmadou Ahidjo , ses lettres de creance ...
  56. ^ a b "Niger". china.org.cn. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  57. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. August 2016. p. 4. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  58. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bahrain. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  59. ^ "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  60. ^ a b Diplomatic List in Uganda and Other Representatives as at ... Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1981. p. 6.
  61. ^ Current Background, Issues 1035-1040. American Consulate General. 1975. p. 46.
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  63. ^ Standard and Chartered Review. 1975. p. 18. The growing importance of the UAE was em- phasised with eight new ambassadors , from Austria , Belgium , Eire , The Gambia , Malaysia , Netherlands , Niger and Switzerland , presenting their credentials to the President .
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  83. ^ Afrique nouvelle Issues 1669-1695 (in French). 1981. p. 11. Le Colonel Saye Zerbo, .... chef de l'Etat, a reçu le 30 juin dernier les lettres de créance de six nouveaux ambassadeurs accrédités par lears pays respectifs auprès du gouverment voltaïque. Il s'agit des ambassadeurs ... du Niger M. Magaji Gourouza ...
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  146. ^ "Kiir receives credentials from 5 non-resident ambassadors". eyeradio.org. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
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  152. ^ for the section History of the FAN prior to 1974, see Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0-8108-1229-0 pp.33?35.
  153. ^ 4e Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer Archived 2016-03-17 at the Wayback Machine: the 4th RIAOM was dissolved after leaving Niger.
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  155. ^ Decalo (1997).
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  162. ^ The Republic of Niger and the Republic of Guinea Conakry recognize Kosovo’s independence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-16
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  • Stub created from US State Department Report, 2007.
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