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Foreign relations of Iraq

(Redirected from Iraq–Singapore relations)

Since 1980, the foreign relations of Iraq have been influenced by a number of controversial decisions by the Saddam Hussein administration. Hussein had good relations with the Soviet Union and a number of western countries such as France and Germany, who provided him with advanced weapons systems. He also developed a tenuous relation with the United States, who supported him during the Iran–Iraq War. However, the Invasion of Kuwait that triggered the Gulf War brutally changed Iraq's relations with the Arab World and the West. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria and others were among the countries that supported Kuwait in the UN coalition. After the Hussein administration was toppled by the 2003 U.S. invasion, the governments that succeeded it have now tried to establish relations with various nations.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Iraq maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date
1   Turkey 16 January 1928[1]
2   Iran 25 April 1929[2]
3   United States 30 March 1931[3]
4   Saudi Arabia 7 April 1931[4]
5   United Kingdom 4 October 1932[5]
6   Poland 22 December 1932[6]
7   Austria 5 February 1934[7]
8   Sweden 18 May 1934[8]
9   Netherlands 10 May 1935[9]
10   Japan 10 March 1939[10]
11   Russia 16 May 1941[11]
12   Lebanon 24 February 1944[12]
13   Syria 11 February 1945[13]
14   Chile 31 December 1945[14]
15   Argentina 10 April 1946[15]
16    Switzerland 1 May 1946[16]
17   Norway 28 September 1946[17]
18   France 24 November 1946[18]
19   Belgium 5 December 1946[19]
20   Jordan 24 May 1947[20]
21   Greece 27 November 1947[21]
22   India 1947[22]
23   Ethiopia 14 September 1949[23]
24   Indonesia 27 February 1950[24]
25   Venezuela 22 June 1950[25]
26   Spain 5 August 1950[26]
27   Mexico 25 September 1950[27]
28   Luxembourg 12 March 1952[28]
29   Germany 19 September 1953[29]
30   Libya 21 May 1955[30]
31   Sudan 3 May 1956[31]
32   Thailand 24 May 1956[32]
33   Myanmar 23 July 1956[33]
34   Czech Republic 16 July 1958[34]
35   Serbia 23 July 1958[35]
36   Albania 14 August 1958[36]
37   Bulgaria 14 August 1958[37]
38   Romania 14 August 1958[38]
39   China 25 August 1958[39]
40   Hungary 30 August 1958[40]
41   Finland 15 May 1959[41]
42   Tunisia 1959[42]
43   Denmark 13 January 1960[43][44]
44   Cuba 5 April 1960[45]
45   Sri Lanka 22 February 1961[46]
46   Yemen 7 March 1961[47]
47   Canada 27 June 1961[48]
48   Nigeria 6 September 1961[49]
49   Mongolia 5 February 1962[50]
50   Portugal 8 February 1963[51]
51   Kuwait 10 January 1964[52]
52   Guinea 18 October 1964[53]
—   Holy See 26 August 1966[54]
53   Somalia 17 October 1966[55]
54   Brazil 1 December 1967[56]
—   North Korea (suspended) 30 January 1968[57]
55   Vietnam 10 July 1968[58]
56     Nepal 30 October 1968[59]
57   Kenya 14 April 1969[60]
58   Mauritania 1 September 1969[61]
59   Algeria 15 July 1971[62]
60   Maldives 15 September 1971[63]
61   Malta 3 December 1971[64]
62   United Arab Emirates 1971[65]
63   Bahrain 18 January 1972[66]
64   Central African Republic January 1972[67]
65   Qatar 6 March 1972[68]
66   Bangladesh 8 July 1972[69]
67   Malaysia 6 April 1973[70]
68   Tanzania 15 April 1973[71]
69   Chad 29 April 1973[72]
70   Cyprus 22 June 1973[73]
71   Uganda 25 July 1973[74]
72   Australia 2 December 1973[75]
73   Trinidad and Tobago 17 January 1974[76]
74   Ecuador 10 February 1974[77]
75   Guyana 22 September 1974[78]
76   Zambia 1974[79]
77   Philippines 12 January 1975[80]
78   Jamaica 30 January 1975[81]
79   Senegal 30 March 1975[82]
80   Mozambique 25 June 1975[83]
81   Laos 2 October 1975[84]
82   New Zealand 6 November 1975[85]
83   Guinea-Bissau 9 December 1975[86]
84   Cameroon 1975[87]
85   Peru 1975[88]
86   Oman 7 January 1976[89]
87   Mauritius 22 March 1976[90]
88   Uruguay 22 March 1976[90]
89   Madagascar March 1976[91]
90   Comoros 1 June 1976[92]
91   Panama 8 June 1976[93]
92   Papua New Guinea 27 August 1977[94]
93   Singapore 27 December 1977[95]
94   Cambodia 10 January 1978[96]
95   Guatemala 2 February 1978[97]
96   Suriname 25 February 1978[98]
97   Cape Verde Before March 1978[99]
98   Djibouti 11 March 1978[100]
99   Iceland 1978[101]
100   Colombia 1 January 1979[102]
101   Ireland 1979[103]
102   Mali 5 September 1980[104]
103   Burundi 27 September 1980[105]
104   Liberia 1980[106]
105   Saint Lucia 1980[107]
106   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1980[108]
107   Costa Rica March 1981[109]
108   Barbados 17 December 1981[110]
109   Grenada Before 1982[111]
110   Gambia 16 February 1982[112]
111   Burkina Faso 16 August 1982[113]
112   Antigua and Barbuda 14 September 1982[114]
113   Belize 25 January 1983[115]
114   Lesotho 1983[116]
115   Botswana 10 July 1986[117]
116   South Korea 9 July 1989[118]
117   Nicaragua 26 November 1989[119]
118   Brunei 1 May 1990[120]
119   Namibia 3 July 1990[121]
120   Azerbaijan 30 March 1992[122]
121   Ukraine 16 December 1992[123]
122   Slovakia 1 January 1993[124]
123   Uzbekistan 19 June 1993[125]
124   Kazakhstan 14 September 1995[126]
125   Tajikistan 30 November 1995[127]
126   Belarus 26 December 1996[128]
127   South Africa 25 August 1998[129]
128   Armenia 12 February 2000[130]
129   Latvia 15 October 2004[131]
130   Croatia 4 January 2005[131]
131   Estonia 22 April 2005[132]
132   Slovenia 29 April 2005[131]
133   North Macedonia 10 June 2005[133]
134   Lithuania 19 January 2006[134]
135   Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 March 2006[131]
136   Georgia 14 September 2007[131]
137   Turkmenistan 31 July 2009[135]
138   Dominican Republic 27 May 2010[136]
139   Montenegro 29 December 2010[137]
140   San Marino 9 December 2011[138]
141   Angola 21 February 2014[139]
142   Fiji 12 August 2014[131]
143   Kyrgyzstan 5 November 2015[140]
144   Bolivia 26 July 2024[131]
145   Benin Unknown
146   Democratic Republic of the Congo Unknown
147   Republic of the Congo Unknown
148   Egypt Unknown
149   Equatorial Guinea Unknown
150   Gabon Unknown
151   Ghana Unknown
152   Italy Unknown
153   Ivory Coast Unknown
154   Malawi Unknown
155   Morocco Unknown
156   Niger Unknown
157   Pakistan Unknown
—   State of Palestine Unknown
159   Seychelles Unknown[141]
160   Togo Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Africa

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Algeria 1962, severed diplomatic relations 1979, restored September 2001
  Egypt See Egypt–Iraq relations

Iraq's relations with the Arab and Middle Eastern world have been extremely varied. Relations between Iraq and Egypt violently ruptured in 1977, when the two nations broke relations with each other following Iraq's criticism of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's peace initiatives with Israel.[142] In 1978, Baghdad hosted an Arab League summit that condemned and ostracized Egypt for accepting the Camp David accords.[142] However, Egypt's strong material and diplomatic support for Iraq in the war with Iran led to warmer relations and numerous contacts between senior officials, despite the continued absence of ambassadorial-level representation.[142] Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's "natural role" among Arab countries.[142] In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt's membership.[142] However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait.[142] Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq's main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme).[142]

  Libya 21 May 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1955 when Mr. Abdul Munim Gailani, Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Libya presented his letters of credence.[143]
  Nigeria 6 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1961 when Iraq opened its embassy in Lagos.[144]
  • Iraq has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Baghdad.
  Somalia 17 October 1966 See Iraq–Somalia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1966 when Iraq opened its embassy in Mogadishu.[55]

Under the administrations of Siad Barre and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, relations were exceptionally close, this close relationship carried on through Saddam Hussein's tenure as well. Somalia supported the Arab coalition forces in the Yom Kippur War which included Iraq.[145]

Iraq supported Somalia in the Ogaden War and provided multifaceted support in terms of oil, armaments and even an expeditionary force to assist Somalia.[146] Somalia was suspected to be a source of fissile material for the Iraqi nuclear weapons program.[147]

  • Somalia has an embassy in Baghdad.[148]
  • Iraq had an embassy in Mogadishu and is slated to reopen it, in the meantime, it maintains a non-resident embassy in Nairobi.[149]
  Sudan 3 May 1956

Sudan has an embassy in Baghdad and Iraq's embassy is in Khartoum.

During the war between Iraq and Iran in the 1980s, Sudan maintained a careful balancing act, calling for a cessation of hostilities but sympathizing with Iraq.[150] Sudan on several occasions offered to mediate the conflict.[150] By 1988, Sudan called for an end to the war on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598.[150] Sudan supported Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, leading to a period of close relations with Baghdad.[150] Iraq was believed to have supplied weapons to Sudan and in the mid-1990s agreed to help Sudan exploit its oil wealth.[150] Although Sudan was trying to improve relations with the United States after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, it remained critical of the subsequent American-led invasion of Iraq.[150] Following the overthrow of the Ba'athist regime, however, Sudan's position on Iraq became more nuanced.[150] On the one hand, it was quick to criticize the United States, which harshly condemned Sudan's record on human rights, for its double standard in dealing with prisoners in Iraq.[150] It also advised Sudanese not to work with U.S. contractors in the country.[150] By late 2004, however, Sudan's relations with the new Iraqi government had improved to the point that Iraq's foreign minister visited Khartoum and met with al-Bashir. Subsequently, Sudan generally avoided commenting on Iraq.[150]

Americas

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Argentina 10 April 1946 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1946.[151]
  • Argentina is accredited to Iraq from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
  Brazil 1 December 1967 See Brazil–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1967.[152]

  Canada 27 June 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1961.[154]
  • Canada has an embassy office in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
  Chile 31 December 1945 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1945[155]
  • Chile does not have an accreditation to Iraq.
  • Iraq does not have an accreditation to Chile.
  Cuba 5 April 1960 See Cuba–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 April 1960.[156]

Cuba's relations with Iraq were prosperous during the presidency of Saddam Hussein. Cuba's friendly relations with Iraq dated back to the Non-Aligned Movement meeting held in Cuba 1979.[157] Fidel Castro even provided doctors to perform back surgery on Hussein.[157] Cuba consistently supported Iraq at the United Nations against sanctions and threats made by the United States. The thirteen-year sanction against Iraq prevented much trade between Havana and Baghdad.

  • Cuba is accredited to Iraq from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
  • Iraq is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  Mexico 25 September 1950 See Iraq–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1950.[158]

  United States 30 March 1931 See Iraq–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1931.[161]

 
Embassy of Iraq in Washington, D.C.

Because of the primary roles taken by the United States and Britain in deposing Saddam Hussein and establishing interim governments to replace his regime, Iraq's relationships with those countries, particularly the United States, are expected to remain paramount for the foreseeable future. Government and nongovernmental aid from the United States will continue as a crucial support in reconstruction. In 2006 formulation of more precise foreign policy priorities awaits the firm establishment of the permanent government. In the short term, Iraq's relations with Western and Far Eastern economic powers are determined by debt forgiveness and reconstruction assistance, which have come from many quarters. Relations with the United States were strained in mid-2006 when Iraq criticized Israeli attacks on Hezbollah forces in Lebanon. Relations were strained again following US assassination of Qasem Soleimani, which afterwards Iraq requested all foreign troops (including US) to withdraw from the country.

  Venezuela 22 June 1950 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1950[162]
  • Iraq has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Baghdad.

Asia

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Armenia 12 February 2000 See Armenia–Iraq relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 2000[163]
  • Armenia has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Yerevan.
  Azerbaijan 30 March 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1992.[164]
  • On January 2, 1992, Iraq recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan.[165]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Baghdad.[165]
  • Iraq has an embassy in Baku.[165]
  China 25 August 1958 See China–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1958.[166]

  • China has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Beijing.
  India 1947 See India–Iraq relations
  • Diplomatic relations started in 1947.

India and Iraq maintained strong relationships since Indian independence.

  Indonesia 27 February 1950 See Indonesia–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1950 when President Sukarno appointed Bagindo Dahlan Abdullah, a member of the Central Indonesia National Committee, to serve as the ambassador of the United States of Indonesia to Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, with a permanent residence in Baghdad.[24]

Indonesia and Iraq shared similarity as the Muslim majority countries. Both nations share their experiences in rebuilding and development. Indonesia has an embassy in Baghdad, while Iraq has an embassy in Jakarta. Both nations are partners in multilateral organizations, such as World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

After World War II, Iraq had been one of the first countries to recognize Indonesia's independence in 1945. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1950 and have signed around 15 agreements to boost bilateral ties. Indonesia has maintained its embassy in Baghdad during various crises, such as the Iran–Iraq war in the 1980s. However, at the height of the Iraq War, Indonesia was forced to temporarily closed its embassy in Baghdad in 2003, and reopen it in June 2011.[167]

In 2003, Indonesian Government and people protested against a U.S.-led military campaign against Baghdad. Over 50,000 Indonesian people crowded the streets of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta on Sunday, 9 February 2003, to protest the United States' threat of military action against Iraq.[168] After the war ended and Indonesia reopen its embassy in 2011, relations between the two countries have developed at a fast pace. Iraq invited Indonesia's companies to participate in the reconstruction of Iraq.[169] Traditionally Indonesia sees Iraq as the source of energy, such as oil and gas. On the other hand, Iraqi people are familiar with Indonesian exported products such as tires, soaps, spices, furniture, coal, clothing, palm oil, shoes, paper, automobiles, rubber and electronic goods.

  Iran 25 April 1929 See Iran–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1929 when Iran formally recognized Iraq and appointed a diplomatic representative to Baghdad.[170]

In 1988 Iraq's main foreign policy issue was the war with Iran. This war had begun in September 1980, when Saddam Hussein sent Iraqi forces across the Shatt al Arab into southwestern Iran. Although the reasons for Saddam Husayn's decision to invade Iran were complicated, the leaders of the Baath Party had long resented Iranian hegemony in the Persian Gulf region and had especially resented the perceived Iranian interference in Iraq's internal affairs both before and after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Their objectives were to halt any potential foreign assistance to the Shias and to the Kurdish opponents of the regime and to end Iranian domination of the area. The Baathists believed a weakened Iran would be incapable of posing a security threat and could not undermine Iraq's efforts to exercise the regional influence that had been blocked by non-Arab Iran since the mid-1960s. By early 1982, the Iraqi occupation forces were on the defensive and were being forced to retreat from some of their forward lines. In June 1982, Saddam Hussein ordered most of the Iraqi units to withdraw from Iranian territory; after that time, the Ba'athist government tried to obtain a cease-fire based on a return of all armed personnel to the international borders that prevailed as of 21 September 1979.

Iran did not accept Iraq's offer to negotiate an end to the war. Similarly, it rejected a July 1982 United Nations (UN) Security Council resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire. Subsequently, Iranian forces invaded Iraq by crossing the Shatt al Arab in the south and by capturing some mountain passes in the north. To discourage Iran's offensive, the Iraqi air force initiated bombing raids over several Iranian cities and towns. The air raids brought Iranian retaliation, which included the aerial bombing of Baghdad. Although Iraq eventually pushed back and contained the Iranian advances, it was not able to force Iranian troops completely out of Iraqi territory. The perceived threat to Iraq in the summer of 1982 thus was serious enough to force Saddam Hussein to request the Nonaligned Movement to change the venue of its scheduled September meeting from Baghdad to India; nevertheless, since the fall of 1982, the ground conflict has generally been a stalemated war of attrition—although Iran made small but demoralizing territorial advances as a result of its massive offensives in the reed marshes north of Basra in 1984 and in 1985, in Al Faw Peninsula in early 1986, and in the outskirts of Basra during January and February 1987. In addition, as of early 1988 the government had lost control of several mountainous districts in Kurdistan where, since 1983, dissident Kurds have cooperated militarily with Iran.

Saddam Hussein's government has maintained consistently since the summer of 1982 that Iraq wants a negotiated end to the war based upon the status quo ante. Iran's stated conditions for ceasing hostilities, namely the removal of Saddam Hussein and the Baath from power, however, have been unacceptable. The main objective of the regime became the extrication of the country from the war with as little additional damage as possible. To further this goal, Iraq has used various diplomatic, economic, and military strategies; none of these had been successful in bringing about a cease-fire as of early 1988.

Although the war was a heavy burden on Iran and Iraq politically, economically, and socially, the most profound consequence of the war's prolongation on Iraq, was its impact on the patterns of Iraq's foreign relations. Whereas trends toward a moderation of the Baath Party's ideological approach to foreign affairs were evident before 1980, the war helped to accelerate these trends. Two of the most dramatic changes were in Iraq's relationships with the Soviet Union and with the United States. During the course of the war Iraq moved away from the close friendship with the Soviet Union that had persisted throughout the 1970s, and it initiated a rapprochement with the United States. Iraq also sought to ally itself with Kuwait and with Saudi Arabia, two neighboring countries with which there had been considerable friction during much of the 1970s. The alignment with these countries was accompanied by a more moderate Iraqi approach to other Arab countries, such as Egypt and Jordan, which previously Iraq had perceived as hostile.

Iraqi–Iranian relations have remained cool since the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988. Outstanding issues from that war, including prisoner of war exchanges and support of armed opposition parties operating in each other's territory, remain to be solved.

Relations appear to have improved since March 2008, when Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad made a two-day visit to Iraq.

  Israel See Iraq–Israel relations

Iraq does not recognise Israel. Iraq participated in the Arab–Israeli wars of 1948, 1967 and 1973, and traditionally has opposed all attempts to reach a peaceful settlement between Israel and the Arab States. Israel attacked Iraq's nuclear research reactor under construction near Baghdad in July 1981. During the Iran–Iraq war, Iraq moderated its anti-Israel stance considerably. In August 1982 President Hussein stated to a visiting U.S. Congressman that "a secure state is necessary for both Israel and the Palestinians." Iraq did not oppose then President Reagan's 1 September 1982 Arab-Israeli peace initiative, and it supported the moderate Arab position at the Fez summit that same month. Iraq repeatedly stated that it would support whatever settlement is found acceptable by the Palestinians.

  Jordan 24 May 1947 See Iraq–Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1947 when Jamil Pasha el Rawi, the first Iraqi Minister to Transjordan, presented his credentials.[171]

Iraq's relations with Jordan have improved significantly since 1980, when Jordan declared its support for Iraq at the outset of the Iran–Iraq War. Jordan's support for Iraq during the Persian Gulf War resulted in a further improvement of ties. Relations have cooled since the current King of Jordan took office in 2000, but remain good. King Abdullah of Jordan has become the first Arab leader to visit Iraq since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, a landmark step towards reducing Baghdad's isolation among its Arab neighbours. Jordan is one of a small number of Arab countries to have named ambassadors to Iraq.[172]

  Kuwait 10 January 1964 See Iraq–Kuwait relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1964.[173]

After the Iran–Iraq War ended, Kuwait declined an Iraqi request to forgive its US$65 billion debt. An economic rivalry between the two countries ensued after Kuwait increased its oil production by 40 percent. Iraq interpreted Kuwait's decision to increase its oil production as an act of aggression. The tense relations between Iraq and Kuwait were further aggravated months later when Iraq accused Kuwait for slant-drilling across the border into Iraq's Rumaila field[174] In August 1990, Iraq invades Kuwait and was shortly annexed as a province.

The invasion of Kuwait in 1990 resulted in its government-in-exile, the US, Saudi Arabia, and most Persian Gulf states to sever relations with Baghdad and joining the United Nations coalition that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War.

In August 2019, Iraq sent a protest letter to the United Nations regarding the geographical changes that the Government of Kuwait has made in the maritime area that lies beyond marker 162 in Khor Abdullah by upraising a shoal, which is designated as Fisht al-Aych.[175][176]

In March 2021, Iraq announced that it has so far paid $50 billion in war reparations to Kuwait while Iraq's dues now amount to only $2.5 billion.[177]

  Lebanon 24 February 1944 See Iraq–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1944.[178]

Both countries have refused to recognize Israel and have supported the Palestinians.

Throughout history, Iraq's relations with Lebanon have been relatively close, both politically and culturally. During the regime of Saddam Hussein, the leader of the Ba'ath Party had strong relations with Bachir, and Amine Gemayel; relations grew even stronger when Iraqi officials verbally lashed out against Israel's actions in the 2006 War.

  North Korea 9 July 1968 See Iraq–North Korea relations

Diplomatic relations started on 9 July 1968, but were cut on 10 October 1980 after Iran–Iraq War. DPRK and Iraq re-established relations on 29 September 2008.

Iraq had an embassy in Pyongyang and DPRK had an embassy in Baghdad between 1970 and 1980.[179]

  Oman 1976

Iraq and Oman relations date back to the Sumerians, who used to call the eastern edge of the Arabian Peninsula region as Magan.[180] Oman closed its embassy in Iraq after Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990. On May 12, 2019, Oman announced to reopen its embassy in Baghdad.[181]

  Pakistan 1947 See Iraq–Pakistan relations

Diplomatic relations started in 1947. Iraq and Pakistan have had close, friendly, and cooperative relations since the latter's independence in 1947. Issues such as Iraqi support for Pakistan in its 1971 war with India (Indo-Iraqi relations), and Pakistani support for Iraq against Iran in the Iran-Iraq War have forged relations between the two. Relations soured during the Gulf War when Pakistan contributed troops for the UN Coalition, seeing it as a betrayal due to Iraq's constant support for Pakistan in their previous wars with India. In 2002, Saddam Hussein visited India and said he gave his unwavering support to India over the Kashmir dispute. In 2003, Pakistan rejected US's request to send troops for the invasion which have helped soothed relations between the two.

  Philippines 12 January 1975 See Iraq–Philippines relations

The Philippines and Iraq formally established diplomatic relations on January 12, 1975, with the opening of the Iraqi Embassy in Manila.[182] This was followed by the opening of the Philippine Embassy in Baghdad on September 9, 1980. Due to security concerns, the Philippines moved its embassy to Amman in Jordan in 2004 while Iraq closed its embassy in Manila in September 2003. The Philippine Embassy returned to its chancery in Baghdad in November 2011.

  Saudi Arabia 7 April 1931 See Iraq–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1931 when Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed Treaty of Friendship.[183]

Saudi leaders were relieved when Iraq was defeated, but they recognized that relations with Baghdad had been damaged. Consequently, postwar Saudi policy focused on ways to contain potential Iraqi threats to the kingdom and the region. One element of Riyadh's containment policy included support for Iraqi opposition forces that advocated the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's government. In the past, backing for such groups had been discreet, but in early 1992 the Saudis invited several Iraqi opposition leaders to Riyadh to attend a well-publicised conference. To further demonstrate Saudi dissatisfaction with the regime in Baghdad, Crown Prince Abdallah permitted the media to videotape his meeting with some of the opponents of Saddam Hussein.

  South Korea 9 July 1989 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1989.[184]
  • Iraq has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Baghdad.
  Sri Lanka 22 February 1961 See Sri Lanka–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 1961 when the first Ceylonese Ambassador to Iraq presented his credentials.[185]

Iraq was the largest buyer of Sri Lankan tea during the reign of Saddam Hussein. Ties between Sri Lanka and Iraq were disrupted during the Iraq War. However, in 2018 Iraq re-emerged as the largest buyer of Sri Lankan Tea.[188]

  Syria 11 February 1945 See Iraq–Syria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1945 when the first time establishment of a Syrian Legation at Baghdad and appointment of Baha ud Din al Bakri as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim to Iraq.[189]

The political states of Iraq and Syria were formed by the United Kingdom and France following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Iraq and Syria are united by historical, social, political, cultural and economic relations, but share a long foreign drawn border. The land known as Mesopotamia is Iraq and eastern Syria and is called such by its inhabitants. Political relations between Iraq and Syria have in the past seen difficulties, however, new diplomatic relations described by both sides as "Historic" were established in November 2006, beginning an era of close cooperation and political friendship between Iraq and Syria.[190]

  Turkey 16 January 1928 See Iraq–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929.[191]

In 1988 Iraq maintained cordial relations with Turkey, its non-Arab neighbor to the north. Turkey served as an important transshipment point for both Iraqi oil exports and its commodity imports. A pipeline transported oil from the northern oil fields of Iraq through Turkey to the Mediterranean Sea. Trucks carrying a variety of European manufactured goods used Turkish highways to bring imports into Iraq. There was also trade between Turkey and Iraq, the former selling Iraq small arms, produce, and textiles. In addition, Iraq and Turkey have cooperated in suppressing Kurdish guerrilla activities in their common border area.[192]

  Yemen 7 March 1961 See Iraq–Yemen relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1961[193]

Relations between Yemen's former president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, and Iraq's former president, Saddam Hussein, were very close, as Saleh supported Iraq in the Gulf War.[194]

  • Iraq has an embassy in Sana'a.
  • Yemen has an embassy in Baghdad.

Europe

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See also: Iraq–European Union relations

In September 2005, a joint political declaration between the European Union and Iraq was signed which forms the basis of regular political dialogue. A Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Iraq is in the process of being negotiated and will probably be concluded during 2008.

July 2005 saw the introduction of EUJUST LEX, the European Union's rule of law operation intended to train Iraqi police and legal officials in human rights along with other issues. Over 1,400 Iraqis have already taken part in training courses.[195]

Country Formal relations began Notes
  Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Vienna.
  Belgium
  • Belgium is represented in Iraq by its embassy in Amman, Jordan.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Brussels.
  Bulgaria 14 August 1958 See Bulgaria–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1958.[196]

  Croatia
  • Croatia has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Zagreb.
  Denmark 17 June 1939 See Denmark–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1939 when has been accredited Dr. M. A. E. C. Fensmark, as Chargé d'Affaires of Denmark to Iraq with residence in Teheran.[199]

Denmark has an embassy in Baghdad and a trade office in Basra, Iraq has an embassy in Copenhagen.

On 21 March 2003, the Danish Parliament made a fateful decision to support U.S. military action in Iraq and, in fact, contribute naval assets to the war. In 2006, the Iraqi Transport Minister Salam al-Malki announced freezing all economic relations with Danish and Norwegian companies in protest against insulting cartoons published in the countries' newspapers.[200] With a total Iraqi population in Denmark numbering around 12,000, there are organizations such as the Iraqi-Danish Culture Days, which is currently organized in the capital of Copenhagen.[201]

  Finland 15 May 1959 See Finland–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1959.[202]

  • Finland has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Helsinki.
  France See France–Iraq relations

Before Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, France enjoyed friendly relations with former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, however the relationship turned sour once Iraq entered Kuwaiti soil and soon France cut off ties with Iraq. Following thirteen years, France resumed relations with Iraq in 2003. Iraq has an embassy in Paris and France has an embassy and a representative office in Baghdad.

  Germany See Germany–Iraq relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Berlin.
  Greece 27 November 1947 See Greece-Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1947 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Greece to Iraq (resident in Beirut) Mr. Nadji Vassiliou.[203]

Relations of the Greek and Iraqi peoples are deeply rooted in history, both have developed cultures that have influenced the course of humanity. They date as far back as when Alexander the Great ruled Mesopotamia (which name is of Greek origin, meaning "the land between two rivers") and eventually died in Babylon, Iraq. Greece firmly and consistently supports the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iraq. Greece traditionally maintained good and friendly relations with Iraq due to strong historical and cultural bonds, dating back to ancient times.

  • Greece has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Athens.
  Hungary 30 August 1958 See Hungary–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1958.[204]

  Netherlands 10 May 1935 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1935 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Netherlands to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) C. Adriaanse also to Iraq.[206]
  Poland 22 December 1932 See Iraq–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1932.[209]

  • Iraq has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Baghdad.
  Portugal
  • Iraq has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Iraq from its embassy in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
  Romania 14 August 1958 See Iraq–Romania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1958.[210]

  • Iraq has an embassy in Bucharest.[211]
  • Romania has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate in Erbil.[212]
  Russia 9 September 1944 See Iraq–Russia relations
  Serbia 14 August 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1958.[214]
Main article: Iraq-Serbia relations
  Slovenia 29 April 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 2005.[215]
  • In 2005, Slovenian and Iraqi ambassadors to the United Nations, Roman Kirn and Samir Sumaidaie, signed an agreement at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
  • Slovenia is the first European country to establish diplomatic relations with Iraq since the appointment of the new Iraqi government.[216]
  • Prior to this agreement, Slovenia was already assisting Iraq through NATO and other international organizations.
  • Slovenia did not make efforts to establish relations during the reign of former Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein.
  Sweden See Iraq–Sweden relations
  • Iraq has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden closed its embassy in Baghdad in 2023.
   Switzerland 1 May 1946 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1946 when has been accredited Minister of Switzerland to Iraq (resident in Cairo) Mr. Daniel Secretan.[217]

In November 2000 Switzerland opened a diplomatic liaison office in Baghdad to safeguard its interests. Bilateral relations became closer after the Iraq war in 2003. Today Iraq has an embassy in Bern and Switzerland has a representative office in Baghdad. On 3 September 2024, Switzerland reopened its embassy in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.[218]

  Ukraine 16 December 1992 See Iraq–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1992.[219]

  • In May 2001 in Baghdad the Embassy of Ukraine in Iraq re-opened.[220]
  United Kingdom 4 October 1932 See Iraq–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1932.[221]

Ties between London and Baghdad are slowly progressing, but relations between the two nations are somewhat uncertain seeing as many Iraqis remember the colonial oppression either they or their ancestors faced at the hands of the British Empire. In other words, relations between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Iraq are close, the two countries aim to increase economic relations through trade and renewing Iraq's infrastructure. In 2013 Stephen Green, Baron Green of Hurstpierpoint, British Minister for Trade and Investment visited Iraq. Iraqi Airways resumed flights to London in 2013, this comes after a 23-year hiatus.

Oceania

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Australia 2 December 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1973[222]
  • Australia has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
  New Zealand 6 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1975[223]
  • Iraq is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Baghdad.

Member of international organizations

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Iraq belongs to the following international organizations: Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab League, Arab Monetary Fund, Council of Arab Economic Unity, Customs Cooperation Council, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, G-77, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, International Organization for Standardization, International Telecommunication Union, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, United Nations, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization and World Bank, MENAFATF.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Iraq's relations with other countries and with international organizations are supervised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1988 the minister of foreign affairs was Tariq Aziz, who was an influential leader of the Ba'ath Party and had served in that post since 1983.[224] Aziz, Saddam Hussein, and the other members of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) formulated Iraq's foreign policy, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs bureaucracy implemented RCC directives. The Baath maintained control over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and over all Iraqi diplomatic missions abroad.

Since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Hoshyar Zebari was first appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Iraqi Governing Council in Baghdad on 3 September 2003. On 28 June 2004, he was reappointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs by the Iraqi Interim Government, under Prime Minister Ayad Allawi. On 3 May 2005 he was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs by the Iraqi Transitional Government, under Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari. On 20 May 2006, he was delegated in for the fourth consecutive time as Foreign Minister in the government of Nouri Al-Maliki.

International disputes

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Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab waterway; in November 1994, Iraq formally accepted the United Nations-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled out in Security Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1992), and 883 (1993); this formally ends earlier claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah islands although the government continues periodic rhetorical challenges; dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

See also

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References

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