HMS Nepean was an Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class was an improvement on those of the preceding L class, capable of higher speed. The second Royal Navy vessel to be named after Sir Evan Nepean, and the first not in Australian service, the destroyer was launched in 1916 and joined the Thirteenth Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet. In 1917, Nepean formed part of the escort for the light cruisers Dublin and Sydney when they were attacked by the Zeppelin L 43 and the First Battlecruiser Squadron during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. Neither led to the warship being involved in any action with the enemy. The destroyer finished the war with the Fourth Destroyer Flotilla. After the Armistice, Nepean was placed in reserve before being sold to be broken up in 1921.
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| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | Nepean |
| Namesake | Sir Evan Nepean |
| Ordered | September 1914 |
| Builder | Thornycroft, Woolston, Southampton |
| Laid down | February 1915 |
| Launched | 22 January 1916 |
| Completed | March 1916 |
| Out of service | 15 November 1921 |
| Fate | Sold to be broken up |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Admiralty M-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 971 long tons (987 t) (normal) |
| Length | |
| Beam | 26 ft 8 in (8.1 m) |
| Draught | 8 ft 11 in (2.7 m) |
| Installed power | 3 Yarrow boilers, 25,000 shp (19,000 kW) |
| Propulsion | Brown-Curtiss steam turbines, 3 shafts |
| Speed | 34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph) |
| Range | 2,530 nmi (4,690 km; 2,910 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | 80 |
| Armament |
|
Design and development
editNepean was one of the sixteen Admiralty M-class destroyers ordered by the British Admiralty in September 1914 as part of the First War Programme.[1] The M class was an improved version of the earlier L-class, required to reach a higher speed in order to counter rumoured new German fast destroyers. The remit was to have a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph) and, although ultimately the destroyers fell short of that ambition in service, the extra performance that was achieved was valued by the navy. It transpired that the German warships did not exist.[2]
The destroyer had a length of 265 ft (80.8 m) between perpendiculars and 273 ft 4 in (83.3 m) overall, with a beam of 26 ft 8 in (8.1 m) and draught of 8 ft 11 in (2.7 m). Displacement was 971 long tons (987 t) normal.[3] Power was provided by three Yarrow boilers feeding Brown-Curtiss rated at 23,000 shaft horsepower (17,000 kW), driving three shafts and exhausting through three funnels. Design speed was 34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph).[4] Nepean managed 33.88 knots (62.75 km/h; 38.99 mph) on 22,500 shp (16,800 kW) during trials.[5] A total of 228 long tons (232 t) of oil was carried. Design range was 2,530 nautical miles (4,690 km; 2,910 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph), but actual endurance in service was less; sister ship Murray had a range of 2,240 nautical miles (4,150 km; 2,580 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[3]
Nepean had a main armament consisting of three single QF 4-inch (102 mm) Mk IV guns on the centreline, with one on the forecastle, one aft on a raised platform and one between the middle and aft funnels. Torpedo armament consisted of two twin torpedo tubes for 21 in (533 mm) torpedoes located aft of the funnels.[6][7] Two single 1-pounder 37 mm (1.5 in) "pom-pom" anti-aircraft guns were carried.[8] The anti-aircraft guns were later replaced by 2-pdr 40 mm (1.6 in) "pom-pom" guns.[3] The ship had a complement of 80 officers and ratings.[8]
Construction and career
editNepean was laid down by John I. Thornycroft & Company at their yard in Woolston, Southampton in February 1915, was launched on 22 January the following year and was completed three months later in March.[9] The destroyer was the second vessel in the Royal Navy to be named after Sir Evan Nepean, and the first not to be in Australian service.[10][11] The warship was deployed as part of the Grand Fleet, joining the Thirteenth Destroyer Flotilla.[12] The flotilla was based at the naval base in Rosyth. On 30 May, Nepean was the only member of the flotilla not to sail with the Grand Fleet to confront the German High Seas Fleet in what would be the Battle of Jutland.[13]
On 30 April 1917, the destroyer was the target of a torpedo launched by the German submarine UC-77.[14] It missed.[15] On 3 May, the destroyer formed part of the escort for the light cruisers Dublin and Sydney, along with sister ships Obdurate, Pelican and Pylades, on a routine patrol of the North Sea. During the following day, they were attacked by the Zeppelin L 43.[16] The airship bombed the British ships, causing minor damage to Obdurate but otherwise causing no harm.[17] During the attack, the destroyer had identified a torpedo attack from German submarines.[16] Increasing activity from submarines against merchant shipping had led to the creation of a convoy system relying on destroyer escorts.[18] The flotilla was called upon to accompany over 26 vessels a day.[19] On 16 October, the destroyer joined with 53 other destroyers and 27 lights cruisers in an unsuccessful search for an escorted German minelayer.[20] At the same time, German cruisers attacked a convoy crossing to Scandinavia. The loss of nine merchant ships and three escorts led to the Admiralty increasing the escort to nine M-class destroyers.[21] During the following month, from 16 November, the destroyer formed part of the escort for the First Battlecruiser Squadron, led by Lion, which left Rosyth to attack German minesweepers.[22] Nepean did not take part in the subsequent Second Battle of Heligoland Bight, which involved large numbers of ships from both sides.[23]
At the end of the war, Nepean was part of the Fourth Destroyer Flotilla based at Devonport.[24] After the Armistice that ended the war, the Royal Navy returned to a peacetime level of strength and both the number of ships and personnel needed to be reduced to save money.[25] The destroyer was transferred to reserve at Nore.[26] However, the harsh conditions of wartime operations, particularly the combination of high speed and the poor weather that is typical of the North Sea, exacerbated by the fact that the hull was not galvanised, meant that the ship was soon worn out.[27] Nepean was declared superfluous to operational requirements, retired, and, on 15 November 1921, was sold to Cashmore of Newport, Wales, and broken up in 1923.[11]
Pennant numbers
edit| Pennant number | Date |
|---|---|
| G18 | September 1915[28] |
| F03 | January 1917[29] |
| HA5 | [30] |
| H44 | June 1918[31] |
| G83 | January 1919[32] |
| H9A | January 1922[30] |
References
editCitations
edit- ^ McBride 1991, p. 45.
- ^ Friedman 2009, p. 132.
- ^ a b c Friedman 2009, p. 296.
- ^ Parkes & Prendergast 1969, p. 109.
- ^ McBride 1991, p. 44.
- ^ Preston 1985, pp. 76, 80.
- ^ March 1966, p. 174.
- ^ a b Preston 1985, p. 76.
- ^ Friedman 2009, p. 308.
- ^ Manning & Walker 1959, p. 312.
- ^ a b Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 241.
- ^ "Destroyer Flotillas of the Grand Fleet". Supplement to the Monthly Navy List: 12. April 1916. Retrieved 15 June 2023 – via National Library of Scotland.
- ^ Corbett 1920, p. 430.
- ^ Newbolt 1931, p. 133.
- ^ Newbolt 1931, p. 151.
- ^ Newbolt 1931, pp. 158, 159.
- ^ Newbolt 1931, p. 168.
- ^ Newbolt 1931, p. 176.
- ^ "VII Local Defence and Escort Flotillas". Supplement to the Monthly Navy List: 17. October 1918. Retrieved 15 June 2023 – via National Library of Scotland.
- ^ Moretz 2002, p. 79.
- ^ "V Vessels in Reserve at Home Ports and Other Bases". The Supplement to the Monthly Navy List: 16. July 1919. Retrieved 15 June 2023 – via National Library of Scotland.
- ^ Preston 1985, p. 80.
- ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 62.
- ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 45.
- ^ a b Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 78.
- ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 73.
- ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 67.
Bibliography
edit- Bush, Steve; Warlow, Ben (2021). Pendant Numbers of the Royal Navy: A Complete History of the Allocation of Pendant Numbers to Royal Navy Warships & Auxiliaries. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-526793-78-2.
- Colledge, James Joseph; Warlow, Ben (2006). Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy. London: Chatham Press. ISBN 978-1-93514-907-1.
- Corbett, Julian S. (1920). Naval Operations: Volume III. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 1049894619.
- Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the First World War. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.
- Manning, Thomas Davys; Walker, Charles Frederick (1959). British Warship Names. London: Putnam. OCLC 780274698.
- March, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission From Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.
- McBride, Keith (1991). "British 'M' Class Destroyers of 1913–14". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Warship 1991. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 34–49. ISBN 978-0-85177-582-1.
- Monograph No. 34: Home Waters—Part VIII: December 1916 to April 1917 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVIII. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1933.
- Monograph No. 35: Home Waters—Part IX.: 1st May, 1917 to 31st July, 1917 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XIX. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1939.
- Moretz, Joseph (2002). The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-71465-196-5.
- Newbolt, Henry (1928). Naval Operations: Volume IV. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 1049894132.
- Newbolt, Henry (1931). Naval Operations: Volume V. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 220475309.
- Parkes, Oscar; Prendergast, Maurice (1969). Jane's Fighting Ships 1919. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. OCLC 907574860.
- Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
- Poolman, Kenneth (1985). Armed Merchant Cruisers. London: Cooper. ISBN 978-0-43637-706-8.