Wikipedia

List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates

(Redirected from Hangure)
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 November 2024.

The following is a listing of enterprises, gangs, mafias, and criminal syndicates that are involved in organized crime. Tongs and outlaw motorcycle gangs, as well as terrorist, militant, and paramilitary groups, are mentioned if they are involved in criminal activity for funding. However, since their stated aim and genesis is often ideological rather than commercial, they are distinct from mafia-type groups.

Drug cartels

edit
See also: Allegations of CIA drug trafficking

In several drug-producing or transit countries, drug traffickers have taken advantage of local corruption and lack of law enforcement to establish cartels turning in millions if not billions of dollars each year. Sometimes if government enforcement is particularly poor, the cartels become quasi-paramilitary organizations.

Latin America

edit
See also: List of drug cartels in South America, Manuel Noriega, narcokleptocracy, Service d'Intelligence National, and Yomagate

Brazil

edit
Active
edit

Colombia

edit
See also: Guerrilla movements in Colombia and The Extraditables
Active
edit
Defunct
edit

Mexico

edit

Asia

edit
See also: List of drug cartels in Asia and Manchukuo § Drug trafficking

North American organized crime

edit

Canada

edit

United States

edit
See also: The Order (white supremacist group)

American Mafia

edit

Italian immigrants to the United States in the early 19th century brought with them the underground government many Americans refer to as "Cosa Nostra" (Our Thing) along with its traditions and formal induction rituals along with the concepts and precepts of Omerta, which espouses honorable and manly behavior at all times and under all conditions, taking care of your own problems and assisting your community, as well as non-cooperation with corrupt law enforcement and government officials. Many Italian-Americans around this same time also formed various small-time gangs which gradually evolved into sophisticated crime syndicates, but the nationwide organization known as "Cosa Nostra" has traditionally dominated organized crime in America for several decades. Although government crackdowns and a less-tightly knit Italian-American community have largely reduced its power, the American Mafia remains an active force in the underworld

Active
edit
Defunct
edit

Jewish mafia

edit

African-American organized crime

edit

Irish Mob

edit

European organized crime

edit

Italian organized crime

edit
See also: Propaganda Due

Organized crime in Italy, especially the south, has existed for hundreds of years and has given rise to a number of notorious organizations with their own traditions and subculture which have managed to infiltrate almost every part of Italian society.[44] The Italian mafia is often thought of as being the archetype for organized crime worldwide.

British organised crime "firms"

edit
See also: List of organisations known as the Irish Republican Army and Ulster loyalism § Paramilitary and vigilante groups

Balkan organized crime

edit

Balkan organized crime gained prominence in the chaos following the communist era, notably the transition to capitalism and the wars in former Yugoslavia.

Post-Soviet organized crime

edit
See also: List of post-Soviet mobsters

Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during the transition to capitalism. The term Russian Mafia, 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of the USSR and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members.

Caucasian crime syndicates

edit

See also Caucasus Emirate

Central Asian crime syndicates

edit

Asian organized crime

edit

East Asian criminal organizations

edit

Korean criminal organizations

edit
See also: North Korea's illicit activities

Japanese Yakuza

edit
Main article: List of Yakuza syndicates
See also: Kenji Doihara and Aum Shinrikyo

Active yakuza groups

Defunct yakuza groups

Hangure (半グレ, literally "half-grey") are considered to be “jun-bōryokudan(準暴力団, quasi-yakuza)” groups. The term half-grey in Japanese refers to groups that commit crimes, yet are not considered to fit the description of criminal organizations (referring to yakuza clans in this context). They mostly consist of former Bōsōzoku teenagers and former juvenile delinquents (also known as furyō(不良)) in middle and high schools, who became an adult[67] and refuse to join the Yakuza because of their dislike for the traditional code of the Yakuza. Sometimes they outsource their crimes to their kōhai delinquents at Old Bōsōzoku group or Alma Mater as Senpai.[68][69]

Chinese Triads

edit

Hong Kong-based Triads

Taiwan-based Triads

Triads in Chợ Lớn

Southeast Asian criminal organizations

edit
See also: Piracy in the Strait of Malacca and Pirates of the South China Coast

Thai gangs

edit

Cambodian crime gangs

edit

Indonesian crime gangs

edit

Malaysian crime gangs

edit

Filipino crime gangs

edit

Vietnamese Xã Hội Đen

edit

South Asian criminal organizations

edit
See also: Haqqani Network and Zomi Revolutionary Army

Indian mafia

edit
See also: Insurgency in Northeast India

Sri Lankan criminal groups

edit

Pakistani mafia

edit
See also: Peoples' Aman Committee, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan, and Inter-Services Intelligence

Middle Eastern criminal organizations

edit
See also: Free Syrian Army, Shabeeha, al-Qaeda in Iraq, Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, Lions of Hussein, Piracy in the Persian Gulf, and Houthi movement

[79][80]

Iranian mafia

edit

Israeli mafia

edit
See also: Lehi (group)

Lebanese mafia

edit
See also: Lebanese Civil War

Turkish mafia[3][4][84]

edit
See also: Illegal drug trade in Turkey, Crime groups in Turkey, and Deep state in Turkey
See also: Kurdistan Workers' Party

Yemeni mafia

edit

Australian organized crime

edit
See also: Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union, Nugan Hand Bank, and List of gangs in Australia

Caribbean crime groups

edit
See also: Piracy in the Caribbean

African organized crime

edit
See also: Taxi wars in South Africa, blood diamond, Kivu conflict § Conflict minerals, Barbary Coast, Al-Shabaab (militant group), Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and Boko Haram

Cybercrime networks

edit
See also: List of hacker groups

As society enters the Information Age, certain individuals take advantage of easy flow of information over the Internet to commit online fraud or similar activities. Often the hackers will form a network to better facilitate their activities. On occasion the hackers will be a part of a criminal gang involved in more 'blue collar crime', but this is unusual.

Drug and smuggling rings

edit

Smuggling is a behavior that has occurred ever since there were laws or a moral code that forbade access to a specific person or object. At the core of any smuggling organization is the economic relationship between supply and demand. From the organization's point of view, the issues are what the consumer wants, and how much the consumer is willing to pay the smuggler or smuggling organization to obtain it.

Drug rings

edit

Prison gangs

edit

Prisons are a natural meeting place for criminals, and for the purposes of protection from other inmates and business prisoners join gangs. These gangs often develop a large influence outside the prison walls through their networks. Most prison gangs do more than offer simple protection for their members. Most often, prison gangs are responsible for any drug, tobacco or alcohol handling inside correctional facilities. Furthermore, many prison gangs involve themselves in prostitution, assaults, kidnappings and murders. Prison gangs often seek to intimidate the other inmates, pressuring them to relinquish their food and other resources. In addition, prison gangs often exercise a large degree of influence over organized crime in the "free world", larger than their isolation in prison might lead one to expect.

Prison gangs in the United States

edit

Street gangs

edit

Youth gangs have often served as a recruiting ground for more organized crime syndicates, where juvenile delinquents grow up to be full-fledged mobsters, as well as providing muscle and other low-key work. Increasingly, especially in the United States and other western countries, street gangs are becoming much more organized in their own right with a hierarchical structure and are fulfilling the role previously taken by traditional organized crime.

North America

edit

African-American

edit

Native American/Indigenous

edit

Asian-American

edit

Hispanic

edit

Historical

edit

Gangs in Canada

edit

Other

edit

South America

edit

Europe

edit

Africa

edit

Asia

edit

Oceania

edit

Outlaw motorcycle clubs

edit
See also: List of outlaw motorcycle clubs

Other

edit

Historical

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "New York/New Jersey High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis 2008 - Drug Trafficking Organizations". Justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  2. ^ "Supreme Court orders arrests of three". Diario Libre. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Shanty, Frank & Mishra, Patit (2007) Organized crime : from trafficking to terrorism, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-337-8
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Glenny, Misha (2009) McMafia, Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-9512-3
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs Newton, Michael (2007) Gangsters Encyclopedia, Anova Books, ISBN 1-84340-402-8
  6. ^ a b Tom Phillips in Rio de Janeiro (2009-10-17). "The Observer - Twelve dead and helicopter downed as Rio de Janeiro drug gangs go to war". London: Guardian. Archived from the original on 2013-09-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  7. ^ "Criminal Groups". insightcrime.org. 2017-03-27. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  8. ^ a b "El ministro de Defensa aseguró que con este logro se desarticula toda la organización". infobae.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "DEA History Book, Part 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Chepesiuk, Ron (1999) The war on drugs: an international encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 0-87436-985-1
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Schneider, Stephen (2009) Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-470-83500-1
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Salinger, Lawrence (2005) Encyclopedia of white-collar & corporate crime: A - I, Volume 1 SAGE, ISBN 0-7619-3004-3
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l STRATFOR Mexico: The Struggle for Balance Archived April 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ a b c Lange, Jason (2010-01-22). "Reuters - From spas to banks, Mexico economy rides on drugs". Uk.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  15. ^ a b Booth, Martin (2000) The dragon syndicates: the global phenomenon of the Triads Basic Books, ISBN 0-7867-0869-7
  16. ^ "Warlord or Druglord?". Time. 2007-02-08. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Capeci, Jerry (2002) The complete idiot's guide to the Mafia, Alpha Books, ISBN 0-02-864225-2
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8160-5694-1
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rockaway, Robert A (2000) But he was good to his mother: the lives and crimes of Jewish gangsters, Gefen Publishing House Ltd, ISBN 965-229-249-4
  20. ^ Carey, Elaine (2014). Women Drug Traffickers: Mules, Bosses, and Organized Crime. UNM Press. pp. 100–103. ISBN 978-0-8263-5199-9.
  21. ^ a b Angle, Paul M (2991) Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American Lawlessness, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-06233-7
  22. ^ McGarvey, Brendan. "Pole-Vaulting". Philadelphia City Paper. Citypaper.net. Archived from the original on 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  23. ^ "Greenpoint Crew Indictment". Justice.gov. 2006-03-08. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  24. ^ a b c d e Kavieff, Paul (2008) Detroit's Infamous Purple Gang Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 0-7385-5238-0
  25. ^ a b "National Drug Intelligence Center - Wisconsin Drug Threat Assessment (2001)". Justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  26. ^ McGarvey, Brendan. "Buon Natale!". Philadelphia City Paper. Citypaper.net. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  27. ^ "Man Tied to Mafia Guilty on 10 Counts". NY Times. 1992-06-20. Archived from the original on 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  28. ^ a b Allan MacDonell (2003-10-02). "In Too Deep". LA Times. Laweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "New Jersey Commission of Investigation Report - Changing face of organized crime" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chepesiuk, Ron (2007) Gangsters of Harlem: the gritty underworld of New York City's most famous neighborhood, Barricade Books, ISBN 1-56980-318-8
  31. ^ a b c "Meet the Genovese Crime Family's New Boss". NY Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  32. ^ Rashbaum, William K. (2002-12-10). "Queens Father and Son Accused In Illegal Gambling Operation". NY Times. Archived from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  33. ^ Shaer, Matthew (September 2, 2014) "Epstein Orthodox Hit Squad" Archived 2019-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, GQ
  34. ^ Spoto, MaryAnn (December 17, 2015) "Rabbis Sentenced to Prison for Plot to Kidnap Husbands in Divorce Cases" Archived 2017-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, NJ.com
  35. ^ a b c d e f g American Gangster, BET Archived May 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "DEA - News Release: DEA Deals Motor City Mafia a Knock-out Blow". Justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  37. ^ a b c d "New Jersey Commission of Investigation Report - Afro-lineal organized crime" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h English, T.J. Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. New York: HarperCollins, 2005, ISBN 0-06-059002-5
  39. ^ a b c Gayraud, Jean-François (2009) Showbiz, people et corruption, Odile Jacob, ISBN 2-7381-2232-9
  40. ^ "French 'Barbarian' killer jailed". BBC News. 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  41. ^ Charles Bacelon, Max Clos, etc. Histoire du banditisme et des grandes affaires criminelles, Genève : éditions Famot, 1974. OCLC 77615747
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Morton, James Gangland Volume 2: The Underworld in Britain and Ireland, 1995, ISBN 978-0-7515-1406-3
  43. ^ a b c d Dagens Nyheter - Ligorna har kopplat greppet om Sverige Archived 2010-08-19 at the Wayback Machine (Swedish)
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Roberto Saviano (2006) Gomorrah: Italy's Other Mafia, Mondadori, ISBN 88-04-55450-9.
  45. ^ a b c Siegel, Dina (2003) Global organized crime: trends and developments, Springer, ISBN 1-4020-1818-5
  46. ^ a b c d Ansley, Greg (April 24, 2010). "Aussie gang boss' death points to inside job". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  47. ^ "Camorra boss seized in farm raid". BBC News. 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  48. ^ Nick Squires in Rome 10:00PM BST 05 Jul 2010 (2010-07-05). "Mafia gangster tomb reopened to solve 30-year-old mystery". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-02-19.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ Cristiano Armati, Italia criminale. Personaggi, fatti e avvenimenti di un'Italia violenta, Newton Compton Editori, 2006 ISBN 978-88-541-1083-0
  50. ^ a b c d e f "The Independent- Gun gangs of the capital". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h Thomas, Donald (2006) Villains' paradise: a history of Britain's underworld, Pegasus Books, ISBN 1-933648-17-1
  52. ^ FBI - Cases - Not your average syndicate Archived June 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ Aftenposten - Princ Dobroshi satt fri Archived 2010-01-13 at the Wayback Machine (Norwegian)
  54. ^ "JEDNA KARIJERA: Tragom "poslovanja" Zijada Turkovića". zurnal.info. October 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  55. ^ "Bosnian Mirza Gacanin, a Leading Figure in "Tito and Dino" Clan, arrested in Netherlands". Sarajevo Times. 2020-05-31. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  56. ^ Latif, Edina (2018-06-08). "Razbijena automafija u BiH: 27 osoba optuženo da su ukrali najmanje 200 automobila". Index.ba (in Bosnian). Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  57. ^ "BBC News - 'Pink Panther' Tokyo heist suspect extradited to Japan". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-08-14. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  58. ^ Bradarić, Branimir. "Može li se HDZ ubuduće nazivati kriminalnom strankom". balkans.aljazeera.net (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2022-02-16. English translation: Supreme court's second degree verdict opened a question on whether Croatian Democratic Union in future communication can be called a corrupt political party and similar names. The same question is raised about the party's members, especially those holding higher positions. Croatian lawyer Ante Nobilo said that these are two separate things and should be seen as such. "HDZ is a legally convicted political party for certain crimes and that party, in a sense of a juridical person, can be called corrupt and criminal. However, party members, as natural persons, do not bear collective responsibility and everyone is responsible for itself. With that in mind, HDZ members cannot be proclaimed as criminals, just because they are HDZ members. Pravomoćna presuda Vrhovnog suda otvorila je i pitanje može li se u svakoj daljoj komunikaciji HDZ nazivati koruptivnom političkom strankom i sličnim nazivima. Isto pitanje odnosi se i na članove stranke, posebno one na višim pozicijama. Hrvatski odvjetnik Ante Nobilo kaže kako su to dvije odvojene stvari koje tako i treba gledati. "HDZ je pravomoćno osuđena politička stranka za određena kaznena djela i tu stranku, kao pravnu osobu, može se nazvati koruptivnom i kriminalnom. Međutim, članovi stranke kao fizičke osobe nemaju kolektivnu odgovornost i svako odgovara za sebe. Samim tim se članove HDZ-a ne može proglasiti kriminalcima samo zato što su članovi HDZ-a", rekao je Nobilo.
  59. ^ "HDZ je bez sumnje zločinačka organizacija. Pogledajte koliko su pokrali". www.index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  60. ^ a b c d Blumenthal, Ralph (1989-06-04). "Soviet Emigre Mob Outgrows Brooklyn, and Fear Spreads". NY Times. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Varese, Frederico (2005) The Russian mafia: private protection in a new market economy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-927949-7
  62. ^ "NY Times - Lithuanians Close A Nuclear Reactor After 3 Threats". New York Times. 1994-11-15. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  63. ^ a b c Schwirtz, Michael (2008-07-30). "The New York Times - In a River Raid, a glimpse of Russia's criminal elite". The New York Times. Russia. Archived from the original on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  64. ^ a b c d CBS News/Associated Press - Armenian Organized Crime Grows More Complex[dead link]
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Kaplan, David E. & Dubro, Alec (2003) Yakuza: Japan's criminal underworld, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-21562-1
  66. ^ "Mayor's assassination sparks new yakuza fears". The Australian. 2007-04-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  67. ^ "【暴力団幹部が語る】令和の不良の行き着く先「半グレ」を現役ヤクザはどう見ているのか？ - 半グレとヤクザ＃2". Shukan Bunshun. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  68. ^ "八王子で高1が拳銃自殺の衝撃 15歳の少年が本物を買えるのか？". Nikkan Gendai digital. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  69. ^ "「きまぐれに堤防に20発撃ち尽くし、銃を海に投げ捨て…」半グレ「怒羅権」元幹部が体験した"逮捕の一部始終"". Shukan Bunshun. 20 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Inside the hunt for the man known as 'Asia's El Chapo'". October 14, 2019. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  71. ^ Allard, Tom (14 October 2019). "The hunt for Asia's El Chapo". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  72. ^ Mahlmann, Ning-Ning. "Chinese Criminal Enterprises". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  73. ^ "USAO/CDCA Press Release". 2007-01-24. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  74. ^ "Court May Have Slain Black Dragon". Streetgangs.com. 2005-06-21. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  75. ^ "AsianWeek: Bay News: 21 Boys Gangsters Sentenced for Extortion". Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  76. ^ a b "'Mosquito brother' celebrates 90th birthday in style". Taipei Times. 2012-02-12. Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  77. ^ "Cops shoot dead four Mamak Gang members". The Star. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  78. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004) Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5
  79. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (2012-09-08). "Syrian rebels use kidnappings to raise funds". Vancouversun.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  80. ^ "BBC News — Syria unrest: Who are the shabiha?". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-05-29. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  81. ^ Vardi, Nathan (2008-04-25). "In Pictures: The World's 10 Most Wanted". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  82. ^ "Office of Public Affairs | Justice Department Announces Charges and New Arrest in Connection with Assassination Plot Directed from Iran | United States Department of Justice". 27 January 2023.
  83. ^ "UK and US step up action to tackle domestic threat from Iran".
  84. ^ a b c "Keeping tabs on the Turkish connection". BBC News. 2002-11-14. Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  85. ^ Rotlicht-Pate muss neun Jahre hinter Gitter Archived 2012-08-04 at archive.today (German)
  86. ^ "Yemen minister likens Houthis to mafia". Al-Sakwah. 2021-05-30. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  87. ^ "Yemen". Global Organized Crime Index.
  88. ^ "The largest robbery in the history of Yemen...the Houthi mafia swallows up state lands and housing". News Yemen. 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  89. ^ "A Presidential Council: The Best of Bad Alternatives to Hadi". The Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies. 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  90. ^ Writer, Larry (2009) Razor: Tilly Devine, Kate Leigh and the Razor Gangs Pan Macmillan Australia Pty, ISBN 1-4050-3951-5
  91. ^ a b Small, Clive & Gilling, Tom (2010) Smack Express: How Organized Crime Got Hooked on Drugs, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-74237-208-2
  92. ^ Summers, Chris (2002-05-17). "'Malign and corrosive' gangsters". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  93. ^ "London Evening Standard - Yardies at war on our doorsteps". Thisislondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Kinnear, Karen L (2009) Gangs: a reference handbook, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-59884-125-4
  95. ^ a b c d Gundert, Levi. "The State of Cybercrimes". Freedom From Fear Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  96. ^ a b "The Observer - Four million Britons have fallen victim to identity fraud. Are you next?". London: Guardian. 2007-12-08. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  97. ^ "Spamhaus Profile". Spamhaus.org. 2007-06-30. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  98. ^ a b Lansberry, Frederick (2001) Government and politics in Kent, 1640-1914, Boydell & Brewer, ISBN 0-85115-586-3
  99. ^ David Francis, Chronicle Foreign Service (2008-03-31). "SFGate Mexican drug cartels move into human smuggling". Articles.sfgate.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  100. ^ a b "Tru-tv Crime Library - "The Company" Drug Smuggling Ring". Trutv.com. 1978-11-21. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  101. ^ Ferchland, William (2002-08-23). "Drug smuggler's money goes to agencies". Tahoe Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  102. ^ Extra Cheese: Busting a pizza connection[permanent dead link], Time Magazine, April 23, 1984
  103. ^ The Sicilian Connection, Time Magazine, October 15, 1984
  104. ^ "From Women's League to Chains". NY Times. 1989-12-20. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  105. ^ "BBC News - Rhys Ifans as ex-drug baron Howard Marks on screen". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-06-23. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  106. ^ a b c Kemp, Ross (2008) Gangs, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-103225-2
  107. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Gangland, Discovery Channel
  108. ^ a b c d e f National Gang Threat Assessment 2009 - Appendix C - Prison gangs Archived August 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  109. ^ a b Dan Glaister in Los Angeles (2006-03-15). "Death penalty urged for Aryan Brotherhood gang". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  110. ^ "Soldiers of Aryan Culture". Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
  111. ^ "Department of Justice Press Release - Founding Member of White Supremacist Prison Gang European Kindred (EK) Sentenced to 90 Months in Federal Prison". Portland.fbi.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  112. ^ "FBI — Seattle Gang Dismantled". Fbi.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  113. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Will County Sheriff's Office - Gang Suppression Unit". Willcosheriff.org. 2012-01-05. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  114. ^ a b Willwerth, James (2001-06-24). "From Killing Fields to Mean Streets". TIME Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  115. ^ Page 2 of 2 (2007-02-19). "ABC News - Mean Streets: Gangs Going Digital". Abcnews.go.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  116. ^ a b c d e f g h "LAPD Online - Gang Injunctions". Archived from the original on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  117. ^ "Purported Gang Leader Guilty Of Manslaughter". KMBC. 2008-11-18. Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  118. ^ Mathis, Greg & Walker, Brian S (2002) Inner city miracle Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-345-44642-9
  119. ^ Jany, Libor (March 4, 2019) "East African Community Reeling from Weekend Violence, Demands Solutions" Archived 2020-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Star Tribune. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
  120. ^ "New York City Chinatown > Newspaper Articles". Nychinatown.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  121. ^ "五花八門大雜燴_黑幫". Cybertranslator.idv.tw. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  122. ^ "Bemboo Tigers". Brockmorris.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  123. ^ Winton, Richard (2008-11-18). "LA Times - L.A., Glendale unite to fight gang". Articles.latimes.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  124. ^ "Latin Counts" Archived 2019-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Gang History. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  125. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Asbury, Herbert The Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927, ISBN 1-56025-275-8
  126. ^ a b c Vancouver Sun - Killer to testify at Surrey Six trial Archived July 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  127. ^ "CTV - Police arrest 51 alleged gang members in Ontario". Ctv.ca. 2001-10-19. Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  128. ^ Gammie, Joe; Davis, Margaret; Peracha, Qasim (2019-07-28). "How a South London gang supplied drugs across the South East". MyLondon. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  129. ^ Kirk, Tristan (2020-01-21). "Drill rapper Loski 'caught with loaded gun to use on gang rivals'". www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  130. ^ a b "London map 'shows territories of dozens of gangs'". Sky News. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  131. ^ Simon Hattenstone (2006-02-25). "The Guardian - Looking for troubles". London: Guardian. Archived from the original on 2013-08-29. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  132. ^ a b The Copenhagen Post - Prisons under pressure to evenly distribute gangs Archived September 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  133. ^ Eksner, Julia H (2007) Ghetto ideologies, youth identities and stylized Turkish German: Turkish youths in Berlin-Kreuzberg LIT Verlag Münster, ISBN 3-8258-8841-X
  134. ^ "Sydney Morning Herald - Assyrian gang leader linked to murder". Smh.com.au. 2006-04-11. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  135. ^ "The West Australian - Sword Boys link to gym shooting". Au.news.yahoo.com. 2009-09-26. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  136. ^ Whittaker, Mark (2007-11-03). "A town like Wadeye". The Australian. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  137. ^ "ESPN - Falcons' Vick indicted by grand jury in dogfighting probe". ESPN. 2007-07-18. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  138. ^ a b c Published on Saturday 31 October 2009 18:47 (2009-10-31). "Hitting violent street gangs where it hurts". Scotland on Sunday. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2012-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  139. ^ Smith, Jeff (2009). Alias Soapy Smith: The Life and Death of a Scoundrel, Klondike Research. ISBN 0-9819743-0-9
  140. ^ Vincent, Isabel (2007) Bodies and Souls: The Tragic Plight of Three Jewish Women Forced Into Prostitution in the Americas Random House of Canada, ISBN 0-679-31163-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_criminal_enterprises,_gangs,_and_syndicates&oldid=1255521286#Japanese_Yakuza"