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Free State (province)

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The Free State (Sotho: Freistata; Afrikaans: Vrystaat [ˈfrɛistɑːt]; Xhosa: iFreyistata; Tswana: Foreistata; Zulu: iFuleyisitata), formerly known as the Orange Free State, is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital. Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later the Orange Free State Province.

Free State
Province
Coat of arms of Free State
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Katleho ka kopano
(Success through unity)
Map showing the location of the Free State in the central part of South Africa
Location of the Free State in South Africa
Coordinates: 28°S 27°E / 28°S 27°E / -28; 27
CountrySouth Africa
Orange Free State17 February 1854
OFS Province31 May 1910
Free State27 April 1994
CapitalBloemfontein
Districts
List
Government
 • TypeParliamentary system
 • PremierMaqueen Letsoha-Mathae (ANC)
 • LegislatureFree State Provincial Legislature
Area
[1]: 9 
 • Total
129,825 km2 (50,126 sq mi)
 • Rank3rd in South Africa
Highest elevation
[2]
3,291 m (10,797 ft)
Population
 (2022)[3]
 • Total
2,961,864
 • Rank8th in South Africa
 • Density23/km2 (59/sq mi)
  • Rank8th in South Africa
Population groups (2022)
[3]
 • Black88.9%
 • White8.0%
 • Coloured2.6%
 • Indian or Asian0.4%
 • Other0.1%
Languages (2022)
[3]
 • Sotho72.3%
 • Afrikaans10.3%
 • Xhosa5.5%
 • Tswana5.3%
 • English1.5%
Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)
ISO 3166 codeZA-FS
GDPUS$20.0 billion[4]
HDI (2019)0.708[5]
high · 4th of 9
Websitewww.freestateonline.fs.gov.za
Free State (province)
ZuluiFuleyisitata
XhosaiFreyistata
AfrikaansVrystaat
SesothoFreistata
SetswanaForeistata

History

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Further information: Orange Free State

The current borders of the province date from 1994 when the Bantustans were abolished and reincorporated into South Africa. It is also the only one of the four original provinces of South Africa not to undergo border changes, apart from the reincorporation of Bantustans, and its borders date from before the outbreak of the Boer War.

Geography

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Cornelia in the Riemland region

The Free State is situated on a succession of flat grassy plains sprinkled with pastureland, resting on a general elevation of 3,800 feet only broken by the occasional hill or kopje. The rich soil and pleasant climate allow for a thriving agricultural industry.

The province is high-lying, with almost all land being 1,000 metres above sea level. The Drakensberg and Maloti Mountains foothills raise the terrain to over 2,000 m in the east. The Free State lies in the heart of the Karoo Sequence of rocks, containing shales, mudstones, sandstones and the Drakensberg Basalt forming the youngest capping rocks. Mineral deposits are plentiful, with gold and diamonds being of particular importance, mostly found in the north and west of the province.

Fauna and flora

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The flats in the south of the reserve provide ideal conditions for large herds of plain game such as black wildebeest and springbok. The ridges, koppies and plains typical of the northern section are home to kudu, red hartebeest, southern white rhinoceros and buffalo. The Southern African wildcat, black wildebeest, zebra, eland, white rhinoceros and wild dog can be seen at the Soetdoring Nature Reserve near Bloemfontein. The South African cheetahs were reintroduced in the Free State for the first time in June 2013 after a hundred years of regional extinction, at Laohu Valley Reserve near Philippolis.[6] Following the reintroduction of an adult female South African cheetah in early 2016, three wild cheetah cubs were born for the first time in Laohu Valley Reserve in February 2017, making the three new cubs the first cheetahs born in the wild since their disappearance from the Free State province in over a century.[7]

Climate

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The Free State experiences a continental climate, characterised by warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Areas in the east experience frequent snowfalls, especially on the higher ranges, whilst the west can be extremely hot in summer. Almost all precipitation falls in the summer months as brief afternoon thunderstorms, with aridity increasing towards the west. Areas in the east around Harrismith, Bethlehem and Ficksburg are well watered. The capital, Bloemfontein, experiences hot, moist summers and cold, dry winters frequented by severe frost.

  • Bloemfontein averages: January maximum: 31 °C (min: 15 °C), July maximum: 17 °C (min: -2 °C), annual precipitation: 559 mm
  • Bethlehem averages: January maximum: 27 °C (min: 13 °C), July maximum: 16 °C (min: -2 °C), annual precipitation: 680 mm

Borders

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Mafahlaneng township at Tweeling

In the southeast, the Free State borders seven districts of Lesotho:

  • Mokhotlong – farthest to the east
  • Butha-Buthe – northwest of Mokhotlong and northeast of Leribe
  • Leribe – southwest of Butha-Buthe and northeast of Berea
  • Berea – southwest of Leribe and north of Maseru
  • Maseru – south of Berea and northeast of Mafeteng
  • Mafeteng – southwest of Maseru and northwest of Mohale's Hoek
  • Mohale's Hoek – southeast of Mafeteng

Domestically, it borders the following provinces:

The Free State borders more districts of Lesotho and more provinces of South Africa than any other province.

It is traversed by the northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

Demographics

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Population density in the Free State
  <1 /km²
  1–3 /km²
  3–10 /km²
  10–30 /km²
  30–100 /km²
  100–300 /km²
  300–1000 /km²
  1000–3000 /km²
  >3000 /km²
 
Dominant home languages in the Free State
  Afrikaans
  English
  Xhosa
  Sotho
  Tswana
  Zulu
  No language dominant

As of the 2022 census, the Free State had a population of 2,961,864, an increase of 8.0% from the prior census in 2011. It recorded the slowest population growth among South Africa's nine provinces between 2011 and 2022. It is also the second-least populous and second-least densely populated province. The median age is 28, an increase of 3 years from 2011.[8]

Race/Ethnicity

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In the 2022 census, 88.9% of the population described themselves as Black African, 8.0% as White, 2.6% as Coloured, and 0.4% as Indian/Asian.[8] The majority of the population are black Africans who speak Sotho as a first language. The vast majority of White people in the Free State are Afrikaners.

Historic Breakdown of Population by Group[8]
Population Group 1996 2001 2011 2022
Black African 84.8% 88.0% 87.6% 88.9%
White 12.1% 8.8% 8.7% 8.0%
Coloured 3.0% 3.1% 3.1% 2.6%
Indian/Asian 0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4%
Other n/a n/a 0.2% 0.2%

The proportion of whites in the province has shrunk considerably since the nineteenth century. In 1880 the white population made up 45.7% of the total population. In 1904 this had fallen to 36.8%.[9] Of the 142,679 people in 1904, only 60% were born in the province. Of the 2,726 European immigrants born in non-British states, 1,025 came from the Russian Empire, mainly Jews. In 1904 whites made up a majority in most settlements, namely Ficksburg (52.3%), Wepener (60.2%), Ladybrand (60.0%), and Kroonstad (51.6%), and made up a substantial minority in Bloemfontein (45.7%) and Winburg (36.3%).

Languages

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In the 2022 census, 72.3% of the population reported their first language as Sotho, 10.3% as Afrikaans, 5.5% as Xhosa, 5.3% as Setswana, and 1.5% as English. The Free State is the only province in which native Sotho-speakers form a majority of the population. It is also the province with the third-highest proportion of Afrikaans speakers, after the Western Cape and the Northern Cape.[8]

Sesotho is the dominant home language in most of the province. Zulu is the major language in the far eastern municipality of Phumelela. Setswana is the main language in Tokologo in the northwest, and in and around the area of Thaba Nchu. Afrikaans is widely spoken throughout the province, as a first language for the majority of whites and coloureds (who constitute a minority) and as a second or third language by Sesotho, Setswana and Xhosa speakers. Although there are relatively few native English speakers, English is becoming increasingly important as the language of business and government. This is evidenced by the shift of tertiary institutions such as the University of the Free State from solely using Afrikaans as the medium of instruction to using both Afrikaans and English, and eventually only English.

Religion

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The population of the Free State is overwhelmingly Christian. As of the 2022 census, 92.7% of the population described themselves as Christians, the third-highest proportion among South Africa's provinces. Among other religions, 4.9% of the population stated that they practiced Traditional African religions, and 0.5% of the population described themselves as Muslim. 1.4% of the population described themselves as being atheist, agnostic, or having no religious affiliation.[8]

Municipalities

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Main article: List of municipalities in the Free State
 
Free State districts and local municipalities

The Free State Province is divided into one metropolitan municipality and four district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 19 local municipalities:

Metropolitan municipalities

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District municipalities

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Major cities and towns

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See also: List of cities and towns in the Free State

The Free State's major towns include:

Government and Politics

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Government

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See also: Executive Council of the Free State

The Free State provincial government is based in Bloemfontein, the provincial capital. The Free State Division of the High Court of South Africa also sits in Bleomfontein.

Like South Africa's other provinces, the Free State has a parliamentary system of government, with the provincial premier elected by the Free State Provincial Legislature. The premier then selects the members of the provincial Executive Council (cabinet). The current premier is Maqueen Letsoha-Mathae of the African National Congress (ANC), who has held the position since 2024.[10]

The provincial legislature is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation and meets at the Vierde Raadsaal in Bloemfontein.

Politics

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See also: 2024 South African provincial elections

The politics of the Free State has been dominated by the ANC since the end of Apartheid. The ANC has won a majority of the vote in every provincial election since 1994.

The most recent provincial election was held in 2024. The ANC again won the election, albeit with a sharply reduced majority. The Democratic Alliance (DA) retained its position as the province's second largest party and official opposition, with a significant increase in its share of the vote.

The results of the 2024 provincial election are as follows:

 
PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
African National Congress429,24151.87  9.2716  3
Democratic Alliance181,06221.88  4.307  1
Economic Freedom Fighters111,85013.52  0.944  0
Freedom Front Plus24,9333.01  0.951  0
uMkhonto weSizwe15,9851.93New1New
African Congress for Transformation15,1201.83New1New
Patriotic Alliance11,7301.42  0.860  0
African Transformation Movement5,8740.71  0.070  0
ActionSA4,5030.54New0New
African Content Movement4,4140.53  0.320  0
African Christian Democratic Party3,9670.48  0.060  0
Build One South Africa2,9160.35New0New
Rise Mzansi2,3480.28New0New
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania1,9700.24  0.070  0
Congress of the People1,8600.22  0.230  0
Inkatha Freedom Party1,5370.19  0.110  0
Arise South Africa1,4530.18New0New
United Africans Transformation1,4080.17New0New
Forum 4 Service Delivery1,1930.14New0New
United Democratic Movement9860.12  0.030  0
African People's Convention6720.08  0.070  0
Abantu Batho Congress5600.07New0New
Sesing Johannes Ramotswabodi5580.07New0New
Good4830.06  0.020  0
All Citizens Party4690.06New0New
National Freedom Party2410.03  0.000  0
African Movement Congress1790.02New0New
Total827,512100.00–30–
Valid votes827,51299.01
Invalid/blank votes8,2800.99
Total votes835,792100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,456,92757.37
Source: Electoral Commission of South Africa

Health

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The Free State is the only province in South Africa that operates a free 24-hour dedicated rotor-wing aeromedical service from a public hospital. They are able to reach far-flung areas in only 45 minutes and deliver a high level of care on scene. On 31 October 2018, Free State Emergency Medical Service launched an additional 65 road ambulances to augment the fleet.

The Free State has many public and private hospitals.

Economy

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The province is the granary of South Africa, with agriculture central to its economy, while mining on the rich goldfields reef is its largest employer.

Agriculture

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Cattle grazing near Winburg

Agriculture dominates the Free State landscape, with cultivated land covering 32,000 square kilometres, and natural veld and grazing a further 87,000 square kilometres of the province. It is also South Africa's leader in the production of biofuels, or fuel from agricultural crops, with a number of ethanol plants under construction in the grain-producing western region. South Africa is one of the top ten Maize producers in the world (12,365,000 tons as of 2013).

Field crops yield almost two-thirds of the gross agricultural income of the province. Animal products contribute a further 30%, with the balance generated by horticulture. Ninety percent of the country's cherry crop is produced in the Ficksburg district, which is also home to the country's two largest asparagus canning factories. Soya, sorghum, sunflowers and wheat are cultivated in the eastern Free State, where farmers specialise in seed production. About 40% of the country's potato yield comes from the province's high-lying areas.

The main vegetable crop is asparagus, both white and green varieties. Although horticulture is expanding and becoming increasingly export-orientated, most produce leaves the province unprocessed.

The Free State's advantage in floriculture is the opposing seasons of the southern and northern hemispheres.

Mining

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The Free State is also rich in mineral wealth, gold representing 20% of the world's total gold production. Mining is the province's major employer. The province has 12 gold mines, producing 30% of South Africa's output and making it the fifth-largest producer of gold in the world. The Harmony Gold Refinery and Rand Refinery are the only two gold refineries in South Africa.

Gold mines in the Free State also supply a substantial portion of the total silver produced in the country, while considerable concentrations of uranium occurring in the gold-bearing conglomerates of the goldfields are extracted as a byproduct.

Bituminous coal is also mined, and converted to petrochemicals at Sasolburg. The Free State also produces high-quality diamonds from its kimberlite pipes and fissures, and the country's largest deposit of bentonite is found in the Koppies district.

Industry

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Since 1989, the Free State economy has moved from dependence on primary sectors such as mining and agriculture to an economy increasingly oriented towards manufacturing and export. Some 14% of the province's manufacturing is classified as being in high-technology industries – the highest of all provincial economies. The northern Free State's chemicals sector is one of the most important in the southern hemisphere. Petrochemicals company Sasol, based in the town of Sasolburg, is a world leader in the production of fuels, waxes, chemicals and low-cost feedstock from coal.

Tourism

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On top of Koranaberg

In the northeastern Free State, nestled in the rolling foothills of the Maluti mountains, the Golden Gate Highlands National Park is the province's prime tourist attraction. The park gets its name from the brilliant shades of gold cast by the sun on the spectacular sandstone cliffs, especially the imposing Brandwag or Sentinel Rock, which keeps vigil over the park.

 
Brandwag (The Sentinel)

The sandstone of this region has been used for the lovely dressed-stone buildings found on the Eastern Highlands, while decoratively painted Sotho houses dot the grasslands. Some of South Africa's most valued San (Bushman) rock art is found in the Free State, particularly in the regions around Clarens, Bethlehem, Ficksburg, Ladybrand and Wepener.

Education

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Universities

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Other educational institutions

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Media

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Newspapers

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Radio

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Sports

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Provincial sport teams

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References

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  1. ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
  2. ^ "Taking the measure of Namahadi Peak" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  3. ^ a b c "Statistical Release - Census 2022" (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022" (PDF), www.statssa.gov.za
  5. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  6. ^ "Cheetahs Return to Laohu Valley Reserve & The Free State". Savechinastigers.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  7. ^ Jens Friis (2 March 2017). "First Wild Cheetahs Born in Free State in Over A Century". Netwerk24. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Statistical Release - Census 2022" (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  9. ^ Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Orange Free State § Inhabitants" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
  10. ^ Gericke, Lientjie Mentz And Marietjie. "Familiar face takes up role". News24. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
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