Human trafficking in the Philippines

Human trafficking and the prostitution of children has been a significant issue in the Philippines, often controlled by organized crime syndicates.[1][2] Human trafficking is a crime against humanity.[3]

With the Philippines having a large migrant population, men are exploited in fishing, construction, and farming jobs. Whereas, women are exploited in more domestic and caretaker roles. Children are exploited for sex and child labor trafficking.[4]

In an effort to deal with the problem, the Philippines passed R.A. 9208, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, a penal law against human trafficking, sex tourism, sex slavery and child prostitution.[5] In 2006, enforcement was reported to be inconsistent.[6] But by 2017, the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons had placed the country in "Tier 1" (fully compliant with minimum standards of the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act).[7]

Statistics

edit

An undated United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) document estimated that 60,000 to 100,000 children in the Philippines were involved in prostitution rings as of 2009.[8] According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) about 100,000 children were involved in prostitution as of 2009.[9] There is a high incidence of child prostitution in tourist areas. An undetermined number of children are forced into exploitative labour operations.[8]

As of 2020, the Philippines is ranked as Tier 1 in the Trafficking in Persons Report of the United States (US) State Department after substantial efforts.[10]

Problem areas and history

edit

A report published in 2004 by the Vatican stated: The Philippines has a serious trafficking problem of women and children illegally recruited into the tourist industry for sexual exploitation. Destinations within the country are Metro Manila, Angeles City, Olongapo City, towns in Bulacan, Batangas, Cebu City, Davao and Cagayan de Oro City and other sex tourist resorts such as Puerto Galera, Pagsanjan, San Fernando Pampanga, and many beach resorts throughout the country. The promise of recruiters offers women and children attractive jobs in the country or abroad, and instead they are coerced and forced and controlled into the sex industry for tourists.[11]

Puerto Galera

edit

There are numerous cases of child molestation that have been reported in Puerto Galera, a beach resort on Mindoro Island three hours south of Manila. The area is a favorite for foreign child molesters seeking children.[11][12] Puerto Galera was described in 1997 as one of the Philippines top five spots for child prostitution.[13]

Angeles City

edit

In 1991 a volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo forced an evacuation and destroyed much of the Clark Air Base, a major United States military facility located 40 miles (60 km) northwest of Manila, which closed shortly thereafter. Most of the sex trade around the base closed at the same time due to the loss of the GI customers.[14][15] Mayor Alfredo Lim proceeded to crack down on Manila's remaining sex industry, causing many of these businesses to relocate to Angeles City, which borders on the closed base, and was becoming a popular tourist destination especially with former GIs.[16] By the late 1990s, UNICEF estimated that there are 60,000 child prostitutes in the Philippines, describing Angeles City brothels as "notorious" for offering sex with children. In 1997, the BBC reported that UNICEF estimated many of the 200 brothels in the notorious Angeles City offer children for sex.[17]

The current[timeframe?] trade is dominated by Australian bar operators[18][failed verification] and sustained by tourists seeking inexpensive sex.[19] In bars catering mostly to foreign men, girls are sold for a "bar fine".[13] Conditions are sometimes brutal[20] Children and teenagers are lured into the industry from poor areas by promises of money and care, and are kept there by threats, debt bondage and the fear of poverty.[20][better source needed] Angeles City is one of the largest sex tourist destinations in the world with just over 15 thousand women working in its various sex establishments (brothels, bars and videokes).[21]

In 2005, UNICEF reported evidence of growing child pornography production in Angeles City.[22] Children as young as ten years old have been rescued from brothels in Angeles.[23]

STD cases rose five times. The RHWC treated 1,421 cases in 2005, 2,516 cases in 2006 and 6,229 cases in 2007. Most of the afflicted were women.[24]

Pagsanjan, Laguna

edit

CNN stated in 2010 that "A decade ago, Pagsanjan, located about 60 miles south of Manila, became known as a popular location for men seeking homosexual prostitutes."[25] Pagsanjan began to attract an increasing number of child molesters. "In the '80s, Pagsanjan was declared by international gay publications as a paradise for them, a gay paradise, a haven for homosexuals", said Dr. Sonia Zaide, an activist who is particularly concerned by the expansion of the town's sex trade to include minors, mostly young boys.[25][26][27][28] Time magazine reported in 1993 that Pagsanjan was a favorite destination for sex tourists seeking children.[29] The Filipino government began a crackdown on the child sex industry in Pagsanjan and 23 people of varying nationalities were arrested. Foreign child molesters take advantage of the poverty, with children often being used as sexual currency by their own parents.[citation needed] The World Bank World Development Report for 1995 reported that the town of Pagsanjan through civic action had dramatically reduced child prostitution.[30]

Davao City

edit

October 5 has become the Day of No Prostitution Campaign in Davao City. In 2005, the Philippine Information Agency reported documented cases of children as young as 10 years old forced into prostitution in Davao. Davao provinces, along with the Caraga region, have become the favorites of child traffickers posing as tourists.[31]

Cebu

edit

In 2001, it was estimated there were 10,000 young girls trafficked into sex slavery in Cebu.[32] "What has become very obvious is a growing market for child prostitutes," said Father Heinz, a Catholic priest who has been involved for more than a decade in initiatives to beat the pimps and child-traffickers.[32] It was reported in 2009 that Cebu remained a destination, source and transit area for human trafficking, where women and children victims are brought to be "processed".[33] It was reported in 2005 that Cebu had been the destination of international and domestic trafficking of children, aged from 11 to 17 years old.[34]

Pampanga

edit

More than a dozen of cybersex operations have been busted in the Pampanga province and Angeles City areas, this resulted in the rescue of hundreds of exploited women, most of them minors or below 18 years of age. Hundreds of computers sets have been seized, including sex toys and other gadgets used in the cybersex operations mostly maintained by foreigners. A forum hosted by the Prosecution Law Enforcement and Community Coordinating Service (proleccs) discussed several factors that contribute to the human trafficking problem and these include poverty, the proliferation of underground cybersex through internet and sex tourism.[35]

Lucena City

edit

Lucena ports have been identified by anti-human trafficking advocates as transit points used by syndicates engaged in the recruitment of innocent women from remote areas destined for prostitution dens in other parts of the country.[36]

Subic Bay

edit

In 1988 a Naval Investigative undercover operation based in Subic Bay were offered children for sex as young as four.[37] Many of those involved in the prostitution of children have been brought to justice in the courts.[38][39] Most of the 16,000 women estimated to have worked the bars around the largest overseas naval base were forced into the sex industry.[40] One 16-year-old child tells of her experience in Subic Bay: "She was locked in a room for a month, starved and force-fed drugs and alcohol to ensure she was addicted and could be more easily controlled. She was often beaten unconscious for refusing to have sex with customers."[40] Pregnancy, abortion, the spread of disease and drug abuse were just some of the indignities imposed on Filipinas.[41] Despite the US pull-out from Subic Bay in 1992, continues to fester, catering to a new generation of civilian sex tourists.[40] The former naval base, and current visits by American military have been the subject of protests by welfare groups and activists in Subic. Brandishing placards and chanting slogans, members of WAIL and GABRIELA called for justice for all victims of human rights abuses.[42]

Olongapo

edit

Trafficking of Women and Children in Olongapo was rampant during the time of the Subic Naval Base located close by. In 1988, the US Naval Investigative Service confirmed the existence of child prostitution in Olongapo City.[43] After the base closure a new child molesters clientele from countries such as Australia and Europe moved in. Olongapo special prosecutor Dorentino Z. Floresta states, "Politicians do not want people to know that these things are happening in Olongapo," said Floresta.[44]

Visayas

edit

Eastern Visayas continues to be a source of women and children being sent to Metro Manila brothels and sweatshops. Department of Social Welfare and Development officials said the number of human trafficking cases was increasing.[45] Leticia Corillo, DSWD regional director stated that the victims were mostly children and women.[45] Seventy percent are aged from 13 to 17 years old.[46] A DSWD report, said the Waray towns of Paranas and Jiabong and Calbayog City in Samar province and Mapanas and Las Navas in Northern Samar are considered as human trafficking "hotspots".[46]

Trafficking of Filipinas to overseas destinations

edit

The US Department of State in July 2001, estimated that about 40,000 Filipino women were trafficked into the sex and entertainment industry in Japan using entertainment visas.[47] A 2007 report by CBC News estimates the number of Filipinas trafficked into Japan for prostitution to be as high as 150,000.[48] Club owners in Japan oblige Filipino entertainers to date their customers during daytime and, in some cases, force them into prostitution.[49] Some of them were sold allegedly to the Yakuza for $2,400 to $18,000. A trafficker earns $3,000–$5,000 for each woman or girl sold in the international sex trade.[50]

Sex tourism

edit

An article in the newspaper Davao Today reports that, according to experts, the growth of tourism in the Philippines in places such as Cebu and Boracay, has given rise to the sexual exploitation of women and children.[51] In a 2004 article, the People's Recovery, Empowerment Development Assistance Foundation (PREDA) reported in 2004 that ECPAT, which it describes as "a global network that campaigns against child prostitution", estimates that 300,000 sex tourists from Japan alone visit the Philippines every year. In the same article, PREDA reports, "many others are British."[52] Local NGO Preda states that the majority of the "customers" (the word used by the children to describe their abusers) are local tourists and about ten percent are foreign tourists. The foreign customers, according to arrest figures compiled by ECPAT Manila rank in frequency as follows: American, Japanese, Australian, British, German, Swiss, other nationalities.[37]

Unicef noted that child trafficking in the Philippines is the highest incidence of child prostitution in a tourist area.[53]

Sex trafficking

edit

Sex trafficking in the Philippines is a significant problem. Filipina women and girls have been forced into prostitution and been physically and psychologically abused.[54][55][56]

Foreign child molesters

edit

The Philippines continued to assist U.S. law enforcement authorities in the transfer to U.S. custody of Americans who sexually exploited children.[57][failed verification] Foreign child molesters are a major problem in a country like the Philippines. Some foreign child molesters are very well connected and have positions in industry and politics. Profile studies of these child molesters show they come mostly from Europe and are usually well off, married and with children of their own. Some foreign child molesters arrange with bribes and corrupt practices to get the children out of the country and abuse them in another country.[58] The problem of foreign child molesters continues to be reported in the press.[59] It was reported in 1999 that foreign child molesters have operated openly in the Philippines.[60]

In 2008, the Bureau of Immigration (BI) warned of a new modus operandi of foreign child molesters in the Philippines, saying "The child molesters usually meet the mothers, sometimes even the grandmothers, of possible victims online and make them their girlfriends. The women usually let the economically better-off foreigners into their lives and their homes, not knowing that the men would later pounce on their young children."[61]

It was reported in 2007 that in Angeles, Pampanga (characterized as a hotspot for trafficking and sex trade), child molesters were increasingly using the Internet to lure other child molesters to come to the Philippines. Live video streaming on the Web was reported to show children being sexually abused. Other child molesters were reported to browse personal profiles or lurk in chat rooms to find their victims.[62]

Mail-order bride trafficking

edit

Republic Act 6955 declares as unlawful "the practice of matching Filipino women for marriage to foreign nationals on a mail order basis."[63][64] It is also unlawful under the R.A. 9208, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, a penal law against human trafficking, sex tourism, sex slavery and child prostitution.[5] The Philippines Government first outlawed bride agencies in 1990 after being alarmed at reports of widespread abuse of Philippine women in other countries.[65]

There have been 5,000 Filipina mail order brides entering the United States every year since 1986, a total of 55,000 as of 1997.[66] Matibag, an assistant professor of the Department of Sociology at the Iowa State University, said browsing for potential brides on websites is as easy as shopping for a shirt. Each woman is assigned a catalogue number.[67] Maria Regina Angela Galias, head of the Migrant Integration and Education Division of the Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO), stated that South Korea and Japan have become the top destinations of Filipina mail-order brides.[68] Over 70% of Philippine women live in poverty, thus making them particularly vulnerable to the mail-order industry.[65]

Debt bondage

edit

Debt bondage is a criminal offence under the R.A. 9208, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003[5] According to Human Rights Watch, the practice of "debt bondage" among sexual traffickers is routine, and women often find that their so-called debts only increase and can never be fully repaid.[69] Recruiters sometimes buy children and sell them into prostitution. Most often the children have either been stolen from their villages or sold off by their poor families.[70][71]

Child-organ trafficking

edit

In 2008, the National Bureau of Investigation alerted the public over the rampant smuggling of human organs in the Philippines. The NBI said smugglers are now targeting children who are kidnapped and taken abroad where their organs are sold to foreign nationals.[72][73] The World Health Organization has identified the Philippines as one of the five organ trafficking hotpots.[74] However, a 2008 proclamation by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo has markedly decreased the frequency and ease of the commercial organ trade industry in the Philippines.[75]

Online scams

edit

In May 2023, Philippine authorities rescued more than 1,000 human trafficking victims. The victims were lured by job postings on social media that promised good paying jobs where they would then be trapped with armed guards that prevented them from leaving. The victims worked 18 hours a day performing cryptocurrency scams. The victims would meet people on Facebook and dating apps to then pretend to fall in love and take their money.[76]

Efforts to control

edit

Philippine law defines the worst forms of child labor as all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery; any use of a child in prostitution, pornography, or pornographic performances; any use of a child for illegal or illicit activities; and work that is hazardous, including nine hazardous categories. The law criminalizes trafficking of children for exploitation, including trafficking for sex tourism, prostitution, pornography, forced labor, and the recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law establishes the penalty of life imprisonment and a fine for trafficking violations involving children and provides for the confiscation of any proceeds derived from trafficking crimes.[77]

Ani Saguisag, a lawyer with the child protection group, ECPAT, identifies lax enforcement of RA 76/10 (sic—actually RA7610) as a major reason why so few offenders end up behind bars.[32]

Department of Justice records show that from June 2003 until January 2005 there were 65 complaints received for alleged trafficking in persons violations in the entire nation.[78]

In November 2009 The Philippine government signed into law of Republic Act 9775, also known as the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. This landmark legislation provides the full legal armor against producers, transmitters, sellers and users of child pornography in whatever form and means of production, dissemination and consumption, in public and private spaces.[79]

Gemma Gabuya, chief of the DSWD's Social Technology Bureau, said the national government in a bid to address the problem had formed the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT) in 2003 in partnership with civil society organizations and other stakeholders of PACT.[53]

Microsoft has awarded over US$1 million through its Unlimited Potential grants to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) across six Asian countries, including the Philippines. The latest round of grants will deliver IT training courses specifically for people in human-trafficking hot spots across the region.[80]

Unicef executive director Carol Bellamy stated, The Philippines is among the few countries that are making a dent in the fight against the trafficking of women and children.[81]

Protection by politicians and police

edit

Some local politicians, mayors and their business cronies continue to allow the operation of clubs and bars where children are used as sexual commodities along with young women. Many women will tell how they were recruited as young as 13 and 14. They issue permits and licences for all establishments and harass and threaten those trying to rescue the children, gather evidence and bring charges against them.[82] The United States Embassy in the Philippines states that some officials condone a climate of impunity for those that exploit trafficked women and children[83]

Prevention

edit

In 2007, the government's Interagency Council Against Trafficking established its first anti-trafficking task force at Manila's international airport to share information on traffickers and assist victims. In 2006 the Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA) issued new employment requirements for overseas Filipino household workers to protect them from widespread employer abuse and trafficking.[84]

The Interagency Council Against Trafficking and the Commission on Filipinos Overseas set up a trafficking hotline. The hotline received 2,487 calls which led to the identification of 18 victims and 34 trafficking cases. All victims were referred to services and law enforcement.[85]

In December 2022, the Fourth National Strategic Plan Against Trafficking in Persons 2023-2027 was approved.[85]

Non-governmental organizations

edit

The Philippine government continues to rely heavily on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations to provide services to victims.[citation needed] The Department of Social Welfare and Development operated 42 temporary shelters for victims throughout the country. Thirteen of these shelters were supported by a non-profit charity organization. Philippines law permits private prosecutors to prosecute cases under the direction and control of a public prosecutor. The government has used this provision effectively, allowing and supporting an NGO to file 23 cases in 2007.[84]

The Philippine campaign against Child Trafficking (PACT) is an anti-child trafficking campaign that was launched by ECPAT Philippines to raise awareness on the Child Trafficking phenomena in the country. The campaign also aims to encourage local mechanisms for the prevention and protection of children against Child Trafficking as well as other programs which are unified with the intensification of the human rights of children such as the holistic recovery and reintegration of child victims of trafficking.[86]

Stairway Foundation, a child protection NGO, came up in 2009 with its third animation film called Red Leaves Falling which is about child sex trafficking and pornography under the Break the Silence Campaign. The said film is being used by numerous government and non-government organizations to raise awareness on the issue of trafficking.[87]

In 2010, the Office of the Ombudsman signed a memorandum of agreement with select cause-oriented groups – the Visayan Forum Foundation (VFF), Ateneo Human Rights Center (AHRC), and the International Justice Mission (IJM) – so that they could help in the collective fight against human trafficking.[88]

VFF has rescued and helped more than 32,000 victims and potential victims of trafficking since it was established in 1991.[89] VFF works with the Philippine coast guard, the government's Port Authority, and shipping company, Aboitez, to keep monitor arriving boats in the main ports, looking for possible traffickers traveling with groups of children. The organization has operations in four main ports serving Manila, and says it rescues between 20 and 60 children a week.[90]

However, foreign sex traffickers and child molesters often harass Catholic and other groups by lodging multiple libel and other suits.[91]

In 1999 the PREDA Foundation, through the International League of Action, was able to bring to justice a group of Norwegians who were trafficking children from one town in the Philippines and bringing them to Oslo for sexual abuse. The youngest of these children were six and seven years old.[92]

Action by foreign governments

edit

Numerous overseas countries have introduced legislation (e.g. the Crimes (Child Sex Tourism) Amendment Act 1994 (Cth)) which enables them to prosecute their nationals for crimes against children overseas, only a few child molesters who have committed offences in the Philippines are charged and convicted back in their own countries for the offences.[93] The Australian Government set up the "Australian Federal Police's Transnational Sexual Exploitation Trafficking Team" which investigates child molesters in places such as the Philippines. Some countries from which sex tourism originates, including Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States, have passed legislation which criminalizes sex tourism. In the United States, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 makes travel with intent to engage in any sexual act with a juvenile punishable by up to ten years' imprisonment.[94]

On September 15, 2003, the US Department of Labor / Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) / International Child Labor Program signed a collaborative agreement with the Philippines government, and contributed US$5 million, on a Timebound Program. The Timebound Program covers sexual exploitation and trafficking of children for commercial sexual exploitation. The program was geared towards working in various parts of the Philippines.[95]

The United States government provided a grant of 179,000 dollars to help a Philippine non-governmental organization expand its halfway house operations to help victims of human trafficking, according to a statement by the US Embassy in Manila.[96]

The British Embassy in Manila organised a two-week course led by Scotland Yard detectives into techniques to investigate cases of child abuse. Subsequently, the Philippine National Bureau of Investigation set up an anti-child abuse division – the first squad dedicated to fighting child abuse in the country.[17]

The United States has taken action under the 2003 PROTECT Act with a number of indictments.[97][98]

The United States embassy in the Philippines involves itself in the prevention, prosecution, and protection of persons trafficked in the Philippines. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) supports the work of local organizations throughout the Philippines through training frontline workers, providing legal assistance to victims, and creating dialogue around the topic to raise awareness.[99]

Corruption

edit

Police in the Philippines have been known to guard brothels and even procure children for prostitution.[100] NGOs have complained that the local political and legal establishments protect child molesters, sometimes even including law enforcement.[101][102] The United States Embassy in the Philippines states that some officials condone a climate of impunity for those that exploited trafficked women and children.[103]

The victims

edit

Those involved in the kidnapping of children have occasionally made video tapes of children being sexually abused.[citation needed]

The UN paper[clarification needed] says there are also cases in which the children are "kidnapped, trafficked across borders or from rural to urban areas, and moved from place to place so that they effectively disappear".[104][better source needed]

Children are at risk of HIV/AIDS from child molesters.[105]

The prevalence of gonorrhea and chlamydia was 18.6% and 29.1% respectively.[106] Philippine law provides for compulsory HIV testing in some circumstances, and of course people may voluntarily be tested for AIDS. The Philippine government has provided a mechanism for anonymous HIV testing and guarantees anonymity and medical confidentiality in the conduct of such tests.[107]

In the exploitative system of prostitution, bar owners and pimps make the most profit while the women are exposed to abuse, physical, emotional and psychological trauma. The absence of punitive measures for the male customers enables them to abuse the women in prostitution. The problem is compounded by the fact that society, even the church, discriminates against women in prostitution.[108]

Pimps bend the girls to their will, drug them. Degrading and humiliating the girls is at the discretion of their international clients. After two, three years the girls have lost their health and beauty. From then on, they are on offer at bargain price to local clients. The humiliation these girls have to go through often drives them into self-destruction. With no self-esteem their lives are on a dead-end journey. With drug addiction, unwanted pregnancies, venereal disease and AIDS the girls go to rack and ruin.[109]

At least 90 percent of HIV positive people in Angeles City were female sex workers, according to a study of the Training, Research and Information for Development Specialists Foundation Inc. (Tridev).[110]

Organized crime of child trafficking

edit

A special BBC investigation exposes the organized crime syndicates that control the child sex slavery trafficking in the Philippines. The investigation reported there could be as many as 100,000 Philippine children involved in the local sex trade. This crime gang has a system similar to that of the Sicilian Mafia, Yakuza and Triads. They often start as a trainee field recruiter, to running individual brothels, and then to overseeing an entire network – an underworld association.[111] Local NGO`S refer to the organized crime syndicates as the sex mafia.[2] From the Philippines, girls are delivered to prison-like brothels in the North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East.[112]

Legality

edit

Revised Penal Code Article 202

edit

Vagrants and prostitutes; penalty. — The following are vagrants:

1. Any person having no apparent means of subsistence, who has the physical ability to work and who neglects to apply himself or herself to some lawful calling;
2. Any person found loitering about public or semi-public buildings or places or trampling or wandering about the country or the streets without visible means of support;
3. Any idle or dissolute person who ledges in houses of ill fame; ruffians or pimps and those who habitually associate with prostitutes;
4. Any person who, not being included in the provisions of other articles of this Code, shall be found loitering in any inhabited or uninhabited place belonging to another without any lawful or justifiable purpose;
5. Prostitutes.

For the purposes of this article, women who, for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, are deemed to be prostitutes.

Any person found guilty of any of the offenses covered by this articles shall be punished by arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, and in case of recidivism, by arresto mayor in its medium period to prison correccional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court.[113]

Revised Penal Code Article 341

edit

Penal Code article 341 imposes a penalty to any person who "shall engage in the business or shall profit by prostitution or shall enlist the services of any other person for the purpose of prostitution."[113]

Republic Act 9208

edit

Section 4 of Republic Act 9208, otherwise known as the "Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003", deems it unlawful for any person, natural or juridical, to commit any of the following acts:

(a) To recruit, transport, transfer, harbor, provide, or receive a person by any means, including those done under the pretext of domestic or overseas employment or training or apprenticeship, for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;

(b) To introduce or match for money, profit, or material, economic or other consideration, any person or, as provided for under Republic Act No. 6955, any Filipino women to a foreign national, for marriage for the purpose of acquiring, buying, offering, selling or trading him/her to engage in prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;

(c) To offer or contract marriage, real or simulated, for the purpose of acquiring, buying, offering, selling, or trading them to engage in prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor or slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;

(d) To undertake or organize tours and travel plans consisting of tourism packages or activities for the purpose of utilizing and offering persons for prostitution, pornography or sexual exploitation;

(e) To maintain or hire a person to engage in prostitution or pornography;

(f) To adopt or facilitate the adoption of persons for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;

(g) To recruit, hire, adopt, transport or abduct a person, by means of threat or use of force, fraud deceit, violence, coercion, or intimidation for the purpose of removal or sale of organs of said person; and

(h) To recruit, transport or adopt a child to engage in armed activities in the Philippines or abroad.[114]

Republic Act 7610 – Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act

edit

Sec. 5. Child Prostitution and Other Sexual Abuse. – Children, whether male or female, who for money, profit, or any other consideration or due to the coercion or influence of any adult, syndicate or group, indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, are deemed to be children exploited in prostitution and other sexual abuse.
The penalty of reclusion temporal in its medium period to reclusion perpetua shall be imposed upon the following:

(a) Those who engage in or promote, facilitate or induce child prostitution which include, but are not limited to, the following:
(1) Acting as a procurer of a child prostitute;
(2) Inducing a person to be a client of a child prostitute by means of written or oral advertisements or other similar means;
(3) Taking advantage of influence or relationship to procure a child as prostitute;
(4) Threatening or using violence towards a child to engage him as a prostitute; or
(5) Giving monetary consideration goods or other pecuniary benefit to a child with intent to engage such child in prostitution.
(b) Those who commit the act of sexual intercourse of lascivious conduct with a child exploited in prostitution or subject to other sexual abuse; Provided, That when the victims is under twelve (12) years of age, the perpetrators shall be prosecuted under Article 335, paragraph 3, for rape and Article 336 of Act No. 3815, as amended, the Revised Penal Code, for rape or lascivious conduct, as the case may be: Provided, That the penalty for lascivious conduct when the victim is under twelve (12) years of age shall be reclusion temporal in its medium period; and
(c) Those who derive profit or advantage therefrom, whether as manager or owner of the establishment where the prostitution takes place, or of the sauna, disco, bar, resort, place of entertainment or establishment serving as a cover or which engages in prostitution in addition to the activity for which the license has been issued to said establishment.

Sec. 6. Attempt To Commit Child Prostitution. – There is an attempt to commit child prostitution under Section 5, paragraph (a) hereof when any person who, not being a relative of a child, is found alone with the said child inside the room or cubicle of a house, an inn, hotel, motel, pension house, apartelle or other similar establishments, vessel, vehicle or any other hidden or secluded area under circumstances which would lead a reasonable person to believe that the child is about to be exploited in prostitution and other sexual abuse.
There is also an attempt to commit child prostitution, under paragraph (b) of Section 5 hereof when any person is receiving services from a child in a sauna parlor or bath, massage clinic, health club and other similar establishments. A penalty lower by two (2) degrees than that prescribed for the consummated felony under Section 5 hereof shall be imposed upon the principals of the attempt to commit the crime of child prostitution under this Act, or, in the proper case, under the Revised Penal Code.[115]

Republic Act 6955 – Mail-order brides

edit

RA 6955 basically declares as unlawful "the practice of matching Filipino women for marriage to foreign nationals on a mail order basis."[63][64]

Republic Act 8042 – Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act

edit

RA 8042 (Long title: An Act to Institute the Policies of Overseas Employment and Establish a Higher Standard of Protection and Promotion of The Welfare of Migrant Workers, Their Families and Overseas Filipinos in Distress, and for Other Purposes.) The act contains provisions which regulate the recruitment of overseas workers; mandate establishment of a mechanism for free legal assistance for victims of illegal recruitment; direct all embassies and consular offices to issue travel advisories or disseminate information on labor and employment conditions, migration realities and other facts; regulate repatriation of workers in ordinary cases and provide a mechanism for repatriation in extraordinary cases; mandate establishment of a Migrant Workers and Other Overseas Filipinos Resource Center to provide social services to returning worker and other migrants; mandate the establishment of a Migrant Workers Loan Guarantee Fund to provide pre-departure and family assistance loans; establishes a legal assistance fund for migrant workers; and other provisions related to Filipino migrant workers. The act, approved on June 7, 1995, mandates that pursuant to the objectives of deregulation the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall, within a period of five (5) years, phase-out the regulatory functions of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA).[116]

House Resolution No. 779

edit

House of Representatives of the Philippines Citizen's Battle Against Corruption (CIBAC) Reps. Emmanuel Joel Villanueva and Cinchona Cruz-Gonzales, on September 24, filed House Resolution No. 779 to intensify the fight against human trafficking on all levels, from legislation, policy formulation, enforcement and prosecution, to rehabilitation and support for victims. Villanueva said: "Human trafficking is fast becoming a major transnational crime next only to the illegal drugs trade and illegal arms trade. Most of the victims of trafficking are being exploited as commercial sex workers, forced laborers and even unwilling organ donors. We must consider the reports of the victims that lack of funds and resources are key problems in the full implementation of the Anti-Trafficking of Persons Act, including the necessary support and protection." The National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines) reported "more than 400,000 persons from both government and non-government organizations who are victims of trafficking and almost 100,000 of these victims are children." Cruz-Gonzales said: "As of last year, only a little over a thousand cases were officially reported."[117]

Crimes against humanity

edit

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has designated human Trafficking as a crime against humanity.[118][119][120][33] In 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in The Hague (Netherlands) and the Rome Statute provides for the ICC to have jurisdiction over crimes against humanity. For the purpose of this Statute, "crime against humanity" means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:[121]

(a) Murder;
(b) Extermination;
(c) Enslavement;
(d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population;
(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law;
(f) Torture;
(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;
(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court;
(i) Enforced disappearance of persons;
(j) The crime of apartheid;
(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "'Chairman' reveals seedy world of trafficking". BBC News. April 1, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "Quick Facts: Human Trafficking in the Philippines". December 21, 2013. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  3. ^ "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Articles 1 to 33)- Prevent Genocide International". Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  4. ^ Whitney, Chase (March 15, 2022). "Human Trafficking in the Philippines". The Exodus Road. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c RONALD ECHALAS DIAZ, Office Manager. "REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9208 – AN ACT TO INSTITUTE POLICIES TO ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN, ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND SUPPORT OF TRAFFICKED PERSONS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR ITS VIOLATIONS, AND FOR OTHER". Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  6. ^ "Revealed: In Cities and Towns All Over the Philippines, Irishmen Pay to Have Sex with Children". The Sunday Tribune. Tribune Newspapers PLC. September 24, 2006. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007.
  7. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements". www.state.gov. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Factsheet: Child Trafficking in the Philippines (undated), UNICEF Archived November 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine,
  9. ^ "Philippines: Four million child slaves". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  10. ^ 2020 Trafficking in Persons Report: Philippines Archived January 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Department of State.
  11. ^ a b Rev. Father Shay Cullen, MSSC, President of the PREDA Foundation, Philippines, People on the Move Archived November 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, N° 96 (Suppl.), December 2004. vatican.va Archived February 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Universal Jurisdiction Needed to Convict Child Traffickers Archived March 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, September 21, 2005.
  13. ^ a b "PHILIPPINES-CHILDREN: Scourge of Child Prostitution". October 12, 1997. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  14. ^ Martin Brass (2004). "The Modern Scourge of Sex Slavery". military.com. Soldier of Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  15. ^ Lin Lean Lim (1998). The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia. International Labour Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-109522-4. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  16. ^ "ALRC Reform Issue 67 – Gender issues: CONFRONTING SEXUAL EXPLOITATION". Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
  17. ^ a b "BBC Politics 97". Archived from the original on January 25, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  18. ^ "Australian charged with child abuse in Angeles City". Archived from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  19. ^ Yiorgos Apostolopoulos; Stella Leivadi; Andrew Yiannakis (1996). The Sociology of Tourism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13508-5. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  20. ^ a b "The Forgotten Angels". Time. April 23, 2001. Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  21. ^ Renew Foundation Philippines (archived from the original Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine on October 6, 2008)
  22. ^ Lopez, JP; Jumilla, Marilou; Hachero, Ashzel (April 6, 2005). "Child exploitation growing". Malaya News. People's Independent Media Inc. Archived from the original on August 29, 2005. Retrieved May 20, 2007. Unicef executive director Carol Bellamy... said the UN study found extensive evidence of child pornography in the Philippines, particularly in tourist destinations like Pagsanjan in Laguna, Angeles City, Baguio City and Puerto Galera in Mindoro.... According to the study, the number of reported child pornography victims totaled nine in 2000; four in 2001; seven in 2002 and 13 in 2003. Child prostitution data listed 186 reported cases in 2000; 224 in 2001; 245 in 2002, and 247 in 2003.
  23. ^ "Hope in Heaven – The Production". Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  24. ^ Tonette Orejas (March 25, 2008). "'Sisters Plus' aids Angeles sex workers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008.
  25. ^ a b "Child sex trade plagues Filipino resort". CNN. Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  26. ^ "G.R. No. 82544". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  27. ^ "Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: "Success Against Child Abuse (Harvey, Mark)"". Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.
  28. ^ Barker, Louis. "Child rights center helps uncover Norwegian Pedophile ring – four charged in Oslo". Asian Report. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  29. ^ "Prostitution: Defiling The Children". Time. June 21, 1993. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  30. ^ World Development Report 1995 Archived December 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The World Bank.
  31. ^ Davao City has 3,000 registered prostituted women Archived December 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Philippine Information Sources, October 11, 2005
  32. ^ a b c "Radio helps sex industry victims". BBC News. December 16, 2001. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  33. ^ a b "Cebu a transit point for child trafficking – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  34. ^ Philippines is 4th in trafficking of children, Ecpat International, February 12, 2005.
  35. ^ "Judiciary, PNP vow stop to human trafficking". Sun.Star Pampagna. September 1, 2007.
  36. ^ "14 trafficked women rescued in Lucena". Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008.
  37. ^ a b "Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: "Paper to Child Labor Coalition, Washington"". Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.
  38. ^ "Fighting The Child Sex Trade". Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  39. ^ "Campaign Against Paedophiles". Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  40. ^ a b c "Speaking the truth on prostitution". January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  41. ^ "Forgotten legacy of Subic Bay". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  42. ^ "RP government seeks custody of six American marines". The Filipino Express. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  43. ^ Asia Pacific Research Network. "Asia Pacific Research Network". Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  44. ^ "Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: "Sailors Have Left, but Traffic in Children Is Brisk in Philippines "". Archived from the original on September 14, 2012.
  45. ^ a b "Human trafficking cases in E. Visayas 'alarming'". Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  46. ^ a b "Solon seeks action vs human trafficking in Visayas". GMA News Online. December 24, 2007. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  47. ^ Cameron, Sally; Newman, Edward. "Coalitions against Trafficking in Human Beings in the Philippines - Phase 1; Trafficking of Filipino Women to Japan: Examining the Experiences and Perspectives of Victims and Government Experts" (PDF). United Nations Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings. United Nations University: 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2004. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  48. ^ "Fact Sheet About the Sex Trade in the Philippines". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  49. ^ Fujimoto, Nobuki (March 2006). "Trafficking in Persons and the Filipino Entertainers in Japan". FOCUS. 43. Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center. Filipino Entertainers in Japan. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  50. ^ "Women & The Economy – Globalization & Migration". Archived from the original on May 14, 2011.
  51. ^ "Davao Today – Fair. In-Depth. Relevant". Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  52. ^ Kathy Marks (June 28, 2004). "In the clubs of the Filipino sex trade, a former RUC officer is back in business". Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  53. ^ a b "Child trafficking in RP unstoppable – DSWD". Archived from the original on January 16, 2016.
  54. ^ "Victims of human trafficking in PH spike to over 700,000 – Global Slavery Index". UNTV. December 6, 2018. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  55. ^ "Victims endure lives degraded by traffickers". CNN. May 16, 2013. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  56. ^ "Facebook used to kidnap girls for sex slaves". Standard-Examiner. October 29, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  57. ^ "HumanTrafficking.org – Philippines". Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  58. ^ "Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: "The Abusers"". Archived from the original on June 20, 2013.
  59. ^ "Preda Foundation, Inc. Headlines News: "Worlds Vilest Brits"". Archived from the original on December 30, 2010.
  60. ^ UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE ALBERT WILSON V. PHILIPPINES : COMMUNICATION NO. 868/1999 Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, redress.org/ Archived October 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  61. ^ "Pedophiles courting mothers online to get to children – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  62. ^ "OWN!". Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
  63. ^ a b "An act to declare unlawful the practice of matching Filipino women for marriage to foreign nationals on a mail-order basis and other similar practices including the advertisement, publication, printing or distribution of brochures, fliers and other propaganda materials in furthurance [sic] thereof and providing penalty therefor". Chanrobles Law Library. Archived from the original on January 14, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  64. ^ a b "HumanTrafficking.org – Philippines: Government Laws – Mail-Order Bride Law (Republic Act No. 6955)". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  65. ^ a b "Mail Order Brides and the Abuse of Immigrant Women". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  66. ^ "United States". Factbook. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. Archived from the original on January 6, 2005.
  67. ^ "Mail-order submission". Asian Pacific Post. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  68. ^ "Filipina Mail-Order Brides Vulnerable to Abuse". October 11, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  69. ^ "International Trafficking of Women and Children – Human Rights Watch". February 21, 2000. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  70. ^ "TED Case Study Template". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  71. ^ Woolf, Linda M. "Forced Labor and Debt Bondage". Archived from the original on July 24, 2001.
  72. ^ "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery – Philippines". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  73. ^ "NBI raises alarm on child-organ trafficking | ABS-CBN News". Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  74. ^ "FACTBOX: Five organ trafficking hotspots". Reuters. August 6, 2007. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  75. ^ Delmonico, Francis L. 2009. "The implications of Istanbul Declaration on organ trafficking and transplant tourism." Current Opinion In Organ Transplantation 14, no. 2: 116–119.
  76. ^ "More Than 1,000 Trafficking Victims Rescued, Philippines Authorities Say". VOA. May 5, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  77. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Philippines". Refworld. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  78. ^ Statement On The 2005 Trafficking in Persons Report Of the US State Department (archived from the original Archived March 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine on March 4, 2008)
  79. ^ "PHILIPPINES: Govt enacts law against child pornography". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  80. ^ "Microsoft Partners With Asian NGOs To Fight Human Trafficking". ChinaCSR.com. June 19, 2006. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  81. ^ "Global March Against Child Labour – From Exploitation to Education". Archived from the original on December 23, 2005.
  82. ^ Cullen, Father Shay. "Paper to Child Labor Coalition, Washington". Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  83. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003". Embassy of the United States in Manila. February 25, 2004. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  84. ^ a b "Country Narratives – Countries H through P". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  85. ^ a b "Philippines". United States Department of State. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  86. ^ "ECPAT Philippines launches the anti-child trafficking campaign in the Philippines". February 2004. Archived from the original on February 28, 2004. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  87. ^ Monica. "Red Leaves Falling – A Story of Child Sex Trafficking". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  88. ^ "Groups unite against human trafficking". March 7, 2010. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  89. ^ "Connect with America". ShareAmerica. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012.
  90. ^ "Child Trafficking Prevalent Throughout Southeast Asia". VOA. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  91. ^ "Fighting the Child Sex Industry". Manila Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  92. ^ Gonzalez, Ramon (May 15, 2000). "Priest sets children free". Western Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  93. ^ Murphy, Padraic. "Journey to despair". Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  94. ^ "Sex Tourism: "Real sex with real girls, all for real cheap"". Archived from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  95. ^ "HumanTrafficking.org – Philippines". Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  96. ^ "NGO gets $179,000-US grant for human trafficking victims – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  97. ^ "U.S. Getting Tougher on Child Sex Tourism". November 23, 2004. Archived from the original on November 27, 2004. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  98. ^ "87-year-old man jailed for sex tourism". The Sydney Morning Herald. March 29, 2005. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  99. ^ Manila, U. S. Embassy (March 31, 2021). "Fact Sheet: U.S. Embassy in the Philippines Partners to Combat Trafficking in Persons". U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  100. ^ "Child Sex Tourism". Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section. U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on October 29, 2004. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  101. ^ "Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: "Baby Rape and Sex Tourism"". Archived from the original on May 18, 2010.
  102. ^ "IWRAW Home Page". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  103. ^ "Philippines". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  104. ^ "Losing the Fight Against Child Sex Trade". hartford-hwp. July 10, 1998.
  105. ^ "Patriarchy, Poverty, Prostitution And Hiv/Aids: The Philippine Experience". Archived from the original on September 8, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  106. ^ Microsoft Word – Nexus-Printdraft _11-20-02_-FINAL.doc
  107. ^ "PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES & CODES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY". Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  108. ^ ":: Welcome to Manila Bulletin Online ::". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 30, 2007.
  109. ^ "Girls' rehabilitation in Cebu City – Philippines". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  110. ^ "Angeles City gets priority in funding program for AIDS – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  111. ^ "'Chairman' reveals seedy world of trafficking". BBC News. April 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 25, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  112. ^ Administrator. "Sex Slavery: International Steps are Needed". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  113. ^ a b "Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, Book 2". Chanrobles Law Library. Archived from the original on October 2, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  114. ^ "Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003". Chanrobles Law Library. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  115. ^ "Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act". Chanrobles Law Library. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  116. ^ "Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995". Chanrobles Law Library. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  117. ^ "Lawmakers want House probe on rising human trafficking incidents in RP". GMA News Online. September 24, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  118. ^ "What is Human Trafficking?". Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  119. ^ "Child Trafficking". Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  120. ^ Hansen, Scott. "Japan's Fight against Modern-Day Slavery (Part I)". Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  121. ^ Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Archived May 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Article 7: Crimes against humanity.
edit