Help talk:IPA/Thai

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Should [a:] be given as the or an alt trans. for mid tone? It is frequently not marked.

Should diphthongs end in [ə]? They don't quite reach [a], and that would have the benefit of making it clear that they're diphthongs.

— kwami (talk) 06:40, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

First remark above is too garbled to understand. (Now I see: "the or an".) I would support unmarked midtone (I'm never in favour of alternatives in these pages). The IPA handbook uses [a] in diphthongs; The RTGS also uses a; let's stick to the familiar usage.

Another question: should we list the long vowels (being simpler) first?

−Woodstone (talk) 07:01, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

We have both marked and unmarked tones in the articles, so until that is cleaned up we should have both here too. But there are only a few articles. — kwami (talk) 08:52, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Changed the a-final diphthongs to ə-final, following Lao. This is also more intuitive from German etc, and it's doubtful the Thai vowels ever actually reach [a]. — kwami (talk) 20:05, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

What's that based on? — Ƶ§œš¹ _{[aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]} 20:21, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

What I've seen is phonemic /a/ but phonetic [ə] (or [ɛ, o] before [j, w]). We have that description for Lao, and our vowel chart (from the Handbook?) has the target as [ɜ] rather than [a]. — kwami (talk) 21:41, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

IPA diacritic for Lao low falling tone

Dearest all,
Where is this diacritic: a̭ (below the a) from? Is it an official IPA symbol? If so, would you please give me some references? I have attempted to replace it with a᷆ as it is an IPA symbol for low falling tone, but my edits have been reverted. The other symbol that I have seen in transcription for the Lao low falling tone is ȁ (http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm), but we do not see it for Lao here on Wikipedia. If a᷆ is not to be preferred (I assume it's a fairly new IPA symbol; so, we don't see it in linguistic articles on Lao outside of Wikipedia), then I think ȁ should instead be used because it is at least an IPA symbol. However, I will stop reverting edits now as I do not see a point in doing so anymore.
Best,
--Alif Silpachai (talk) 07:47, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

The official IPA symbol is not used much because it's difficult to read; it also doesn't have the best font support (though maybe that's not the problem it used to be). Usually when those newer diacritics are required, phoneticians just switch to Chao tone letters. Since Thai tone is fairly simple, we went with diacritics, and this is the single case where the basic five don't suffice. A subscript grave accent was used in the IPA until 1989; since it was never reassigned, it would still be understood to have that value. That would avoid the legibility problem of the new symbol. The double-grave for bottom tone might also work. (It's not officially a falling-tone symbol, but it's not uncommon to apply symbols a bit loosely.)

In checked syllables, we could simply transcribe it as low, since it's the only low tone. — kwami (talk) 08:08, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Thank you for your response. It would be difficult to write superscripted Chao letters here on Wikipedia like the way they do in linguistics articles. Personally, I think Chao letters should be used in phonetic transcriptions not phonemic. Alternatively, some linguists simply use numbers to indicate which tone it is: 1 = first tone, 2 = second tone etc. If the diacritic has been outdated for 24 years then I don't see a point in using it anymore. We should either use the new and proper diacritic (a᷆) or ȁ. How do I put this into a vote? --Alif Silpachai (talk) 08:35, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Northern Thai?

We apparently have a separate Help:IPA for Northern Thai but this help page still seems to encode for Northern Thai. If we're already covering Lao and Thai together, I'm not sure if we would need a separate guide for Northern Thai. Thoughts? — Ƶ§œš¹ _{[lɛts b̥iː pʰəˈlaɪˀt]} 22:04, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

Now also an Isan Thai column was added. However there is no difference at all, except some omitted letters. This does not serve any purpose. The idea of this page is to show how each symbol is rendered in IPA. It does not matter if a variant of Thai does not use all symbols. I propose to revert to only one column for Thai. −Woodstone (talk) 05:13, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

Isan Thai is basically Lao written in Thai script, so there may be an argument for a separate column, but I think it can be handled with footnotes. The only real difference in Isan that's relevant to this page is that <ร> and <หร> are /l/ or /h/ (eg. รำ = /lám/; รัก = /hāk/) and <ญ> and <หญ> are /ɲ/ and ฉ, ช, ฌ (/tɕʰ/) aren't used. Tone contours are also different, but I think that's already handled sufficiently on this page. So it's a little more than "some omitted letters" since a few letters have different values, but that can easily be indicated with footnotes. Northern Thai, on the other hand, is perhaps different enough to warrant the current situation of being a separate IPA Help page.--William Thweatt ^TalkContribs 23:18, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

@WilliamThweatt: In the case of Northern Thai, do you mean differences in spelling? Mr KEBAB (talk) 09:30, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

Correspondence between IPA tones and Thai/Lao tone marks (Mai ek/tho/etc.)

This article gives the IPA tones present in Thai and Lao, but it fails to show which tone marks (called mai ek/eak, mai tho/toh, mai tri/dtree/ti, and mai chattawa/juttawa/catawa) correspond to such tones. According to this external link on Thai tone marks, mai eak is low2, mai toh is falling3, mai dtree is high4, and mai juttawa is rising5; no tone mark means mid tone, I assume. Probably the same applies to Lao. It would be useful to add those tone marks to the tones table in this article. Thank you. 24.139.84.34 (talk) 16:52, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

It is much more complicated than that. The tone marks don't "correspond" to tones. The tone is an integral part of the spoken word, just as important as the consonants and vowels. In writing, the tone of a spoken word is indicated with combinations of high/mid/low class consonants, vowel length, final consonants and, sometimes, tone markers. The tone indicated by a particular spelling depends on all 4 of these factors, not just the tone marker. Furthermore, Thai tones are different than Lao tones. In fact, different dialects within both Thai and Lao have different tone contours and even totally different tones. Central Thai has 5 tones, Chiang Mai Thai has 6 tones, most Lao and Isan dialects have 6 tones, while some have 7 and Lao in Luang Prabang has 5. So, in central Thai, a mai ek with a low class consonant indicates a falling tone, but a mai ek with a mid class consonant indicates a low tone. In most dialects of Lao, a mai ek with either a low or mid class consonant indicates a mid level tone. There is no one-to-one correspondence between tone marker and spoken tone. See Thai language, Thai alphabet#Tone, Lao language#Indication of tones and Isan language#Vientiane Lao Dialect for more info and references.--William Thweatt ^TalkContribs 20:33, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress

There is a move discussion in progress on Help talk:IPA which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:18, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

Consonant positions

The page should, but doesn't, indicate the different symbols representing each consonant when it is in different positions (initial, medial, final); it currently shows the symbols representing the consonants when they are in initial positions only.

For example:

• The consonant "ข" is represented by [kʰ] when it begins a syllable (e.g. "ขัน" = [kʰǎn]), but is represented by [k] when it ends a syllable (e.g. "นัข" = [nák]).
• The consonant "ญ" is represented by [j] when it begins a syllable (e.g. "ญี่" = [jî:]), but is represented by [n] when it ends a syllable (e.g. "ธัญ" = [tʰan]).
• The consonant "ช" is represented by [tɕʰ] when it begins a syllable (e.g. "ชุน" = [tɕʰun]), but is represented by [t] when it ends a syllable (e.g. "นุช" = [nút]).

--Miwako Sato (talk) 19:44, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

The page is meant to describe the sounds denoted by each Latin symbol. As a bonus it also lists all Thai letters that it can represent. There is no need to specify final positions separately, because the appropriate Latin symbols are chosen when in final position. So /k^h/ is never used in final position. Or when ญ occurs in final position, /n/ is used to represent it. −Woodstone (talk) 02:09, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

I think those references're from brahmi writing system. Juidzi (talk) 15:01, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

"อย" is this a consonant?

surprised to see "อย" as a consonant.

I never heard of อ used to change the definition of a consonant. rather it is used as a vowel.

Looks like an error to me. but my Thai is too rudimentary to have a definite view.....Jazi Zilber (talk) 18:05, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

Yes, the two letters together represent /j/. The อ in this case is called "อ นำ" and the digraph is used to make a mid-class /j/ consonant (ย by itself is low-class) in four common words: อย่า, อยาก, อย่าง, and อยู่ much the same as ห is used to make high-class digraph consonants out of low-class letters.--William Thweatt ^TalkContribs 19:06, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

Confusing footnotes

The footnotes are largely incomprehensible. Under [h], I'm told "For the Southern Thai, allophone with x." What does this mean? When are editors to transcribe with [h] and when with [x]? Why isn't [x] in the table? The same for [w]. "For the Central Thai, replaced by ʋ in Capital accents. For the Southern Thai, replaced by ɴ." Are we encoding for Central, Capital, and Southern accents? If so, why not do like it's done at Help:IPA/Catalan or Help:IPA/Portuguese? This is a bit of a mess. — Ƶ§œš¹ _{[lɛts b̥iː pʰəˈlaɪˀt]} 22:04, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

It looks like some editors mistake this page for an explanation of Thai phonology, including all dialectic variants. Just as we do for English, one way of diaphonetic transcription is intended, and automatic phonetic variations are not indicated. Much of info from earlier attempts has already been moved to the main namespace. Here we should go back to just one (the official) dialect.−Woodstone (talk) 14:37, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

Purpose of page

Once again there is creep in this page to incorporate a host of Thai dialects. This page is in help-space. It is not meant as a guide to distinctions between Thai dialects. The purpose is to show a transcription for use in WP articles to represent Thai words. As such it should give simply one sign for each phoneme. Just like in the comparable English page, each sign is diaphonemic and is derived from the main dialect(s). So all doublings in the table should be removed. In my opinion also the footnotes should go, because they only serve to create confusion. The information on Thai dialects might find a place in article-space. −Woodstone (talk)

This page should be reverted back to the version where only one variety is explained. There are not even any sources cited for the clear-cut definition of these dialects, and if we are to list every variants possible for each phoneme, I'm afraid we have to add [θ] for /s/, [x] and [kx] for /kh/, etc., as well. --Potapt (talk) 00:42, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

Thai lanna & lao language, can hear ⟨x⟩ sound. But central thai and southern thai are not. Juidzi (talk) 05:31, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

Ps, Thai lanna is Kham keuang language. Juidzi (talk) 05:32, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

I wasn't talking about Northern Thai/Kham Mueang though. --Potapt (talk) 14:40, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

Please watch my talk in Help:IPA/Lao

See something on my talk. Juidzi (talk) 09:25, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/942998364 Juidzi (talk) 09:28, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

About vowel "◌ิว"

I think it should not use the writing "io", because it's sound like "i(a)o" in chinese.

These are better writing choices 1. iu 2. ew 3. iew Juidzi (talk) 10:39, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

In the romanization system established by the Royal Institute of Thailand, the spelling <io> is used to represent the sound [iw]. It isn't intended to reflect the Chinese pronunciation. --Potapt (talk) 14:38, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

Yes! but you should becareful. Juidzi (talk) 13:58, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

About what? --Potapt (talk) 20:46, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

Writing of thai. Juidzi (talk) 07:56, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

Why? Care to elaborate? --Potapt (talk) 13:58, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

I believe the OP is concerned (and rightly so) "io" is a terrible way to represent –ิว in English. The "o" is misleading (there is no sound even close to standard English "o" in this diphthong) and has the potential to confuse the pronunciation with เ–ียว (the "Chinese" sound referred to above). A much better alternative would be "iu" or "iw". In fact, prior to 1999, RTGS used "iu". However, I would point the OP to our Royal Thai General System of Transcription article and note that, despite the name, the Thai government system is more of a transliteration (letter-for-letter) and not meant to be a phonetic transcription. See the Thai language Royal Government publication here. It was changed so that treatment of final "ว" is consistent and always transliterated as "o".--William Thweatt ^TalkContribs 19:09, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

Thanks! William for explain it. I'm very concern, and it have to becareful. Juidzi (talk) 13:34, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

Add some approximations

"ก" can hear a sound like "k" in "sky", and the "ค" group can hear a sound like "k" in "key". Juidzi (talk) 16:10, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

We already have English approximations for those sounds, scan and can, respectively. Adding additional examples is an unnecessary redundancy. — Ƶ§œš¹ _{[lɛts b̥iː pʰəˈlaɪˀt]}

Why do those examples are unnecessary? Juidzi (talk) 02:37, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

So I think the alphabet "ก" & "ค" group're with "k" than "c". And I add those examples, "ก" can hear a sound like "k" in "sky", and the "ค" group can hear a sound like "k" in "key" or "kine". Juidzi (talk) 03:01, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

• 're present with Juidzi (talk) 03:01, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

(Again!) So I think the alphabet "ก" & "ค" group're present with "k" than "c". And I add those examples, "ก" can hear a sound like "k" in "sky", and the "ค" group can hear a sound like "k" in "key" or "kine". Juidzi (talk) 03:02, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

Note for "ฑ"

"ฑ" this alphabet/letter, by an initial consonant is have 2 sounds. 1) “[tʰ]” when it appear in the live syllables. 2) “[d]” when it appear in the dead syllables.

You have to note this, because it's important. Juidzi (talk) 06:48, 26 June 2020 (UTC)

I've replied at Talk:Thai script#About the alphabet/letter "ฑ". --Paul_012 (talk) 15:51, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

Thanks! Juidzi (talk) 01:24, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Finding some English approximation for “[ɯa]”.

If you need some English approximation, I have choices for you. -Estonian: õa -Turkish: ıa Juidzi (talk) 12:53, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

Those aren't English. — Ƶ§œš¹ _{[lɛts b̥iː pʰəˈlaɪˀt]} 14:18, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

Ƶ§œš¹ Why can't we type it? Juidzi (talk) 06:04, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Okay! I find some English approximation for “[ɯa]”, now. It's "to a (weak sound)". Juidzi (talk) 16:35, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

I search it on Cambrid English dictionary. Juidzi (talk) 16:37, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

Ƶ§œš¹ I see this link https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrish and don't forget to press/click it. Juidzi (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 09:18, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

That seems like an adequate approximation, but I don't think we need to say "weak sound." I don't think it will be clear to readers what that means. I don't even know what it means. — Ƶ§œš¹ _{[lɛts b̥iː pʰəˈlaɪˀt]} 16:02, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Ah! for example: Japanese english "you“[ju:]”", they say "ユー“[jɯ:]”". Juidzi (talk) 11:04, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

Missing diphtong ɯːa เือะ

The diphtong ɯːa เือะ is mssing. It is in the vowels letter chart row 6 line 1 which you find everywhere in Thailand 49.228.57.2 (talk) 04:27, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Of course it should be เ ือะ in Thai script. I had written a circle made from dots beneath the [ɯː] ◌ื, but for unknown reasons it did not reproduce here in WP. I try again: เ ◌ือะ 49.228.57.2 (talk) 11:46, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

The short diphthongs เอียะ, เอือะ and อัวะ are not listed in the IPA manual. They're phonetically the same sounds as their long versions, only followed by a glottal stop. Not sure if they should be mentioned here, as it's not really the purpose of this page (as an IPA guide) to explain the Thai vowel symbols, as opposed to the Thai language and Thai script articles. But I can see how their omission could be confusing. --Paul_012 (talk) 16:01, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

I am irritated now. You talk about short diphthongs, but with mentioning ɯːa เ ือะ I am claiming that a LONG diphtong is missing.

Yes, of course, all vowel combinations should be listed here, for the sake of completeness. I am a beginner’s learner, and I want to know the whole system. What would be the reason for skipping this? Could you name it?

And could you do me a favour and provide the long versions for the short diphthongs เอียะ, เอือะ and อัวะ both in Thai letters and in IPA, just here in the comments. Thank you!

Are there other vowel combinations missing in the list? If yes, which ones would that be? 49.228.57.2 (talk) 04:16, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

You might be confusing the signs. เ◌ือะ is the "short vowel" (diphthong) [ɯaʔ], which is paired with the "long vowel" เ◌ือ [ɯa] in Thai grammars. However, despite the Thai categorization, these "short"/"long" pairs aren't really a phonetic contrasting pair with differing vowel lengths—there are actually no [ɯːa], [iːa] or [uːa] sounds. The actual difference is that the "short" เ◌ือะ always ends with a glottal stop, while เ◌ือ without a closing consonant forms an open syllable. It's the same with the other two, so the pairs are as follows:

"Short"	"Long"
เ◌ียะ [iaʔ]	เ◌ีย(◌) [ia] (not [iːa])
เ◌ือะ [ɯaʔ]	เ◌ือ(◌) [ua] (not [uːa])
◌ัวะ [uaʔ]	◌ัว (or ◌ว◌) [ɯa] (not [ɯːa])

The reason that this page isn't the best place to explain all this is that it's only meant to be a quick-reference guide to the IPA symbols used in Wikipedia. It's not supposed to be part of Wikipedia's encyclopedic content. The content should ideally be covered in the articles about the language and script, in the Main (article) namespace. --Paul_012 (talk) 17:13, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Thank your for the tables and the clarification. But all textbooks I have seen so far make the difference between short and long vowels, i.e Colloquial Thai by John Moore & Saowalak Rodhchue and many thers I conculted. Why don’t they know better?

Of course we should never rely on their traditional local phonology patterns. If we did like that we had only a handful of diphthongs which is not true (as I had to find out myself) and this was very confusing for me. 49.228.249.14 (talk) 11:39, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

จ is voiced affricate in Thai language

Comparing in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate#Sibilant_affricates

There are consonant shift that have inverted many consonant in modern Thai language. Notably Buddha, which in Thai pronounce as Puttha. The same go for จ and ฉ That was swapped in writing and pronunciation. จ is completely difference than ช and is much more similar to d͡ʑ than t͡ɕ

And the closest sound to that in english pronunciation is something like Jar and Jump ThainaYu (talk) 08:08, 7 April 2024 (UTC)